Basic Protection

Principles
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Power Transmission and Distribution

Overcurrent-time protection
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Definite-time
overcurrentprotection

t2

Basic
protection
principles

t1
IN

I>

I >>

Inverse-time
overcurrent-protection

IN

Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Differential protection
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Line

Load condition

Istart - Iend = 0

I = 0

I 0

Fault condition

Istart - Iend 0

Basic
protection
principles

Busbar
IA

IB
IC

IA

Load condition

IA + IB + IC = 0

IB

Fault condition

IC

IA + IB + IC 0

I = 0

I 0

Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Overvoltage - Undervoltage
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Overvoltage

Basic
protection
principles

U>
UN
U<

Undervoltage

Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Time grading
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

t = 700 ms
t = 400 ms
t = 100 ms

Basic
protection
principles

I>

I>

I>

I>

I>

I>

Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Function definite-time-protection
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

I>>

IL1
OFF

Basic
protection
principles

IL2

I>

IE>>

IE>

IL3

IE

OFF

Valid for all devices with 4 input transformers

Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Function definite-time-protection (three current inputs)

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

IL1

I>>

I>

IL1

Basic
protection
principles

IL2

OFF

I>>
IL2 (IE)
I>

IL3
IE

I>>
IL3
I>

IE is calcuated,
(min. 0.1 x IN)
and equipped with
timer

suitable for all types of neutral-point connection

Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Function definite-time protection (three current inputs)

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

IL1

I>>

I>

I>>

I>

IL1

Basic
protection
principles

IL2

OFF

IL2 (IE)
IE
IL3

I>>

OFF

L2 is calculated

IL3
I>

Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Definite-time protection, Characteristic curves

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Tripping characteristic curve of a two-step definite-time protection

t [sec]
2.0

Basic
protection
principles

1.5

Tripping area

1.0
0.5

0.5

1.0

1.5
I>

2.0

2.5

x IN

I>>

Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Inverse-time protection, Characteristic curves

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Tripping characteristic curve of an inverse-time protection

t [sec]
2.0

Basic
protection
principles

Characteristic curves:
 IEC
 ANSI
 British Standard

1.5
1.0
0.5

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

x IN

Power Automation

10

Power Transmission and Distribution

Directional definite-time-protection
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

I>>

I>

IL1

Basic
protection
principles

&
Direction

OFF

UL1

Instantaneous zone (I>>) directional

Back-up zone (I>) non-directional

Power Automation

11

Power Transmission and Distribution

Measuring principle of differential protection devices

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

I1

I5

Basic
protection
principles

I2

I4
I3

Kirchhoff law:

I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 = 0

Current direction definition: Currents that flow into the line, are defined positive
Currents that flow out get a negative sign.

Power Automation

12

Power Transmission and Distribution

Setting of the differential protection at a line / cable

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Protection area is limited by current transformer 1 (CT1) and current transformer 2 (CT2)

I2

I1

Voltage
source U1

Basic
protection
principles

CT2

CT1

IDiff

IC

Voltage
source U2

Kirchhoff law:

I1 + I2 - IDiff - IC = 0

Normal operation:
/ cable

IDiff = 0, IC = I1 + I2

Tripping threshold:

IDiff> >2.5.. 4 IC or IDiff> 0.15..0.2 IN,CT (for cables and overhead lines)

Example:

I1 = 500 A, I2 = -300 A, IN,CT = 500 A, IC = 50 A

-> The differential current is the charging current of the line

Tripping threshold of the differential protection IDiff> = 2,5 IC / IN,CT = 0.25

IDiff/IN,CT = 500 A / 500 A + (-300 A / 500A) = 1.0 - 0.6 = 0.4
IDiff / IN,CT > IDiff>
-> Trip

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13

Power Transmission and Distribution

Line differential protection: Resulting tripping characteristic

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

I1

I2
 Differential current due to line

capacity / cable capacity

 Differential current due to linear

errors of the primary current transformers

IDiff

Basic
protection
principles

 Differential current due to non-linear

errors of the primary current transformers

IDiff = | I1+I2|
Differential current

Tripping characteristic

Tripping area ->

trip
k1=0.25

Possible differential
current
due to errors

Restraint area -> No trip

IDiff>


k2=0.5

Restraint current

IS = |I1| + |I2|
Power Automation

14

Power Transmission and Distribution

Measuring principle of the two pilot-wire differential protection

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Side 1

Side 2
L1
L2
L3

Basic
protection
principles

Twisted pair
pilot wire

Device 1
I2

I1

I3

IM1

Ia

Ia

Ib1
Rb

U1

7SD600

Summed up currents: IM1 = 5I1 + 3I2 + 4I3

Voltage comparision:

U1 = Rb Ib1

I2

I1

Summation

Ib2

U2
Rb

R/2
Ra

I3

IM2

R/2

Summation

transformer

Device 2

transformer

Ra

7SD600

IM2 = 5I1 + 3I2 + 4I3

U2 = RbIb2
Power Automation

15