Chapter 7 Slides Modelling Subject

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 7
ENTROPY
Prepared by:
Saiful Hasmady Abu Hassan, Dr.
Adapted from:
Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An
Engineering Approach, 8th Edition in SI Units, McGraw-Hill, 2015
UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015
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Chapter 7 Outcomes
At the end of the chapter, you should be able to:
Apply the second law of thermodynamics to processes
Define a new property called entropy to quantify the second-law
effects
Establish the increase of entropy principle
Calculate the entropy changes that take place during processes for
pure substances, incompressible substances, and ideal gases
Examine a special class of idealized processes, called isentropic
processes, and develop the property relations for these processes
Derive the reversible steady-flow work relations
Develop the isentropic efficiencies for various steady-flow devices
Introduce and apply the entropy balance to various systems
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Entropy
Clausius Inequality
Reversible, irreversible
Internally reversible
Formal Definition of Entropy
[kJ/K]
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Entropy
Entropy Change of Internally Reversible Heat
Transfer Process
Entropy change of thermal

energy reservoirs
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The Increase of Entropy Principle

From Clausius Inequality,
To make the > sign becomes =,

?
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Sgen: Entropy Generation

Some entropy is generated or created during
an irreversible process, and this generation is
due entirely to the presence of irreversibilities
The entropy generation Sgen is always a
positive quantity or zero
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Sgen: Isolated Systems
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Some Remarks about Entropy

1. Processes can occur in a certain direction
only, not in any direction
A process must proceed in the direction of
increasing entropy (Sgen 0)
A process that violates this principle is
impossible
2. Entropy is a non-conserved property, and

there is no such thing as the conservation
of entropy principle
Entropy is conserved during the idealized
reversible processes only
Entropy increases during all actual
processes
3. Entropy generation is a measure of the

magnitudes of the irreversibilities during
that process
Sgen is a measure of performance
degradation of engineering devices
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Entropy Change of Pure Substances

[kJ/K]
The T-s Diagram (for
water)
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Isentropic Processes
[kJ/(kgK)]
!
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Property Diagrams Involving Entropy

1. The T-s (or T-S) Diagram
On a T-S diagram, the area
under the process curve
represents the heat transfer
for internally reversible
processes
For internally reversible,

isothermal process:
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1. The T-s (or T-S) Diagram
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2. The h-s (or Mollier) Diagram
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What is Entropy?
A pure crystalline substance at absolute

zero temperature is in perfect order, and
its entropy is zero (the third law of
thermodynamics)
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What is Entropy?
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What is Entropy?
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The T dS Relations
Why? To determine the entropy change s of solids, liquids and ideal gases
and
Since
Substituting and rearranging,
Per unit mass,
The First T ds Relation (Gibbs Equation)

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The T dS Relations
From the enthalpy definition,
Applying Chain Rule to the above,
And knowing the First T ds Relation to be
The Second T ds Relation

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The T dS Relations
Differential changes in entropy in terms of other properties

Will be used to find s of solids and liquids, and ideal gases
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Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids

From the First T ds Relation,
Liquids and solids can be approximated as incompressible substances since
their specific volumes remain nearly constant during a process. Thus:
Knowing that
and
for solids and liquids,
LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS:
For isentropic process of an

incompressible substance:
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Entropy Change of Ideal Gases

1. From the First T ds Relation
Knowing
2. From the Second T ds Relation
Knowing
and
IDEAL GASES #1:
and
IDEAL GASES #2:
The TWO equations above can be used for IDEAL GASES. However, the INTEGRAL sign remains.
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To remove the integral, entropy change of
ideal gases can be found from two kinds of
analyses:
1. Approximate Analysis (or the Constant Specific
Heat Method)
2. Exact Analysis (or the Variable Specific Heat
Method)
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11

1. APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS (CONSTANT SPECIFIC HEAT METHOD)
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Summary: Entropy change of an ideal gas on a unitmass basis [kJ/(kgK)]
Summary: Entropy change of an ideal gas on a unitmole basis [kJ/(kmolK)]
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2. EXACT ANALYSIS (VARIABLE SPECIFIC HEAT METHOD)
We choose absolute zero as the reference
temperature and define a function s as
Therefore
From the Second T ds Relation,
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Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases

Similar to entropy change, the properties
during isentropic processes of ideal gases can
be numerically related from the two analyses:
1. Approximate Analysis (or the Constant Specific
Heat Method)
2. Exact Analysis (or the Variable Specific Heat
Method)
s2 s1 = 0 is set
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Rearranging, we arrive at three relations:
For isentropic, ideal gas and constant specific heats

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14

Isentropically,
Which leads to
Rearranging,
For isentropic, ideal gas, and variable specific heats,

(relative pressure)
(relative specific volume)

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For isentropic, ideal gas, and variable specific heats,
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15
Reversible Steady-flow Work

Energy balance:
Since
Substituting and rearranging,
Reversible Work:
(in the absence of KE and PE)
Therefore,
(constant v)
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Reversible Steady-flow Work

EXAMPLE: Compressing a Substance in
the Liquid versus Gas Phases
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16
Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-flow Devices

1. ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY OF TURBINES
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1. ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY OF TURBINES
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17

2. ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY OF COMPRESSORS AND PUMPS
Compressors
Pumps
Compressors are
sometimes
intentionally cooled
to minimize the work
input
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2. ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY OF COMPRESSORS AND PUMPS
Compressors
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18

3. ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY OF NOZZLES
If the inlet velocity of the fluid is small relative

to the exit velocity, the energy balance is
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3. ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY OF NOZZLES
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19
Entropy Balance
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Entropy Balance
MECHANISMS OF ENTROPY TRANSFER, Sin and Sout
1. HEAT TRANSFER
(T = constant)
By the way,
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20
Entropy Balance
MECHANISMS OF ENTROPY TRANSFER, Sin and Sout
2. MASS FLOW
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Entropy Balance
ENTROPY GENERATION, Sgen
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21
Entropy Balance
The entropy of a substance always increases
(or remains constant in the case of a reversible
process) as it flows through a single-stream,
adiabatic, steady-flow device
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Entropy Balance
Entropy balance for heat transfer
through a wall
Entropy balance for a throttling process
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22
Entropy Balance
Entropy Generated when a Hot Block Is Dropped in a Lake
or
Entropy Generation in a Heat Exchanger
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Entropy Balance
Entropy Generation Associated with

Heat Transfer
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23
Entropy Balance
Entropy generation associated with a heat transfer process
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What we covered
Entropy
The Increase of entropy principle
Entropy change of pure substances
Isentropic processes
Property diagrams involving entropy
What is entropy?
The T ds relations
Entropy change of liquids and solids
The entropy change of ideal gases
Reversible steady-flow work
Minimizing the compressor work
Isentropic efficiencies of steady-flow devices
Entropy balance
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MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

Formal Definition of Entropy

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

Entropy change of thermal

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

The Increase of Entropy Principle

To make the > sign becomes =,

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

Sgen: Entropy Generation

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

Sgen: Isolated Systems

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

Some Remarks about Entropy

2. Entropy is a non-conserved property, and

3. Entropy generation is a measure of the

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

Entropy Change of Pure Substances

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

Property Diagrams Involving Entropy

For internally reversible,

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

Property Diagrams Involving Entropy

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

Property Diagrams Involving Entropy

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

A pure crystalline substance at absolute

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

Substituting and rearranging,

Per unit mass,

The First T ds Relation (Gibbs Equation)

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

Applying Chain Rule to the above,

And knowing the First T ds Relation to be

The Second T ds Relation

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

Differential changes in entropy in terms of other properties

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7

Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids

for solids and liquids,

LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS:

For isentropic process of an

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS 1: CHAPTER 7