701 Lecture2

701 Lecture 2
11 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
1. Problem/Question:
Develop a question or problem that can be solved through
experimentation.
Develop and work out possible sub problems
2. Purpose of Research
Make an objective with defined boundaries
for each sub problem
Design experiment for each identified sub
problem

3. Formulate a Hypothesis:
Predict a possible answer to each sub problem or question.
Example: If soil temperature rises, then plant growth will
increase.
Hypotheses from your field…………?
4. Experiment
Develop and follow a procedure.
Include a detailed materials list.
The outcome must be measurable (quantifiable).
This will be your data or Results
5. Collect and Analyze Results Modify the procedure if
needed.
Confirm the results by retesting.
Include tables, graphs, and photographs.
6. Conclusion
Include a statement that accepts or rejects the
hypothesis.
Make recommendations for further study and

possible improvements to the procedure.

7. Communicate the Results:
Be prepared to present the project to

an audience.
Expect questions from the audience.

Research Objective and defining sub
problems in a research project
The goal or objective should be clearly

defined.
Sub problems should be identified
Lets have few examples in this context

Effects of Different level of stress
on Performance
Which particular stress?

Examination stress
Job stress
Any other some painful experience in life
Levels of stress
Performance?
Disease?
Effects of Different self claimed levels
of stress on Examination Performance
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c 0 1 2 3
e Level of
88 5/7/10 Stress Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
The results raise new question
Why effects of stress on performance are

biphasic?
How does stress affects performance in a

biphasic manner?

Caution!
Be careful how you use effect and affect.
Effect is a noun and affect, a verb.
“ The effects of drug doses on blood pressure.”

“How does the drug affect the blood pressure?”

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Title will not be a question
To study Biphasic Effects of stress
on performance
Hormonal changes
Changes in neural transmission
Social aspects of the biphasic effects
Mental illness
Drugs that can improve performance
Many others
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Improving devices used in medicine
Many devices as simple as blood pressure monitor or very

sophisticated such as machines for PET may be improved
Markers of various diseases as simple as blood glucose,
markers for cancer are monitored via electronic
machines.
The improvement may be done at electronic level,
chemical reaction level or mechanical level making the
device more useful
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● Third level
● Fourth level
● Fifth level
Back ground Survey is

important
Suppose you decide to investigate the role of hormones on
biphasic response to stress.
You have to collect information on stress hormones i.e. going

to library and doing survey to come up with a way to test this
question.
You have to keeps all information on this topic in a journal.

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Click to edit Master text
Second level
Formulate a Hypothesis ● Third level
● Fourth level
● Fifth level
After doing back ground survey you come up with a

hypothesis.
“If level of stress increases level of stress hormone
also increase.”
Hypothesis
The hypothesis is an educated guess about the
relationship between the independent and
dependent variables.
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Do you know the
difference between the
independent and
dependent variables?

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Independent Variable
The independent, or manipulated

variable, is a factor that can be
intentionally varied by the
investigator.
Level of stress
Drug doses
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Dependent Variable
The dependent, or responding variable, is the

factor that may change as a result of changes
made in the independent variable.
In this case, it would be the level of stress

hormone

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Give some examples of dependent and independent variables from your.?
Next is
Making an experimental design or Protocol… layout

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Second level
● Third level
● Fourth level
● Fifth level

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Control Group
In a scientific experiment, the control is the

group that serves as the standard of
comparison.
The control group may be a “no treatment" or
An “experimenter selected” group.

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Control Group & Experimental
conditions
The control group is exposed to the same
conditions as the experimental group, except
for the variable being tested.
All experiments should have a control group.

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Control Group as standard
Some times you need to use a standard value as the
control, e.g
Can you give examples of control from your field…….?
No stress group as control for hormones
Mild stress group as controls for monitoring
performance
30oC soil temperature as control if it is being used
currently

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Effects of Different level of stress
on hormone level
H
o
r
m
o
n
e
l
e Little Mild Moderate
v Severe Level of
23 e
5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
23 l Stress Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
Constants
It should be remembered
keep all other factors the same so that any
observed changes in the level of hormone can be
attributed to the variation in the level of stress
Such as age, time of the day, sex, social origin,

nutritional status etc
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Can you think of some other
constants for this experiment?
Effects of examination stress on performance

Girl or boy
Same class
Any disease…exclude
Any other stress in life….exclude or keep in other group

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More about Constants
Effects of soil temperature on plant growth

factors to keep constant would be
Nature of soil
Humidity
Availability of water
Type of crop
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Experiment
Write down whole procedure in your journal
Make list of materials and make sure their

availability.
Get command on some specific procedure if you

have never used it

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Trials
Trials refer to replicate groups that are exposed to the
same conditions in an experiment.
If you are doing chemical analysis (you can or can not do it)
Effect of a drug on some physiological activity e.g BP
Collect you data (results) in the form of a table

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Performance in the examination
Marks obtained (%age) Trials

Level of Stress 1 2 3 Mean score
%age
Little stress 52 55 58 55
Control
group
Mild Stress 79 80 86 85
Moderate 80 80 86 82
stress
Severe 40 30 35 35
stress
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Examination performance in different
stress groups
Mean %age score of 3 trials
Level of Stress 1 2……….. n……….. Mean of n
subjects
Little stress 58 58+ 2

Control
group
Mild Stress 87 87+ 5
Moderate 84 84+ 4
stress
Severe 41 41+ 2
stress
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Hypothesis Support Second level
● Third level
Curious point of your ● Fourth level
Research
● Fifth level
The data will either support the hypotheses or

they won’t.
This may lead the researcher to cycle back to
an earlier step in the process and begin again
with a new hypothesis.

A Test of Hypotheses
A test of hypotheses is a method

for using sample data to decide
whether the null hypothesis should
be rejected.

Hypotheses
The null hypothesis, denoted H0, is the claim that is
initially assumed to be true.
The alternative hypothesis, denoted by Ha, is the

assertion that is contrary to H0.
Possible conclusions from hypothesis-testing are
reject H0 or fail to reject H0.

Hypotheses
H0 may usually be considered as:

Nothing new or interesting is happening here!
(And anything “interesting” observed is due to
chance alone.)
Ha is considered the researcher’s hypothesis.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
DIRECTIONAL, this predicts the direction in which the

results are expected to occur.
E.g. “unpredictable noise will increase blood pressure”.
A NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS.

This does not predict a direction of outcome.
Music may change stress-induced rise in blood pressure
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Directional & Non directional
hypothesis
One tailed – directional hypothesis.
Two tailed – non directional hypothesis.
The null hypothesis can also be directional and non

directional.
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Null Hypothesis
Null (H0) hypothesis may be described in many ways?

§Statement about population parameter based on the
observations of the sample mean
§ Statement of relationship between variables under

investigation
§ Assumed to be true
§Presented as probability (p-value)
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Null & Research Hypothesis cont.
Hypotheses about time and problem solving
§ H0: No relationship b/t time & prob. Solving

§ Statement of no relationship
§Null hypothesis is assumed true unless statistical evidence
indicates rejection
§ When to reject null?
§ Criteria:
§ p-values ≤ .05
§P-value > 0.05
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Meaning of p-value<0.05?
• Probability of H0 being true 5/100
• 95% likelihood of correct decision
§ p ≤ .05 - - - - Reject H0
§ p > .05 - - - - Fail to Reject H0
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Conclusion: test of hypothesis
The research hypothesis that stress enhances

performance is rejected at stress level 4 but accepted
at level 2&3
The null hypothesis is rejected
A new question arises
Why mild and moderate level of stress enhance
performance while severe stress decreases
performance?
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A new Experiment of
research cycle
Level of hormone (Cortisol) in different

stress groups
Work out constants
Get used to procedure
Collect data

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Cortisol levels in different stress groups
Cortisol level ng/100 ml

Level of Stress 1 2……. …….n Mean +SD
(n=number of subjects
Little stress 20 20+ 2

Control
group
Mild Stress 32 35+ 2
Moderate 46 45+ 2
stress
Severe 68 67+ 2
stress

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Conclusion
Increasing the level of stress increases
hormone cortisol.
The investigator’s hypothesis is accepted
And Null hypothesis rejected

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A new question
Previous…mild to moderate stress enhances

performance but severe stress decreases it
A new question or hypothesis: smaller increase in

the level of stress hormone increases
performance larger increases decrease it

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Effects of moderate and high
increases of cortisol on performance
It needs to inject the hormone at two doses and

to look at the performance
Because of ethical purposes this investigation can
not be done in humans
You have to switch over to animal studies
You may also need to replicate your results in
animals
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Learning of new experiments
Learning procedures how to produce mild/moderate or severe stress in

animals?
What will be your control?
How to monitor performance in animals

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End
It is not the End of you

Research

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701 Lecture 2

11 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

22 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

Make recommendations for further study and

44 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

Be prepared to present the project to

55 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

The goal or objective should be clearly

66 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

Which particular stress?

Why effects of stress on performance are

How does stress affects performance in a

99 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

Be careful how you use effect and affect.

Effect is a noun and affect, a verb.

“ The effects of drug doses on blood pressure.”

10 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

Many devices as simple as blood pressure monitor or very

Back ground Survey is

You have to collect information on stress hormones i.e. going

You have to keeps all information on this topic in a journal.

13 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

After doing back ground survey you come up with a

15 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

The independent, or manipulated

The dependent, or responding variable, is the

In this case, it would be the level of stress

17 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

18 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

19 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

In a scientific experiment, the control is the

The control group may be a “no treatment" or

An “experimenter selected” group.

20 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

All experiments should have a control group.

21 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

22 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

Such as age, time of the day, sex, social origin,

Effects of examination stress on performance

25 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

Effects of soil temperature on plant growth

Make list of materials and make sure their

Get command on some specific procedure if you

27 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

Collect you data (results) in the form of a table

28 5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

Marks obtained (%age) Trials

Little stress 58 58+ 2

Curious point of your ● Fourth level

The data will either support the hypotheses or

5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

A test of hypotheses is a method

5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

The alternative hypothesis, denoted by Ha, is the

5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

H0 may usually be considered as:

5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

DIRECTIONAL, this predicts the direction in which the

A NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS.

One tailed – directional hypothesis.

Two tailed – non directional hypothesis.

The null hypothesis can also be directional and non