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con el rea de
f =(f 1 , f 2 ; f 3 )
fi
gi
Adems,
=( ij ) ,
( u )=
x i , y las
( ui )
, donde
en
1 , donde los
x i . Adems, supongamos
ij = ij ,
u=(u1 ,u 2 ; u3 )
ij
y el tensor de
es el desplazamiento en la direccin
en la direccin
uj
g=( g1 , g2 ; g3)
Aqu
tensiones simtrico
xi ,
ij
es la tensin normal
ij (u )=
1 ui u j
+
,i , j=1,2,3,
2 x j xi
ij = .u ij + . ij ( u) ,
(5.1.a)
u=
i =1
ui
xi
ij= 1 if i= j ,
0 if i j .
We also have the equilibrium equations
3
(5.1b)
j=1
ij
=f i en , i=1,2,3,
xj
u=0 on 2 ,
3
(5.1d)
Donde
n=(ni )
i=1
E
E
, =
,
1+
( 1+ ) (12 )
es la relacin de
, j=
, j=1,2,3.
xj
ij =f i en , i=1,2,3.
Ahora vamos a dar una formulacin variacional del problema de elasticidad
(5.1).
Veamos entonces, teniendo en cuenta la siguiente frmula de Green:
ij . ij ( ) dx= ij .i . j ds ij. j . i dx ,
(5.2)
1
ij ( ) = . ( i , j+ j ,i ) ,
2
ij = ji
tenemos
1
1
ij . ij ( )= ( ij i , j + ji j ,i ) = ( ij i , j + ij i , j ) = ij i , j
2
2
Por lo tanto, por la frmula de Green (1.17) obtenemos
ij . ij ( ) dx= ij .i , j dx = ij . j i ds ij . j i dx ,
lo que
prueba
=( 1 , 2 , 3 )
(5.2).
[ H1( )]
Prximamente
3
de
prueba
1
H ( ) ) tal que
=0
en
i , sumando i de 1 a 3 e
desaparece desde
=0
en
2 .
ij . ij ()dx= f i i dx+ gi i ds
Finalmente, eliminamos
ij
Desde
u ij ij ( )= u ,
Esto nos lleva a la siguiente formulacin variacional del problema de
elasticidad (5.1): Encuentre
u V
tal que
a ( u , ) =L ( ) V ,
(5.3)
donde
a ( u , ) = [ u + ij (u ) ij ( ) ]dx , L ( )= f i i dx + g i i ds
V = [ H 1 ( ) ] :=0 en 2 .
Vamos ahora a comprobar si los supuestos
( i )(iv)
de la Seccin 2.1 se
(i) ,
( ii )
( iv )
por lo tanto slo queda probar la V-elipticidad, esto es, para demostrar que
existe una constante positiva tal que
2
a ( v , v ) vV v V ,
(5.4)
donde
1
2
2
i H()
vV =vH ( )= v
'
i=1
(5.5)
'
vi , j
ij ( v )
L2 -normas de las
L2 -norma de cualquier
2= , problema cf 5.2).
que
V h= v V : v K [ P1 ( K ) ] , K T h .
vi
Cada componente
tramos de fuga en
de una funcin
v Vh
uh V h
tal que
a ( uh , v ) =L ( v ) v V h
De acuerdo con la teora general del Captulo 2 este problema tiene una
solucin nica y por los resultados de interpolacin del Captulo 4 se tiene la
siguiente estimacin de error:
uuhH ( ) Ch|u|H () .
'
Problemas
5.1
^
=
x ( , )
con R
pequeas
F3 =f 3 =0 . Esto
11 ( u ) + 22 ( u ) ij + ij (u ) ,i , j=1, 2,
ij =
2
j=1
u1=u2 =0 , en 1 ,i=1, 2,
2
ij j=Fi en 2 , i=1,2,
j=1
ij
=f i en , i , j=1, 2,
xj
Donde
= Ev
1v 2 ,
frontera de
E
1v
f i
Fi
2= . Sugerencia:
Demostrar que
v i , j v j ,i dx= vi , i v j , j dx
Los dos ejemplos siguientes son para un fluido incompresible newtoniano y una
placa eltica, o sea no sirven, no los traduje. jajajaja
ij =2 ij ( u ) p ij , i , j=1, 2,3,
,i=1,2, 3,
ij =f i
u=0
u=0
( ij)
Where =
Eliminating
ij
on ,
u=(ui )
the velocity.
(5.6a)
u i+ p ,i=f i
,i , j=1, 2, 3,
u=0
(5.6b)
ui=0
(5.6c)
on ,
i=1, 2,3,
v [ H 10 ( ) ]
v i , integrate over
be a test
v =0 , multiply (5.6a)
we get
f i v i dx = u i v i dx + p,i v i dx
Since
ui
v ds + u i v i dx+ p i vi ds p v i ,i dx
i
v i=0
on
and
ui v i dx ,
a ( u , v )=L ( v )
uV
v V ,
such that
Where
a ( v , w )= v i w i dx ,
L ( v )= f i v i dx ,
V = v [ H 10 ( ) ] :v=0 .
We can easily chack that the conditions
( i )(iv )
Note that in the formulation (5.7) the pressure p has disappeared, which
comes from the fact that we are working with a space V for the velocities where
the incompressibility condition
v =0 is satisfied.
Vh
of V.
It turns out that this is not altogether easy since we have to satisfy the
v =0
condition
V = v =( v 1 , v 2 ) [ H 10 ( ) ] :v=
Where
v =0
v1 v2
+
=0 .
x 1 x2
in
v =rot =
if and only if
( x , x ) ,
2
(5.8)
v V v =rot , H 20 ( )
The function
Let now
Wh
using the
H 20 ( )
e g constructed
V h= { v : v=rot , W h } .
Then
V h V
replacing V by
Vh
uh
satisfying the
uuhH ( ) C h4|u|H ( ) .
5
'
Chapter 11 gives other finite element methods (so-called mixed methods) for
the two dimensional analogue of the Stokes Problem (5.6) not requiring the
velocity space
Vh
R 2
with boundary
5.3.
i, j=1,2,
ii
ij ,
xi -
direction and
linearly elastic material, we have the following constitutive relation (cf Hookes
law):
ij = u ij + x ij (u ) , i=1, 2,
(5.9)
Where
and
x ij ( u )=u ,ij =
2 u
,
xi x j
ij .ij =f
(5.10)
in
n=( n1 , n2 )
(normal derivative),
u
=u , j t j
t
(tangential derivative),
(normal moment),
nt = ij ni t j
R( )= ij , j ni +
and define
u
=u, j n j
n
nn= ij ni n j
(twisting moment),
nt
t
(transversal force),
i ,
i=1, 2,3,
and
u=
(5.11a)
u
=0
n
on 1 ( clamped ) ,
(5.11b)
u= nn=0
(5.11c)
nn=R ( )=0
on 2 ( freely supported ) ,
on 2 ( free boundary ) ,
Let us now give a variational formulation of the plate problem (5.9)-(5.11). Let
v H 2()
v=
n
=0 on 1 ,
n
(5.12)
v =0 on 2
If we now multiply the equilibrium equation (5.10) by
(5.13)
Since
v , i=
v
v
ni +
t ,i=1,2,
n
t i
We have
ij n j v , i= ij n j ni
v
v
v
v
+ ij n j t i = nn
+ nt
,
n
t
n
t
(5.14)
If the boundary
nt tv ds=
gives
nt
v ds
t
If we now use the boundary conditions (5.11) and (5.12), we see that the
boundary integrals disappear and on eliminating
ij
finally get
[ u v + x ij ( u ) x ij ( v ) ]dx= fv dx .
Thus we are led to the following variational formulation of the plate problem
(5.9)-(5.11): Find
u V
such that
a ( u , v )=L ( v )
v V .
Where
a ( u , v )= [ u v+ x ij ( u ) x ij ( v ) ]dx ,
L ( v )= fv dx ,
V = v H 2 ( ) :v =
v
=0 on 1 , v=0 on 2 .
n
( i ) ,(ii)
and
(iv)
satisfied and it is possible to verify the V-ellipticity for example in the case
when the length of
reader.
Remark The constants
and
E a3
v E a3
, =
,
12 ( 1+v )
12 ( 1+v 2 )
Where E is the Young modulus and v the Poisson ratio of the elastic material of
the plate.