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VOLUME AND WETTED AREA OF PARTIALLY FILLED HORIZONTAL VESSELS
SUMMARY
The calculation of a horizontal vessels wetted area and volume is
required for engineering tasks such fire studies and the determination
of level alarms and control set points. However the calculation of these

parameters is complicated by the geometry of the vessel, particularly


the heads. This article details formulae for calculating the wetted area
and volume of these vessels for various types of curved ends including:
hemispherical, torispherical, semi-ellipsoidal and bumped ends.

1. DEFINITIONS
A

: Wetted Area

Di

: Inside Diameter of Vessel

Do

: Outside Diameter of Vessel

: Liquid level above vessel bottom

: Length of vessel, tan-line to tan-line

Lf
R

: Straight Flange
: Inside Vessel Radius

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Rc

: Inside crown radius

Rk

: Inside knuckle radius

: Vessel Wall Thickness

Vp

: Partially Filled Liquid Volume

Vt

: Total Volume of head or vessel

: Inside Dish Depth

: Eccentricity of elliptical heads

2. INTRODUCTION
The calculation of the liquid volume or wetted area of a partially filled

horizontal vessel is best performed in parts, by calculating the value

for the cylindrical section of the vessel and the heads of the vessel and
then adding the areas or volumes together. Below we present the

wetted area and partially filled volume for each type of head and the
cylindrical section.

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The partially filled volume is primarily used for the calculation of tank
filling times and the setting of control set points, alarm levels and
system trip points.

The wetted area is the area of contact between the liquid and the wall

of the tank. This is primary used in fire studies of process and storage

vessels to determine the emergency venting capacity required to


protect the vessel.

The volume and wetted area of partially filled vertical vessels is


covered separately.

3. HEMISPHERICAL HEADS - HORIZONTAL VESSEL

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3. HEMISPHERICAL HEADS - HORIZONTAL VESSEL


Hemispherical heads have a depth which is half their diameter. They
have the highest design pressures out of all the head types and as such
are typically the most expensive head type. The formula for calculating
the wetted area and volume of one head are presented as follows.

3.1 Wetted Area

A = h

Di
2

3.2 Volume

Vp =

(3R h)

Vp = D

12

(3(

h
Di

2(

h
Di

) )

4. SEMI-ELLIPSOIDAL OR ELLIPTICAL HEADS - HORIZONTAL VESSEL


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The semi-ellipsoidal heads are shallower than the hemispherical heads

and deeper than the torispherical heads and therefore have design
pressures and expense lying between these two designs.

The most common variant of semi-ellipsoidal head is the 2:1 elliptical


head which has a depth equal to 1/4 of the vessel diameter. The
formula for calculating the wetted area and volume for one 2:1 semielliptical head are presented as follows.

4.1 Wetted Area


For a 2:1 semi-ellipsoidal head is equal to 0.866, for other geometries
the formula below may be used to calculate .
2

D
Aw =

1
0.5) B + 1 +

Di

4 (

h
Di

0.5) + B

ln

2 3

B = 1 + 12(

0.5)
Di

2
4z
= 1
2

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The wetted area calculated using this method does not include the

straight flange of the head. The length of the straight flange must be

included in the calculation of the wetted area of the cylindrical


section.

4.2 Volume
3

Vp = D C
i

12

(3(

h
Di

2(

h
Di

) )

Where,
for ASME 2:1 Elliptical heads:

C = 1/2

for DIN 28013 Semi ellipsoidal heads:

C = 0.49951 + 0.10462

t
Do

+ 2.3227(

t
Do

The volume calculated does not include the straight flange of the head,
only the curved section. The straight flange length must be included in
the calculation of the volume of the cylindrical section.

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5. TORISPHERICAL HEADS - HORIZONTAL VESSEL


Torispherical heads are the most economical and therefore is the most

common head type used for process vessels. Torispherical heads are

shallower and typically have lower design pressures than semi-

elliptical heads. The formula for the calculation of the wetted area and
volume of one partially filled torispherical head is presented as
follows.

5.1 Wetted Area


We can approximate the partially filled surface area of the

torispherical head using the formula for elliptical heads. This

approximation will over estimate the surface area because a


torispherical head is flatter than a ellipsoidal head. This assumption is
conservative for pool fire relieving calculations.

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Aw =

1
0.5) B + 1 +

Di

4 (

h
Di

0.5) + B

ln

2 3

B = 1 + 12(

0.5)
Di

2
4z
= 1
2

The wetted area calculated using this method does not include the

straight flange of the head. The length of the straight flange must be

included in the calculation of the wetted area of the cylindrical


section.

5.2 Volume
3

Vp = D C
i

12

(3(

h
Di

2(

h
Di

) )

Where,
for ASME Torispherical heads:

C = 0.30939 + 1.7197

R k 0.06Do

0.16116

Di

+ 0.98997(

Do

t
Do

for DIN 28011 Torispherical heads:

C = 0.37802 + 0.05073

t
Do

+ 1.3762(

t
Do

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The volume calculated does not include the straight flange of the head,
only the curved section. The straight flange length must be included in
the calculation of the volume of the cylindrical section.

top

6. BUMPED HEADS - HORIZONTAL VESSEL

Bumped heads have the lowest cost but also the lowest design
pressures, unlike torispherical or ellipsoidal heads they have no

knuckle. They are typically used in atmospheric tanks, such as


horizontal liquid fuel storage tanks or road tankers.

Here we present formulae for calculated the wetted area and volume
for an arbitrary liquid level height in a single Bumped head.

6.1 Wetted Area


We can approximate the partially filled surface area of the bumped
head using the formula for elliptical heads. This approximation will

over estimate the surface area, which is conservative for pool fire
relieving calculations.

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Aw =

1
0.5) B + 1 +

Di

4 (

h
Di

0.5) + B

ln

2 3

B = 1 + 12(

0.5)
Di

2
4z
= 1
2

6.2 Volume

Vt =

Vp =

3Vt
4

(3R c z)

h
R

(1

3R

The partially filled volume equation is an approximation, but will give


a reasonable accuracy for vessel volume calculations.

7. CYLINDRICAL SECTION - HORIZONTAL VESSEL


Here we present formulae for calculated the wetted area and volume

for an arbitrary liquid level height in the cylindrical section of a


horizontal drum.

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7.1 Wetted Area

Ap = 2LRcos

Ap = LDi cos

R h

(1 2

Di

7.2 Volume
2

Vp = L (R cos

R h

2
) (R H ) 2Rh h )

Vp = LD

cos

(1 2

h
Di

) (

1
2

h
Di

h
Di

h
(

Di

Where the vessel has torispherical or ellipsoidal heads the straight


flange length of the head should be included in the cylindrical section
length when calculating the volume or surface area.

8. REFERENCES
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1. B Wiencke, 2009, Computing the partial volume of pressure vessels


2. R Doane, 2007, Accurate Wetted Areas for Partially Filled Vessels
3. E Ludwing, 1997, Applied Process Design for Chemical and
Petrochemical Plants (Volume 2)

4. E Weisstein, 2013, Cylindrical Segment. From MathWorld


Article Created: March 1, 2013

ARTICLE TAGS
Bumped Cylindrical Dished Hemispherical Horizontal Drum
Liquid Level Partially Filled Torospherical Vessel Vessel Head
Volume Wetted Area

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