2014 Electrical Power and Energy Conference

Optimal Filter Placement and Sizing using Ant

Colony Optimization in Electrical Distribution
System
Mohamed El-Hawary

Fawaz Masoud Alhaddad

Fellow, IEEE
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
E-mail: ElHawary@dal.ca

Student Member, IEEE

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
E-mail: fw268558@dal.ca

power quality by enhancing voltage profiles. The placement

and sizing of these filters play a critical role not only in
improving the power quality but reducing the total generation
cost. Recently some Heuristic techniques have proven reliable
in solving such optimization problems. Ant Colony
Optimization is one such technique. Hence, this study focuses
on reducing the total power loss and suppressing the effect of
total harmonic distortion caused by harmonics present in the
system by optimally placing and sizing the low pass harmonic
filter by combining the Harmonic Load Flow analysis with Ant
Colony algorithm.

Abstract This paper presents an application of the Ant

Colony algorithm for optimizing filter placement and sizing on a
radial distribution system to reduce power losses and keep the
effective harmonic voltage values and the total harmonic
distortion (THD) within prescribed limits. First, a harmonic load
flow (HLF) algorithm is performed to demonstrate the effect of
harmonic sources on total power loss. Then the Ant Colony
algorithm is used in conjunction with HLF to place a selection of
filter sizes available at each possible location so that both power
loss and THD are minimized. As a result the optimal adjustment
of location and size of the filter are determined. Results of
computational experiments on standard test systems are
presented to demonstrate improvement and effectiveness of using
the filters at the optimal location. The methodology used can be
easily extended to different distribution network configurations.

After introduction, the discussion on radial distribution load

flow and harmonic load flow (HLF) algorithms is presented in
section II. Ant Colony System (ACS) is explained briefly in
section III. Section IV contains the implementation of ACS
algorithm for optimization of LPHF followed by results and
discussion in Section V. Finally the last section comprises of
conclusion.

KeywordsRadial Distribution Systems (RDS), Harmonic Load

Flow (HLF), Ant Colony System (ACS)

I. INTRODUCTION
II. HARMONIC POWER FLOW FOR RADIAL DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

As a result of the increasing penetration of energy from

renewable sources into the power grid, power quality has
currently become a recurring problem. The cause of such
problems can be attributed to two main sources, the injected
harmonics from renewable energy sources and abnormal
operating conditions. Some of the generated power is lost due
to harmonic injections of different elements at each stage of a
distribution system. Harmonics result from the presence of
harmonic producing equipment that causes overheating and
malfunctioning of those devices; these are undesirable as they
cause power losses and also affect the voltage profile. The
voltage drop also occurs at distribution feeder due to variations
in load demand and many times it falls under the workable
operating limits. The unequal loading phases can also make
distribution systems less effective.

A. Backward/Forward Sweep Algorithm for RDS

Backward-forward sweep power flow algorithm for Radial
Distribution Systems (RDS) developed by Teng [3] is used in
this study. In this radial distribution power flow algorithm
(RDPF), two matrices namely [BIBC] and [BCBV] are formed
to get the power flow solution. [BIBC] is the relationship
matrix between bus current injections and branch currents.
Whereas, [BCBV] represent the relationship between branch
currents and bus voltages. In order to explain the backwardforward sweep method a radial distribution system is
considered having n buses. The single line diagram is
presented in Fig. 1 below:

It would be less expensive and time saving if the harmonics

and the effects of abnormal operating conditions could be
reduced. In order to work efficiently, the distribution system
needs to be upgraded. Low pass filters can solve this problem if
optimized by using an effective technique [1, 2].
Harmonic filters like low pass harmonic filters (LPHF) are
commonly used elements in distribution systems to improve
978-1-4799-6038-5/14 $31.00 2014 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/EPEC.2014.41

Fig. 1. Single line diagram of n-bus RDS

128

When a filter is placed at bus i', the bus current injection

is given by:

previous bus current injection and most recent bus current

injection is less than or equal to a prescribed tolerance :
(11)

(1)

The total real power loss can be calculated by the

following equation:

is the reactive power injection of filter is placed

Where
at bus i. Now, the Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) is applied
by backward current sweep starting from the last bus n to the
source bus 1 to obtain the branch currents.

(12)

(13)
is the magnitude of the ith branch current, R is
Where
the ith branch resistance and br is the number of branches in
RDS.

(2)

B. Harmonic Power Flow Algorithm

The harmonic power flow algorithm (HPF) was introduced
by Teng in [4]. Backward-forward sweep technique is also
employed here but the effect of harmonics is also considered.
In this study, harmonic sources of order 3rd, 5th, 7th, 11th,
13th and 15th are used. Each source generates these harmonics
and multiple sources are placed at different nodes in the RDS.

(3)
Now in the forward voltage sweep and apply Kirchhoffs
voltage law (KVL) to obtain the bus voltages and second
relationship matrix as follows:

The backward sweep in HPF algorithm is used to obtain the

relationship matrix [A] which represents the relationship
between branch currents and bus current injections for the hth
harmonic order, on the other hand the forward sweep generates
the relationship matrix [HA] which gives the relationship
between harmonic bus voltages and harmonic bus current
injections. To explain, the harmonic power flow algorithm, an
unbalanced n-bus RDS, is considered and the single line
diagram is demonstrated as follows:

(4)

(5)
Hence, by substituting (3) in (5),
current injections is expressed as follows:

in terms of bus

(6)
(7)
Where [DLF] = the relationship matrix between voltage
drops and bus current injections. Moreover, the following
equations are solved iteratively to get the power flow solution:

Fig. 2. Single line diagram of n-bus unbalanced RDS

(8)

In the above figure, bus 1 is assumed to be the

generator and is considered a slack bus. The hth harmonic bus
current vector is:

(9)

(14)

(10)
Where
by loads and

initial bus voltage vector. The iterative

Where
process stops when the absolute of difference between

129

is the hth harmonic currents contributed

is the harmonic current absorbed by filter.

In order to find the current flowing in branches, backward

current sweep is employed with KCL:

represent the elements of

Where
which are related to the harmonic currents of loads, while
is related to the harmonic current of the filter placed at
bus i. Once the harmonic current absorbed by the filter is
obtained, the harmonic branch currents and bus voltages can
also be known by using backward sweep as in (16) and
forward sweep as in (17) respectively. The harmonic bus
voltages are calculated iteratively until a predefined tolerance
is reached.

(15)

(23)
Where
is the harmonic voltage of bus i for
iteration k +1.
is the harmonic voltage of bus i for
iteration k. The total real power loss for hth harmonic is
defined by:

(16)
is the relationship matrix between bus
Where
current injection and branch current flows at hth harmonic.
Furthermore the forward voltage sweep and KVL is applied to
calculate harmonic bus voltages and is expressed in vector
form as follows:

(24)

(17)

(25)

is the harmonic bus voltages vector and

Where
is the relationship matrix between the harmonic bus
voltages and currents. The harmonic bus voltage of the filter is
determined by:

is the
Where is the smallest harmonic order,
highest harmonic order,
is the magnitude of the ith
is the ith
branch current for the hth harmonic order and
branch resistance for the hth harmonic order. The root mean
) can be known from
square values of the bus voltages (
the harmonic bus voltages calculated for all harmonic
frequencies by utilizing the process described above:

(18)
is the row vectors of the matrix
Where
associated with the bus at which filter is placed. The
harmonic voltage of filter placed at bus i in terms of its
harmonic impedance is given as follows:

(26)

(19)
Where

is the magnitude of bus voltage at fundamental

Where
frequency. Finally, the total harmonic distortion at bus i can be
calculated from the following equation:

the harmonic current of filter placed at

is the harmonic impedance of filter placed at

bus i and
bus . The RDS assumed consists of (n -1) loads and a single
phase filter placed at bus i. Hence (18) becomes:

(27)
(20)
Where
denote the harmonic current
vector of loads and
is the harmonic current absorbed by
the filter which can be found by following equation:

III. ANT COLONY SYSTEM (ACS)

The Ant Colony System (ACS) was inspired by the
foraging behavior of ants. Biologists have determined that ants
always find the shortest distance between food and their nests
because they leave pheromone trails, which allows them to
communicate with each other and transfer information about
paths to food. The search for food generally begins by a group
of ants choosing random paths. During the initial searches,
they leave constant density trails as to their movements in time.

(21)
(22)

130

Subsequently , the density of the trails on the shorter paths

increases and assists them in finding the shortest route to food.
The ant colony algorithm, which parallels this ant behavior,
begins a search among a population by measuring the
competence of individual members of the population based on
a cost function until the individuals all converge to an optimum
[5].

(29)

is the total real power injection by the load on

Where
is the set of available states(buses) for randomly
bus i,
selected stage (filter).i is selected according to the probability
distribution as follows:

IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF ACS ALGORITHM FOR LPHF

OPTIMIZATION
In order to implement ant colony algorithm the first step is
to create a matrix of all the available filter sizes and all the
possible bus locations. Each available filter size is considered
as a stage i (i = 1, 2 n) and bus location as states j (j = 1, 2
m). Here, n and m are the filter sizes and possible bus
locations. Then a suitable number of ants are selected. The total
numbers of ants selected in this case are half the total number
of possible bus locations. Each ant starts its tour by selecting a
randomly chosen state of first stage. Each ant selects its first
stage randomly and tours around all the available states. The
ACS algorithm is implemented as follows:

(30)

C. Step 3: Local Updating

Update the pheromone of all states passed by ants in Step 2
using the following equation:
(31)

First all states of stages receive a certain and equal amount

of pheromone. Then, M ants start their tour depending on the
pheromone level, heuristic information and a probability
function. After touring around all states, the pheromone of all
states is locally updated. Furthermore, the value of the
objective function is calculated for all ants. This objective
function is the total real power loss. The state which results in
minimizing the objective function the most is selected as best
solution and recorded. After that, a global update of
pheromone levels of all the states passed by respective ant and
the best ant is made. This process is repeated until the
maximum iterations are reached. ACS is implemented as
follows:

is the evaporation coefficient so that

Where
represent the pheromone evaporation and
is the
contributions of ant k that used filter j and selected bus i to
is basically the amount of trail laid
construct its solution.
on edge (ij) by ant k which is calculated by:
(32)
is the objective function of ant k (total real
Where
power loss). The objective function is total real power loss so if
filter j placed in bus i results in small power loss it will mean
that the pheromone level of that particular ant will be bigger.

A. Step 1: Initialization
Generate a matrix for the total number of available filter
sizes as stages and the number of possible bus locations as
states and select a suitable value for control parameters (, ),
coefficient of pheromone evaporation (), the number of ants,
and
states and stages. Also generate initial pheromone
for all states.
is set to be the
heuristic information
reciprocal of filters to be placed so if a bigger filter size is
selected by an ant the heuristic information is less attractive.
This is done because larger size filters are more expensive.

D. Step 4: Calculation of Objective Function

Calculate the objective function for all ants. The objective
function is the total real power loss. Here the Radial Power
Flow (RPF) and Harmonic Power Flow (HPF) algorithms are
used to calculate total real power loss. The RPF calculates real
power loss due to fundamental frequency and HPF calculates
the real power loss due to harmonics. So the total power loss is
given as follows:

(28)
Where

(33)

is the filter size selected.

B. Step 2: Selection of a state (bus)

Ants use heuristic information which is the objective
function and pheromone trails to select optimal allocation filter.
An ant with randomly selected filter j will select a node i on the
basis of the following rule:

E. Step 5: Calculation of Objective Function

Update the pheromone of all states passed by ant which
gave the best objective function using following equation:
(34)

131

Where
is the contribution of ant which used
filter j and selected bus i to and resulted in best objective
function. It is calculated as:
(35)

(36)
is the best objective function achieved and
Where
is the maximum number of ants.

Fig. 4. 13-bus radial distribution system

F. Step 6: Convergence Criterion Checking

If total number of iterations reaches a maximum, the
program is terminated and the results are presented, otherwise,
increase iteration by 1 and go to step 2 and the whole process is
repeated.

HARMONIC LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BEFORE AND AFTER

FILTER PLACEMENT

TABLE I.

Vrms (pu)

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The ACS algorithm explained was applied on 13-bus radial
distribution test system. The single line diagram of the test
system is as follows:

Bus

Before Placement

After Placement

0.979

0.981

0.975

0.977

0.973

0.975

0.966

0.970

0.961

0.967

0.958

0.966

0.965

0.969

0.972

0.974

10

0.969

0.971

11

0.961

0.965

12

0.960

0.964

0.960

0.964

13
Fig. 3. 13-bus radial distribution system

Ploss (KW)

The line and bus data of test system can be found in

Appendix A. Bus 1 is the generation bus. All the remaining
buses are load buses and distribute generated power to the
loads connected to each bus. Total demand is distributed
among 12 load buses respectively. The total real power in the
system is 1115 KW. The harmonic sources are placed at
buses5, 7, 9, 10, 12 and 13. Harmonic sources inject harmonic
currents of order 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15.

Fundamental

49.36

35.06

Harmonics

12.63

8.85

Total

61.997

43.91

First the total power loss is calculated and then ACS

algorithm is applied in order to find the best size and location
of the filter. The result of ACS is shown in Fig. 4. The filter
size selected is 600 Kvar and the best location found to place it
is bus 7. The maximum number of iterations selected is 100.
ACS for 13-bus test system converged in 35 iterations.
The result of harmonic load flow analysis before and after
placing filter is presented in Table I. Fig. 5 demonstrates the
reduction in THD and Fig. 6 shows reduction in power loss
with respect to fundamental and harmonic frequencies as a
result of optimal filter placement.

Fig. 5. THD Before and After filter placement

132

filter. Also, THD on every bus is suppressed and voltage

profile improved.
APPENDIX A
TABLE II.

13-BUS RDS LINE AND BUS DATA

Line
no.

From
Bus

To
Bus

R()

X()

P
(kW)

Q
(kVAR)

0.117

0.048

100

30

0.107

0.044

20

730

0.165

0.046

150

225

0.150

0.042

50

10

0.150

0.042

120

540

Fig. 6. Ploss Before and After filter placement

0.314

0.054

40

700

It can be seen that after placing the filter, the THD is

suppressed as demonstrated in Fig. 5. This has resulted in an
improved voltage profile as presented in table I. Also the power
loss at fundamental frequency which was 49.365 KW is
improved by 28.98% to 35.060 KW. Other noticeable losses
are 6.931, 2.495 and 1.273 KW each at 3rd, 5th and 7th order
harmonics which are reduced to 4.857, 1.743 and 0.892 KW
each. 30% improvement is seen for harmonic losses. Finally,
the total power loss has been reduced from 61.997 KW to
43.91 KW giving an overall improvement of 29.17% and a
saving of almost 18 KW.

0.210

0.036

75

90

0.314

0.054

50

150

10

0.210

0.036

125

825

10

11

0.131

0.023

210

800

11

11

12

0.105

0.018

80

300

12

11

13

0.157

0.027

95

30

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VI. CONCLUSION
This paper presents an application of the Ant Colony
System based algorithm for optimizing filter placement and
sizing on a radial distribution system in order to reduce power
losses and keep the root mean squared voltages and total
harmonic distortion (THD) to lie within prescribed limits. A
radial distribution power flow (RDPF) and harmonic power
flow (HPF) algorithms are employed which use backwardforward sweep techniques to produce power flow solution.
RDPF and HPF are performed to demonstrate the effect of
harmonic sources on total power loss. Then the Ant colony
algorithm is used in conjunction with both power flow
algorithms to select a filter size from a number of available
sizes and place it at the best possible location so that both
power loss and THD are minimized. A 13-bus radial
distribution test system is used to validate the results.
It takes 35 iterations for ACS algorithm to find the
best possible solution. By placing the harmonic filters the
effect of harmonics is suppressed. It resulted in a decrease in
total real power loss and improving voltage profile. Filters are
a cheaper solution and low voltage systems like the three test
systems can prove to be more economically efficient solution
than by using shunt capacitor as done in [6, 7, 8, 9 and 10].
Furthermore ACS has proven to be fast in convergence. Best
filter size chosen by ACS for the test systems is 600 Kvar and
the best locations found to place this filter is 7. The real power
loss is reduced by 29.17% of the power loss before placing the

133