DRILLING & PRODUCTION

E QUATIONS
 = A0 ln r + B0 r2 + C0 r2 ln r +

A0

2
r =  +  =  + 2B0
r2
rr
r22

6C1
4D1
2A1 +  + 
r4
r2

A0
2
 =  =  + 2B0 +
2
r2
r

r = 
r



r

C1
A1 r2 + B1 r4 +  + D1
r2

6C1
2A1 + 6B1 r2 
r4

2D1

r2

cos 2

cos 2

sin 2

6C1
2A1 + 12B1 r2 + 
r4

 
=

1 K4r
q2 r41
cos 2 (1) C1 =   
2
4Kr (1 K2r )2 (1 K4r )2
2
(2)

K6r 1
D1 = q2 r21  
4K2r (1 K2r )2 (1 K4r )2

(12)

Kr = r1 / r2

(13)

 r = 1.154 YP

(14)

(3)

(4)

r

r=r1

=0

where boundary conditions are:

(r)r=r1 = 0; (r)r=r1 = 0;

A0
=  + 2B0
r21



r=r1

=0

1
A0 = q1 r21  
1 K2r

(6)

q1
1
B0 =   
2 1 K2r

(7)

C0 = 0

(8)

K2r (K2r 1)
q2
B1 =   
r22
4K2r (1 K2r )2 (1 K4r )2

A0
=  + 2B0 +
r21

46

6C1
2A1 + 12B1 r21 + 
r41

(15)

(17)

1
A0 = 
1 K2r

(18)

yielding, engineers use the Von Mises

Criterion in which the stress distribution
is elastic up to the point of yielding. For
casing sizes ranging from 5 to 958-in.,
most diameter-to-WT (D/t) ratios lie
between 10 and 25. Thus, Von Mises plastic yielding shows a more representative
view and will be used in the following
analysis (Equation 14).
Plastic yielding first occurs at the internal wall of casing. Applying the boundary
conditions of r = r1 and  = 0 into
Equations 2 and 3 yields Equations 15 and
Table 1

(16)

1.154YP
Pc = 
(1 + Kp) A0 + (1 Kp) (2A1 + 6B1 + 6C1 + 2D1)

C ASING DATA
2

(19)

K4r (K2r 1)
(10) B1 = 
4K2r (1 K2r )2 (1 K4r )2

nonuniform loading forces, as indicated in

Equation 5.
Equations 2-4 evaluate radial, tangential, and shear stresses at these boundary
conditions. Also, the stress function coefficients A0, B0, A1, B1, C1, D1 (Equations 612) are determined, given the boundary
conditions of Equation 5.
There are two ways to determine the
casing collapse failure pressureelastic
instability and plastic yielding.2 For plastic

Grade
Outside diameter, mm
Wall thickness, mm

6C1
4D1
2A1 +  + 
4
r1
r21

1 + 3K4r 4K6r
1
A1 =   
2
2 4Kr (1 K2r )2 (1 K4r )2
(9)

1 + 3K4r 4K6r
q2
A1 =   
2
2 4Kr (1 K2r )2 (1 K4r )2

(5)

(r)r=r2 = q1 q2 cos2; (r)r=r2 = q2 sin2

Casing sample no.

(11)

10

13

14

N-80 N-80 N-80 N-80 N-80 N-80 N-80 J-55

J-55
J-55
139.7 139.7 139.7 139.7 139.7 139.7 139.7 139.7 139.7 139.7
10.54 10.54 10.54 9.17 9.17 7.72 7.72 7.72 6.99 6.20

(20)

16. Then substituting Equations 15 and 16

into Equation 14 yields Equation 17,
where the required coefficients are given
in Equations 18-23.

Casing imperfections
Calculation of collapse resistance pressure from Equation 17 results in values
that are higher than test values. Casing
does not form a perfectly round cylinder
but has many imperfections from the
manufacturing process such as ovality,
eccentricity, and residual stress.
Consideration of these imperfections
requires Equation 17 to be modified to
the form shown in Equation 24, before
using it to calculate collapse resistance
pressure.
The term PAPI is the collapse resistance

Oil & Gas Journal / June 18, 2001

1 K4r
1
C1 =   
2
2 4Kr (1 K2r )2 (1 K4r )2

Z (A F)
(21) (D/t)PT = 
C + Z (B G)

(32)

K6r 1
D1 = 
4K2r (1 K2r )2 (1 K4r )2

2 + B/A
(D/t)TE = 
3 B/A

(33)

(22)

If D/t (D/t)YP, then PAPI = 2YP

(D/t) 1

(D/t)2

(34)

q1
Kp = 
q1 + q2

(23)

If (D/t)YP D/t (D/t)PT, then PAPI = YP

A
 B 6.894757 x 103 C
(D/t)

1

(1 + Kp)
(1 Kp)
Pc = 
 +  (2A1 + 6B1 + 6C1 + 2D1)
2PAPI
1.154YP

(24) If (D/t)PT D/t (D/t)TE, then PAPI = YP

F
 G
(D/t)

(36)

(37)

(25)
5

10

Z + 0.21301 x 10

A = 2.8762 + 0.10679 x 10
0.53132 x 1016 Z3

Z
(26)

B = 0.026233 + 0.50609 x 10

(27)

C = 465.93 + 0.030867 Z 0.10483 x 107 Z2 + 0.36989 x 1013 Z3 (28)

3
3B/A

2 + B/A
F =
2
3B/A
3B/A
B
Z  
1 
2 + B/A
A
2 + B/A

(29)

G = F  B/A

(30)


(A 2
)2 + 8
(B +
C/Z) + (A 2)
(D/t)YP = 
2 (B + C/Z)

(31)

(35)

323.71 x 103
If D/t
(D/t)TE, then PAPI = 
(D/t) ((D/t) 1)2

YP
Z = 
6.894757 x 103

46.95 x 106



pressure of casing under uniform loading

when casing imperfections are taken into
account. Equations 25-37 illustrate how to
determine appropriate values for PAPI.3
If casing imperfections from the manufacturing process are known specifically,
however, values for PAPI are calculated with
the equations explained in the previous
article (OGJ, Jan. 22, 2001, p. 44-47).
The nonuniformity coefficient of loading, Kp, is the ratio of minimum earth
stress to maximum earth stress. Equation
24 calculates the collapse resistance of casing for all nonuniform loading scenarios.
The value of Kp is varied in the interval
from 0 to 1. Thus, Equation 24 becomes
applicable for both uniform and nonuniform loading.
Fig. 2 is a casing cross section that

Oil & Gas Journal / June 18, 2001

Nomenclature
D
= Nominal outside diameter, mm
D/t
= Ratio of outside diameter to WT
(D/t)YP = D/t intersection between yield strength collapse and plastic collapse
(D/t)PT = D/t intersection between plastic collapse and transition collapse
(D/t)TE = D/t intersection between transition collapse and elastic collapse
Kp
= Non-uniform loading coefficient
Kr
= Ratio of inside of casing to outside of casing
= Collapse resistance pressure under uniform loading, MPa
PAPI
Pc
= Calculated collapse resistance pressure, Mpa
q1
= Uniform or minimum casing load, MPa
= Non-uniform or maximum casing load, Mpa
q2
r
= Radial distance within pipe, mm
r1
= Inside radius, mm
= Outside radius, mm
r2
t
= Nominal WT, mm
YP
= Minimum yield strength of the pipe, MPa

= Stress function

= Angle from reference axis
r
= Radial stress, MPa

= Tangential stress, MPa
r
= Shear stress, MPa

shows ovality and eccentricity from manufacturing imperfections. Under uniform

loading, the casing tends to collapse in the
direction of maximum radius and direction of eccentricity.
Collapse resistance pressure, Pc,
degrades further under nonuniform loading, if the maximum load, q2, is at right
angles to the maximum radius and eccentricity.

generated maximum and minimum radius

and the ratio of the elliptical loading.
Table 3 presents the collapse resistance
of casing under nonuniform loading, as
predicted by Equation 24, which is in
excellent agreement with the actual test
data.

Nonuniform loading

The nonuniform loading coefficient,

Kp, ranges from 1to 0 as the maximum
Test data
and minimum directional earth stress
This study employed actual 512-in. cas- components, q1 and q2, change. For uniing data to evaluate the validity of the
form loading, q2 = 0 and Kp = 1. For
equations generated. Table 1 shows the
extreme nonuniform loading, q2 becomes
casing grades, outside diameter, and WT very large relative to q1, and Kp = 0.
of casing samples used in the study.4
Casing collapse resistance drops as
The distribution of elliptical loading
nonuniform loading becomes more
along the outer wall of casing appears in severe, or as the nonuniform loading coefTable 2.4 Regression analysis of the data
47