Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1.Define antenna.
An antenna is a structure that has been designed to radiate or receive electromagnetic waves.
2. Define radiation pattern.
An antenna radiation pattern is defined as a mathematical function or a graphical
representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space coordinates.
The radiation properties include power flux density,radiation intensity, field strength,
directivity, phase or polarization.
3. Draw the thevenins equivalent of the antenna system and name the terms used.
Vg Voltage generator
Zg Generator impedance
RL Less resistance
Rr Radiation resistance
XA Antenna reductance
4. What are the two types of radiation pattern.
i) Field pattern
If the radiation from the antenna is expressed in terms of the field strength(either E or H),
then the radiation pattern is called as field pattern.
ii) Power pattern
If the radiation from the antenna is expressed in terms of power per unit area,then the
resultant pattern is power pattern.
5. Define Beam area or Beam solid angle.
6. Distinguish between radian and steradian.
The measure of a plane angle is radian. The measure of a solid angle is steradian.
1 steradian= 1 radian2
7. Define radiation intensity.
The power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is defined as radiation intensity. The unit
of radiation intensity is watts/steradian.
8. Define antenna beam efficiency.
The ratio of main beam area to the total beam area is called antenna beam efficiency.
M =M/A
where M = Main beam area;
A = M + m
9. Define stray factor.
The ratio of minor lobe area m to the beam area A is called stray factor.
M =M/A
10.Define antenna gain.
Gain is defined as the ability of the antenna to concentrate the radiated power in a given direction
or to absorb effectively the incident power from that direction.
Gain,G = Max. radiation intensity from test antenna / Max. radiation intensity from reference
antenna
11. Define directivity.
Directivity is defined as the ratio of the maximum radiation intensity U(,)max to the average
radiation intensity Uave.
D=U(,)max/ Uaverage
= S(,)max/ Saverage
12.Give the relationship between effective aperture and directivity.
13. Define effective aperture.
The effective aperture is defined as the ratio of power received at the antenna load terminal to
the power density of the incident wave.
Ae =PT/S m2.
14. Define scattering aperture.
It is defined as the ratio between the reradiated power and the power density of the incident
wave.
15. Define loss aperture.
The loss aperture is defined as the area of the antenna which dissipates power as heat.
16.What is collecting aperture?
The collecting aperture is obtained by adding effective, loss aperture and scattering aperture.
Ac = Ae + As + AL
17. What is aperture efficiency?
The ratio of effective aperture to physical aperture is the aperture efficiency.
End fire array is defined as an arrangement in which the principle direction of radiation coincides
with array axis.
6.What is array factor?
The factor by which the array increases the field strength over that of single element radiating the
same total power.
The normalized value of the electric field is given by E-------------------The above expression is called as antenna array factor.
7.Define BWFN.
Beam width between first nulls (BWFN) is defined as the angle between first nulls or the double
the angle between first null and major lobe maximum directions.
8.Differentiate broadside and end fire array.
Sl.no
1.
Broadside array
Array elements are fed with the currents
of equal amplitude and in phase.
and out of
2.
Phase,
Maximum radiation is directed
along
3.
BWFN= 2 2/nd
radians.
9.Define the principle of pattern multiplication.
The total field pattern of an array of non isotropic but similar point sources isthe
multiplication of the individual source patterns and the pattern of an array of isotropic point
sources, each located at the phase centre of individual source and having the same relative
amplitude and phase while the total phase pattern is the addition of the phase pattern of the
individual sources and the array of isotropic point sources.
10.State image theory.
The image theory states that a gives charge configuration above an infinite grounded ,perfect
conducting plane may be replaces by the charge configuration itself, its image and an
equipotential surface in plane of the conducting plane.
12.Distinguish between active and passive arrays.
Active array consists of elements of which driven by physical load. Passive array consists of
one element actively driven others couple so it electromagnetically through the near field.
13.What are the various types of phased arrays?
1. Frequency scanning array
2.Retro array
3. Adaptive array.
When, =0, helix becomes a loop; when, =90, helix becomes a linear conductor
5. What are the various modes of operation of helical antenna?
I) Normal mode
6.What are the important parameters to be considered for the design of an helical antenna?
The important design parameters are
1. Beam width
2. Gain
3. Axial ratio
4. Impedance.
3. Higher directivity
4.Circular polarization is obtained.
2.
surface wave.
3. What are the factors that cause attenuation in ground wave ?
Frequency, surface irregularities, permittivity, conductivity, diffraction and tilt in
the wave front are the various factors that cause attenuation in ground wave.
4. What are the two components present in space wave ?
Direct wave: It reaches directly from transmitting antenna to receiving antenna.
Indirect wave: It reaches receiving antenna after reflection from ground.
5. Define troposphere?
The portion of the atmosphere which extends up to 16km from the earths surface is
called as troposphere.
6. Define LOS distance?
Line of sight distance is a distance in which both the transmitting and receiving
antenna can usually see each other.
7. Define ionosphere?
The upper part of the atmosphere where the ionizations possible is known as
ionosphere.
8. Define fading?
It is the fluctuation in the received signal strength at the receiver or a random
variation in the received signal.
9. How can we minimize fading?
The most common method to minimize fading is diversity reception. In this
method, some Part of the signal is duplicated and even if one part experiences a deep
fade, the other may not.
10. What are the various types of diversity reception?
Time diversity reception
Frequency diversity reception
Space diversity reception
11. Define critical frequency.
The critical frequency fc of an ionized layer is defined as the highest frequency
which can be reflected by a particular layer at vertical incidence. It is different for
different layer.
Fc=9 N m
Nm MHz
Wher Nm maximum electron density in the layer.
12. Which is virtual height?
Virtual height is defined as the height to which a short pulse of energy send vertically
upward and travelling with speed of light would reach taking the same to ways travel
time does the actual pulse reflected from the layer.
13. Define MUF.
Maximum usable frequency (MUF) is dfdefined as the frenquency whfich can be
reflected back to earth for some specific angel of incident
FMUF = FC sec i
FC critical frequency
I angel of incidence
2. Thickness, t= 1 = f ( 1)
3. Costler for the same gain and beamwidth in comparison with reflectors.
7. What are the advantages of stepped dielectric lens antenna?
1. It is mechanically strong
2. Reduced weight
3. Less power dissipation
8. What are advantages of lens antenna?
1. In lens antenna, feed and feed support do not block the aperture as the rays
2.
3.
It can be used to feed at off the optical axis and hence useful in
applications where beam is required to be oved angularly with respect to
axis.
9. What is luneberg lens?
The luneberg len is a spherically symmetric delay type lens formed from a
dielectric with index of refraction n which varies as a function of radius given by,
n= 2( r / R) r= radial distance from center of sphere. R= radius of sphere.
10. What are different types of horn antenna?
1. Sectoral horn
2. Pyramidal horn
3. Concial horn
4. Blconical horn
11. What are the secondary antenna? Give the examples.
Antenna that are not radiators by themselves are called as secondary
antenna.eg., cassegrain,hyperbolic.
12. Define E plane metal plate lens antenna.
It is an antenna in which the travelling wavefronts are spaced by the lens
medium.
13. Define refractive index of lens antenna.
Velocity of waveair
refractive index, = velocity of wavelens m edium
14. What are the different methods of feeding slot antennas?
a) waveguide fed slot
b) boxed in slot
c) coaxial transmission lines
15. What are the advantages of patch or microstrip antenna?
1. Small size and weight
2. Ease of installation
3. Linear and circular polarizations are possible
4. Narrow beam of radiation
16. What are the application of microstrip antenna?
1. Used in spacecraft and aircraft systes
2. Used for beam scanning and beam steering purposes.