Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Gondwana Research
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gr
CODES ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 126, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
Center for Paleontological Research and Education, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
School of Earth Science & Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
d
School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
e
Indochine Mining (Cambodia) Ltd., 454 Street 2003, Sang Kat Kakab, Khan Dong Kor, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
f
Anglo American Exploration (Australia) Pty Ltd, PO Box 475, Como 6152, WA, Perth, Australia
b
c
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 July 2013
Received in revised form 23 October 2013
Accepted 23 October 2013
Available online 11 November 2013
Keywords:
Southeast (SE) Asia
Gondwana
Tectonics
Metallogeny
Phanerozoic
a b s t r a c t
The Southeast Asia region is endowed with a diversity of mineral resources, notably porphyry-related skarn,
epithermal and sediment-hosted/orogenic gold deposits. Formation of these deposits was associated with a
long and complex tectonic history of Gondwana supercontinent break-up, arc magmatism, backarc basin
development, together with arccontinent and continentcontinent collisions that created the present-day
mainland SE Asia. This paper summarizes historical and current SE Asian geological research and ore deposit
studies. Here we present a new tectonic and metallogenic model for Phanerozoic mainland SE Asia. From this
model, we conclude that incipient arc/backarc basin magmatism is the key to the formation of many important
ore deposits in the Truong Son and Loei fold belts, the two major metallogenic belts in mainland SE Asia. In
addition, Triassic to Cenozoic arccontinent and continentcontinent collisions have led to the formation of
many sediment-hosted/orogenic gold deposits in the Sukhothai and the Sibumasu terranes. Oblique Cretaceous
to Recent subduction along the AndamanSunda trench was responsible for gold and coppergoldmolybdenum
porphyry and epithermal mineralization along the KawlinWuthoMt Popa arc in Myanmar in the north and the
Sumatran volcanic arc in the south. We anticipate that the present emphasis on exploring for shallower level
epithermal deposits will increasingly lead to exploration for deeper level porphyry- and porphyry-related
skarn systems in the coming decades.
2013 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
2.1. Background
1342-937X/$ see front matter 2013 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.10.010
Fig. 1. SE Asia regional tectonic map showing major component terranes and fold belts.
SRTM data from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/; geological map modied after e.g., Barber and Crow (2003), Metcalfe (2013) and Burrett et al.
(2014).
Ordovician (UPb zircon and monazite: 470465 Ma) and Early Triassic
(UPb zircon and monazite: 250245 Ma) metamorphism (Roger et al.,
2007). The inherited zircon cores are similar to those encountered
in many other Phanerozoic SE Asian rocks and may reect crustal contamination by Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks containing Gondwanaderived zircons.
The Loei Fold Belt occurs along the western edge of the Indochina
Terrane with the central part being covered by the thick Mesozoic
Khorat red beds on the Khorat Plateau (Morley, 2012). The Loei Fold
Belt contains mainly Late Permian to Triassic andesiticrhyolitic volcanic
rocks, but older DevonianCarboniferous and Silurian magmatic rocks
have also been recently reported (Panjasawatwong et al., 2006; Khin
Zaw et al., 2007a; Boonsoong et al., 2011). The southern continuations
of the Truong Son and Loei fold belts are intruded by Cretaceous granitoids. The East Malaya Fold Belt and the Sukhothai Terrane are located in
eastern Peninsular Malaysia, and are bordered to the west by the
Sibumasu Terrane along the BentongRaub Suture.
Indochina's original position within Gondwana, and its rift, drift and
collision history, have long been speculative, but it is now shown to
have been close to South China, western Cathaysia, Qiangtang and the
Tethyan Himalayas in the Early Palaeozoic (e.g., Burrett et al., 2014;
Usuki et al., 2013). New geochronological and geochemical studies in
the NWSE trending AilaoshanSong Ma Suture by Lai et al. (2014a,
2014b) suggest that the suture represents the remnants of a branch of
the once vast eastern Palaeotethys (or the AilaoshanSong Ma Ocean),
which may have opened during the Late DevonianEarly Carboniferous
(UPb zircon: ca. 380330 Ma) and closed (along the AilaoshanSong
Ma Suture) between the middle Permian (ca. 270 Ma) and the earliest
Middle-Triassic (UPb zircon: ca. 245 Ma). Continental-rifting of
the South China and Indochina terranes from Gondwana may have
commenced as early as the Early Silurian, as suggested by UPb zircon
dating on alkali rhyolite in Loei (ca. 434428 Ma; Maloney, 2008;
Khositanont, 2008; Khositanont et al., 2013) and turbidites in the
Ailaoshan Fold Belt (detrital zircon: ca. 432438 Ma; Lai, 2012).
from the Tarutao Sandstone and from quartzite and granite clasts of the
Permian Kaeng Krachan glaciomarine mudstones in Sibumasu have
yielded similar age spectra with those of western- and northern
Australia. Our ndings suggest close geographic proximity between
the Sibumasu Terrane and Australia prior to the Middle Permian. This
is supported by Nd isotope (Dopieralska et al., 2012) and palaeomagnetic
(Ali et al., 2013) evidence, as well as the CambrianPermian Gondwana
faunas which have NW Australian afnities (Burrett et al., 1990;
Metcalfe, 1991, 1994, 2002; Wang et al., 2013), and the Late
CarboniferousEarly Permian glacialmarine diamictites found in
Sibumasu and NW Australia.
2.6. West Myanmar Terrane
The West Myanmar Terrane is located between the Mogok
Metamorphic Belt (e.g., Bertrand et al., 2001; Mitchell et al., 2007;
Searle et al., 2007; Lai et al., 2013) in the east and the Bay of Bengal
and AndamanSunda Trench (or the Sumatran subduction zone) in
the west (McCaffrey, 2009). The eastern boundary of the terrane is
dened by the NS trending Sagaing Fault that divides into splay faults
in northern Myanmar (Bertrand and Rangin, 2003; Kundu and
Gahalaut, 2012), whereas the western boundary is marked by the active
subduction zone west of the Indo-Myanmar Range (Hall, 2002; Steckler
et al., 2008; Bannert et al., 2011; Kyi Khin et al., 2014). The IndoMyanmar Range forms a forearc and mainly comprises ultramac
rocks, pillow basalts, cherts, Upper Triassic ysch and Cretaceous limestone (Mitchell et al., 2010; Bannert et al., 2011). It has been suggested
that Western Myanmar amalgamated with Sibumasu either by collision
in the Late Mesozoic (Mitchell, 1979) or by strike-slip movement in the
Early Triassic (e.g., Barber et al., 2005; Metcalfe, 2009).
The AndamanSunda subduction zone is an east-dipping major,
curvilinear subduction complex that extends from Assam (India) in
continental Asia to the north through the Bay of Bengal to the west of
Myanmar to western Sumatra in the south. This complex subduction
was probably active as early as the Late Cretaceous, as demonstrated
by SHRIMP zircon dating for the Kanzachaung batholiths (94 Ma) in
the KawlinWutho area, west of the Sagaing Fault in northern
Myanmar (Barley et al., 2003). This subduction continued to be episodically active throughout the Eocene to Recent as evidenced by recent
earthquakes associated with the AndamanSunda Trench (e.g., Sieh
and Natawidjaja, 2000; McCaffrey, 2009). This Neogene subduction
was responsible for the formation of the KawlinWuthoMt Popa arc,
or the Central Volcanic Belt, in Myanmar and the Sumatra volcanic arc
in the south, both of which host signicant gold and coppergold
molybdenum porphyry and epithermal mineralization. The two arcs
were probably continuous before the Miocene opening of the Andaman
Sea (e.g., Curray et al., 1979, 1982; Curray, 1989, 2005). The Cenozoic
tectonic history of the West Myanmar Terrane, together with other
contiguous SE Asian terranes, was strongly inuenced by the India
Asia collision (e.g., Tapponnier et al., 1982, 1986, 1990; Aitchison et al.,
2011; Zhang et al., 2012) and indentation/extrusion tectonics
(e.g., Tapponnier et al., 1982, 1986, 1990; Schrer et al., 1990; Otofuji
et al., 2012).
2.7. Sumatra
Sumatra is the largest island in Indonesia and the fth largest in the
world. The island is located at the southwestern margin of Sundaland
north of the Sunda Trench, and is mainly made-up of three parts, the
Sibumasu Terrane in the north, the Western Sumatra Terrane in the
central-west and the Woyla Terrane of Barber (2000) in the southsouthwest. The Sibumasu and West Sumatra terranes are generally
regarded as being separated by the Medial Sumatra Tectonic Line.
Generated in the Miocene by the oblique subduction of the Australian
Plate under the Eurasia Plate, the Sumatra Fault System extends through
the Barisan Mountains from the Sunda Strait in the southeast to Banda
Aceh in the northwest (McCaffrey, 2009).
CarboniferousPermian sedimentary rocks of the Sibumasu Terrane
are regarded as the oldest rocks in Sumatra, although Devonian
Carboniferous rocks have been documented from a borehole in the
Malacca Strait (Koning and Darmono, 1984). The JurassicCretaceous
Woyla Terrane is made-up of volcanic arc fragments and an imbricated
oceanic assemblage (Barber, 2000; Barber et al., 2005). These volcanic
arc rocks are believed to have been thrust over an Early Paleozoic
Mesozoic continental basement and intruded by granitoids. The Sunda
Arc volcanism may have been initiated in the Eocene to Early Miocene.
Dominated by calc-alkaline andesiticdacitic magmatic rocks, this
Eocene to Early Miocene magmatism ceased after the Early Miocene
and recommenced in the late Middle Miocene. Similar to the Eocene
to Early Miocene magmatic phase, the Middle MioceneRecent Sunda
Arc magmatism is also dominated by calc-alkaline andesiticdacitic
magmatic rocks (e.g., Garwin et al., 2005; McCarroll et al., 2014).
3. Deposit types and metallogeny
3.1. Background
The north-drifting journey of SE Asian component terranes was
accompanied by several episodes of continental rifting, arc/backarc
basin development, and collisional events. The associated magmatism,
metamorphism, tectonic deformation and uid ow have been the
major driving forces behind the formation of major mineralized belts
in the region and a diverse range of base and precious metal deposits
in these SE Asian mineralized fold belts, with some of the important
deposit types, shown in Table 1 and summarized below.
3.2. Skarn type
Major porphyry-related skarn type coppergold deposits are found
in the Truong Son and Loei fold belts in Laos and Thailand and along
the Tam KyPhouc Son suture zone in central Vietnam (Fig. 2). These
skarn deposits in mainland SE Asia are further divided into oxidizedand reduced copper (gold) skarn.
3.2.1. Oxidized copper (gold) skarns
Phu Kham coppergold deposit (northern Laos): The Phu Kham
deposit (227 Mt at 0.48% Cu, 0.22 g/t Au, 2 g/t Ag) is one of the most
important and best documented porphyry-related oxidized skarn
deposits in the Truong Son Fold Belt (Fig. 2). The deposit is hosted in
Late Carboniferous to Early Permian volcaniclastic rocks (Backhouse,
2004; Tate, 2005; Kamvong, 2013). The ore-hosting volcaniclastic
sequence is intruded by porphyry units that are spatially associated
with the skarn mineralization. The deposit is divided into two zones,
namely the hangingwall/thrust zone sitting above the Jurassic to
Cretaceous Khorat red beds, and the downfaulted block zone (Tate,
2005). Whole rock geochemistry of the major Phu Kham andesitic
dacitic units indicates a continental arc setting (Backhouse, 2004;
Kamvong, 2013; Kamvong et al., 2014). At Phu Kham, the skarn alteration zone is likely to have formed along/or adjacent to the margins of
the intruding porphyry dykes. The aggregate garnet skarn with later intense quartz and hematite replacement contains the most enriched hypogene coppergold mineralization. Therefore, there is a close
relationship between the prograde garnet skarn and the highest grade
coppergold mineralization (Kamvong, 2013).
Puthep (PUT1 & PUT2) porphyry-related ironcopper (gold)
deposits (northern Thailand): Mineralization of the Puthep (PUT1 and
PUT2) deposits (total indicated/inferred resource of 120 Mt at 0.4%
Cu) (Fig. 2) occurs in fractures and veins, typically centered on at least
two dioritic to granodioritic intrusions. The Puthep intrusions have
yielded Early- to Middle Triassic UPb zircon ages of 248 6 Ma
(PUT1), and ca. 235233 Ma (PUT2). These intrusions have been
10
Table 1
Summary for major gold, coppergold and leadzincsilver deposits in mainland SE Asia.
No. in
map
Deposit
Location
Terrane/fold
belt
Host rocks/(ages)
Intrusions/(ages)
Ore mineralogy
Tonnage/grade
Porphyryrelated-skarn
(oxidized)
Truong Son
Limestone, volcanic
and volcaniclastic
rock, calcareous
sedimentary rock
Pyrite, chalcopyrite,
pyrrhotite, galena,
bornite, sphalerite,
molybdenite, electrum
92 Mt at 0.45%
Hotson (2009),
Cu, 0.19 g/t Au & www.panaust.com.au
2.3 g/t Ag
Pyrite, magnetite,
chalcopyrite, bornite,
pyrrhotite, electrum
No data
Hotson (2009)
Pyrite, chalcopyrite,
molybdenite, bornite,
sphalerite, galena,
electrum
Chalcopyrite, pyrite,
magnetite, bornite,
hematite, tetrahedrite,
galena, enargite,
sphalerite,
molybdenite, gold
No data
Hotson (2009)
1 Fig. 2
Laos 19.417N
103.195E
Porphyryrelated-skarn
(oxidized)
Truong Son
Limestone and
calcareous
sedimentary rock
1 Fig. 2
Tharkhek (Cu
Au) (Prospect)
Laos 19.409N
103.238E
Porphyryrelated-skarn
(oxidized)
Truong Son
Limestone,
calcareous
sedimentary rock
2 Fig. 2
Laos 18.883N
102.908E
Truong Son
Volcaniclastics and
interbedded
limestone, red bed
siltstone
(CarboniferousE.
Permian) Host
volcanics: UPb
zircon 306 2 Ma
3 Fig. 2
Thailand
18.1997N
102.143E
Porphyryrelated-skarn
(oxidized)
Advanced
argillic
overprint with
possible link to
high S
epithermal system
Porphyryrelated-skarn
(oxidized)
Loei
4 Fig. 2
Padan (CuMo)
(Sepon Mining
District)
Thengkham South
and North (Cu
Mo) (Sepon
Mining District)
Laos 17.5N
101.8167E
Limestone
(Devonian)
Volcaniclastics UPb
zircon 359 6 Ma
Rhyodacite
porphyry, mudstone
4 Fig. 2
Laos 17.5N
101.8167E
References
Chalcopyrite,
magnetite, pyrite,
bornite, gold
5.4 Mt at 2.4%
Cu & 0.64 g/t Au
Pyrite, molybdenite,
chalcopyrite, hematite
No data
Porphyryrelated-skarn
(oxidized)
Porphyryrelated-skarn
(oxidized)
Truong Son
Truong Son
10.7 Mt at 1.8%
Cu (South) and
10.4 Mt at 2.2%
Cu (North)
Skarn/
supergene/
exotic copper
gold
Truong Son
25.5 Mt at 3.5%
Cu & 18.2 Mt at
0.76 g/t Au (Au
cap.)
Bioclastic sandstone,
limestone,
carbonaceous
mudstone, chert
Siliciclastics and
Limestone (Wang
Saphung Formation)
(Carboniferous)
No known intrusion
No known alteration
Hypogene: pyrite,
galena, sphalerite,
chalcopyrite,
molybdenite;
Supergene:
chalcocite, native
copper, azurite, cuprite,
malachite
Malachite, native
copper
Diorite/monzodiorite
porphyry; UPb zircon 242.4
1.3 Ma, laser ArAr biotite
248 2 Ma, 247 6 Ma,
ReOs molybdenite
245 0.9 Ma, younger ArAr
feldspar 164 0.6 Ma
overprint
Chalcopyrite, pyrite,
magnetite
164 Mt at 0.53%
Cu & 0.09 g/t Au
4 Fig. 2
Phabing (Cu)
(Sepon Mining
District)
Laos 17.5N
101.8167E
Exotic copper
after skarn
Truong Son
5 Fig. 2
PUT1 (Puthep 1)
(CuAu) (Phu Hin
Lek Fia)
(Prospect)
Thailand
17.4675N
101.867E
Porphyryrelated-skarn
(oxidized)
Loei
Deposit type
5 Fig. 2
6 Fig. 2
PUT2 (Puthep 2)
(Cu) (Phu Thong
Dieng and Phu
Tham Phra)
(Prospect)
Phu Thap Fah
(Au) (Mine)
Thailand
17.432N
101.760E
Porphyryrelated-skarn
(oxidized)
Loei
Thailand
17.3544N
101.653E
Skarn type
(reduced)
Loei
Sandstone, siltstone,
mudstone and
limestone (Wang
Saphung Formation)
(Carboniferous)
Siliciclastics and
limestone (Permian)
Skarn type
(reduced)
Loei
Felsic andesitic
volcaniclastics
8 Fig. 2
Singto (FeCu)
(Prospect)
Porphyryrelated-skarn
(oxidized)
Loei
Limestone,
siliciclastics
(Permian)
Porphyryrelated-skarn
(oxidized)
Porphyryrelated-skarn
(oxidized)
Porphyryrelated-skarn
(oxidized)
Porphyryrelated-skarn
(oxidized)
Loei
Limestone,
siliciclastics
(Permian)
Truong Son/
Tam Ky
Phouc Son
Suture
Truong Son/
Tam Ky
Phouc Son
Suture
Thailand
16.261N
101.799E
Vietnam15.500N
107.696E
Skarn type
(reduced)
Vietnam 15.410N
108.434E
Skarn type
(reduced)
12 Fig. 2
Vietnam 15.390N
108.432E
Skarn type
(reduced)
13 Fig. 2
Mengapur (Cu
Au) (Prospect)
Malaysia 3.775N
102.808E
Skarn
(reduced)
Myanmar
22.113N 95.042E
High-S
epithermal
12 Fig. 2
Epithermal deposits
1 Fig. 3
Monywa (Cu)
(Mine)
Loei
Loei
Loei
Truong Son/
Tam Ky
Phouc Son
Suture
East Malaya
Kawlin
WunthoPopa belt
Limestone,
siliciclastics
(Permian)
Volcaniclastics and
interbedded
limestone (Lower
Permian)
Metabasite, marble
Chalcopyrite, pyrite,
magnetite, hematite
36 Mt at 0.43%
Cu
6.4 Mt at 2.19 g/
t Au, 0.14% Cu &
3.9 g/t Ag
Pyrrhotite, pyrite,
chalcopyrite, electrum
No data
Chalcopyrite,
magnetite, pyrite
No data
Chalcopyrite,
magnetite, pyrite
No data
Chalcopyrite,
magnetite, pyrite
No data
Prograde:garnet, pyroxene,
wollastonite, albite, biotite;
retrograde: quartz, epidote, chlorite,
calcite, sericite. Illite, smectite
Prograde: garnet, retrograde:
actinolite, tremolite; quartz, chlorite,
epidote, sericite, sphene
Chalcopyrite, pyrite,
sphalerite,
minor molybdenite
No data
Muller (1999)
Pyrite, pyrrhotite,
chalcopyrite, sphalerite,
molybdenite, scheelite
No data
Pyrite, pyrrhotite,
chalcopyrite, galena,
scheelite,
bithmuthinite,
cassiterite,
arsenopyrite,
molybdenite, magnetite,
scheelite, electrum
Pyrite, sphalerite,
galena, pyrrhotite,
chalcopyrite, electrum
Schist, gneiss,
granite, pegmatite,
quartzite,
amphibolite,
Gneiss, schist
No known intrusion
Metasedimentary
volcaniclastic rock
Pyrite, pyrrhotite,
chalcopyrite, galena,
molybdenite, stibnite,
bornite, telluride,
bismuthinite, gold
224 Mt at 0.25%
Cu, 0.16 g/t Au,
8.86 g/t Ag &
6.54% S with Fe
& Mo credits
Rhyolite, dacite,
andesite (L.
Miocene)
Dacite porphyry
Chalcocite,
digenite, enargite,
chalcopyrite,
covellite, anhydrite,
barite, jarosite,
sphalerite, galena,
chalcanthite
Letpaduang:
Mitchell et al. (2011), Khin
1478 Mt at
Zaw, Unpub data
0.37% Cu,
Sabetaung &
Sabetaung South
213Mt at 0.26%
Cu, Kyisintaung
391Mt at
0.31%Cu
11
7 Fig. 2
12
Table 1 (continued)
No. in
map
Deposit
Epithermal deposits
2 Fig. 3
Phu He (AuAg)
(Prospect)
Deposit type
Terrane/fold
belt
Host rocks/(ages)
Intrusions/(ages)
Ore mineralogy
Laos 19.467N
103.256E
Low-S
epithermal
Truong Son
Andesite, UPb
Zircon 291.4
2.3 Ma), dacite
(289.8 3.2 Ma),
dacitic breccia
(289.7 2.5 Ma)
Tuffaceous rock,
volcanic breccia,
Carbonaceous shale
(L. Carboniferous)
Andesite, UPb zircon
286 4 Ma) and
volcanic breccias, U
Pb zircon (283
4 Ma)
Volcaniclastics,
rhyolite breccia Host
rhyolite: Ar/Ar
294 1 Ma,
volcanic sandstone,
UPb zircon b247
4 Ar/Ar reheating
age at 206 Ma
Monomict to
polymict andesite
breccias,
volcanogenic
sedimentary rocks
(U. PermianL.
Triassic)
Plagioclase
pyroxene phyric
andesite, UPb
zircon 250 5 Ma
Hotson (2009)
Pyrite, sphalerite,
galena, chalcopyrite,
electrum
32 Mt at 0.77 g/t
Au, 4.9 g/t Ag &
0.12% Cu
No known intrusion
Pyrite, sphalerite,
galena, chalcopyrite,
electrum, stephanite,
arsenopyrite
76 Mt at 0.82 g/t
Au & 7.0 g/t Ag
Electrum, argentite,
pyrite, sphalerite,
galena, minor
chalcopyrite
No data
De Little (2005)
Electrum, pyrite,
sphalerite, galena,
minor chalcopyrite,
acantite
81.7 Mt at
1.18 g/t Au &
9 g/t Ag
containing
3.10 Moz Au,
24.14 Moz Ag
No known intrusion
Predominantly pyrite
103.9 Mt at
0.94 g/t Au &
2.68 g/t Ag
190.72 Mt at
1.31 g/t Au &
12.5 g/t Ag
22.6 Mt at
1.35 g/t Au &
17.6 g/t Ag
3 Fig. 3
LCT (AuAgCu)
(Prospect)
Laos 18.937N
102.884E
Low-S
epithermal to
mesothermal
Truong Son
4 Fig. 3
Ban Houayxai
(AuAg) (Mine)
Laos 18.927N
102.687E
Low-S
epithermal
Truong Son
5 Fig. 3
Thailand
16.366N
100.766E
Low-S
epithermal
Loei
6 Fig. 3
Chatree (AuAg)
(Mine)
Thailand
16.2938N
100.647E
Low-S
epithermal
Loei
6 Fig. 3
LD Prospect (Au
Ag) (Prospect)
Thailand
16.292N
100.633E
Low-S
epithermal
Loei
7 Fig. 3
Miwah (AuAg)
(Prospect)
Aceh Sumatra
4.7214N
96.3616E
High S
epithermal Au
Ag
Sunda arc
Andesitic to dacitic
lavas, tuffs and
breccias of the
Leuping Volcanics
(Pio-Pleistocene)
Pliocene biotitehornblende
rhyodacites
8 Fig. 3
Martabe (AuAg)
(Mine)
Sumatra 1.5225S
99.0675E
High S
epithermal Au
Ag
Sunda arc
Miocene basaltic to
andesitic ows, tuffs
and breccias of the
Angkola Volcanics
9 Fig. 3
Mangani (AuAg)
(Old Mine)
Sunda arc
Andesite (Miocene)
Microdiorite, andesite dykes
Shales and sandstone
(OligocenePiocene)
10 Fig. 3
TembangLebong
cluster (AuAg)
Bukit Tembang
Lebong Donok
Lebong Tandai
Lebong Simpong
(Mine)
Sumatra
3.9958 S
103.4472 E
Sunda
Banda arc
Trachyandesite to
andesite lavas and
tuffs, breccias and
carbonaceous shales
(Oligocene to
Miocene)
Low S
epithermal Au
Ag
Tonnage/grade
References
Location
e-
11 Fig. 3
Ojolali (AuAg)
(Prospect)
Sumatra 2.3912S
102.7346E
Low to
intermediate S
epithermal Au
Ag
Sunda
Banda arc
Basaltic andesite,
siltstone, crystal and
lithic tuff (Miocene)
No known intrusion
12 Fig. 3
Way Linggo
(Mine)
Sumatra 5.135 S
104.5439 E
Low S
epithermal Au
Ag
Sunda arc
Andesitic to dacitic
pyroclastics
Mogok
Metamorphic
Belt
Sandstone, siltstone
(Eocene) (UPb
detrital zircon
48.7 0.7 Ma)
Marble, calc silicates
Kwinthonze (Au
Ag) (Mine)
Mogok
Metamorphic
Belt
3 Fig. 4
Myanmar
20.352N 96.420E
4 Fig. 4
Meyon (AuAg)
(Prospect)
Myanmar17.26N, Orogenic Au
97.00E
Mogok
Metamorphic
Belt
Mogok
Metamorphic
Belt
5 Fig. 4
Huai Kham On
(AuAg)
(Prospect)
Thailand 17.80N
99.46E
Orogenic Au
Sukhothai
6 Fig. 4
Langu (Au)
(Prospect)
Thailand 6.90N
99.80E
Sedimenthosted Au
Sukhothai
7 Fig. 4
Sepon (Au)
(Mine) Discovery
Main, Discovery
Colluvial,Discovery
West, Nalou,
Namkok E and W
and Vang Ngang
Laos 17.5N
101.8167E
Sedimentary
rock-hosted Au
Truong Son
8 Fig. 4
Bai Go (AuZn
Pb) (Phuoc Son
Mine)
8Fig. 4
9 Fig. 4
Ho Gan (Au)
(Bong Mieu Mine)
10 Fig. 4
Selinsing (Au)
(Mine)
Malaysia
4.2498N
101.786E
Orogenic Au
Sedimenthosted Au
Truong Son/
Tam Ky
Phouc Son
Suture
Truong Son/
Tam Ky
Phouc Son
Suture
Truong Son/
Tam Ky
Phouc Son
Suture
East Malaya/
Bentong
Raub Suture
Pyrite
No known intrusion
3 Mt ore at 4 g/t
Au
Granitoids (Mesozoic)
No data
Mudstone, siltstone,
sandstone
Silicication, chloritization
Up to 3000 g/t
Au
Slate, phyllite,
argillite, schist, minor
greywake of Mergui
Group
(Carboniferous)
Andesitic tuffaceous
volcaniclastic rocks
intercalated with
rhyolitic volcanics:
Andesite, UPb
zircon 242 Ma,
Rhyolite, UPb
zircon 224228 Ma
Carbonaceous
limestone, dolomite
and minor siltstone
(Ordovician)
Sandstone,
mudstone, calcareous
shale, limestone,
dolomite
(Ordovician
Carboniferous)
Pyrite, galena,
sphalerite, electrum,
chalcopyrite,
arsenopyrite
Pyrite, galena,
sphalerite, electrum,
chalcopyrite,
arsenopyrite
Pyrite, galena, sphalerite,
chalcopyrite,
arsenopyrite, visible gold
Pyrite, chalcopyrite,
arsenopyrite, rare
pyrrhotite, electrum
No data
No known intrusion
Silicication, chloritecalcite
alteration
Pyrite, galena,
chalcopyrite, galena,
bournonite, large
electrum grains
No data
Khositanont (2008),
Khositanont et al. (2009)
No known intrusion
Silicication, dolomitization,
carbonate alteration
Pyrite, stibnite,
arsenopyrite, sphalerite,
galena, chalcopyrite
No data
Wilkinson (2009)
Pyrite, galena,
sphalerite, chalcopyrite,
tetrahedrite, malachite,
azurite
Micaceous schist,
gabbro, metabasite
Silicication, pyritization
Pyrite, pyrrhotite,
galena, sphalerite,
chalcopyrite, electrum
3.1 Mt at 6.69 g/
t Au (combined
Bai Dat & Bai Go)
Graphitic and
micaceous schist,
marble, metabasite
Silicication, pyritization
Pyrite, pyrrhotite,
galena, sphalerite,
chalcopyrite, electrum
Schist, orthogneiss,
granite, pegmatite
Granite, pegmatite
Muscovite (greissen)
Pyrite, galena,
arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite
Siltstone, sandstone,
phyllite
(Carboniferous)
Pyrite, pyrrhotite,
arsenopyrite, galena,
sphalerite, chalcopyrite,
electrum
15.2 Mt at
1.28 g/t
2 Fig. 4
13
14
No. in
map
Deposit
Location
Terrane/fold
belt
Host rocks/(ages)
Intrusions/(ages)
Ore mineralogy
Tonnage/grade
References
Sedimenthosted Au
East Malaya/
Bentong
Raub Suture
Trachyte, trachyandesite,
tonalite (E. Jurassic)
Pyrite, galena,
sphalerite, gold,
arsenopyrite.
22 Mt at
1.28 Moz Au
Makoundi (2012),
www.avocet.co.uk
Sedimenthosted Au
East Malaya/
Bentong
Raub Suture
East Malaya/
Bentong
Raub Suture
Tuffaceous siltstone
(259.8 4.9 Ma),
carbonaceous shale,
tuffaceous
conglomerate
(264.9 2.6 Ma)
Sandstone, breccia
(L. Carboniferous)
5.2 Mt at 0.71 g/
t Au
Makoundi (2012),
www.peninsulargold.com
Granite (Triassic)
Pyrite, arsenopyrite,
galena, gold, geocronite,
covellite
Pyrite, gold,
arsenopyrite
Makoundi (2012),
www.peninsulargold.com
Black shales,
mudstone, breccias,
volcaniclastics
(Rampong and
Bampo Formations)
(Upper Oligocene to
Miocene)
Silicied breccias
and Permian
limestones,
sediments (Post
Oligocene)
Tailings: 10.2 Mt
at 0.73 g/t Au;
Oxides: 4.9 Mt
at 1.39 g/t Au
8.5 Mt at 1.49 g/t
Au & 10.7 g/t Ag
No known intrusion
Pyrite, arsenopyrite,
stibnite
17.0 Mt at 2.7 g/
t Au
Galena, sphalerite,
pyrite, cerussite,
smithsonite, barite,
gersdofte,chalcopyrite,
pyrarhyrite, cubanite,
cobaltite, argentite,
sulfosalts
10.8 Mt at 22.8%
Pb, 13.9% Zn,
1.1% Cu, 670 g/t
Ag with Co & Ni
credits
12 Fig. 4
Tersang (Au)
(Prospect)
13 Fig. 4
Raub Australian
(Au) (Mine)
14 Fig. 4
Abong (AuAg)
(Prospect)
Sunda arc
15 Fig. 4
Sihayo (AuAg)
(Prospect)
Sunda-arc
Myanmar
23.116N 97.300E
Sibumasu
Malaysia
3.9828N;
101.782E
Malaysia
3.8036N
101.857E
Deposit type
Sedimenthosted Au
VHMS/
sedimenthosted
Tuffaceous rock
(Bawdwin Tuff),
Volcaniclastic and
turbiditic unit
(Pangyun
Formation)
(CambroOrdovician)
Table 1 (continued)
Theingon (Pb
ZnAg) (Mine)
Myanmar
20.950N 96.833E
MVT/Irish Type
Sibumasu
Wunbye Formation
(limestone,
dolomitic limestone)
(Ordovician)
Thung Song Group
(Limestone,
dolomite)
(Ordovocian)
Intermediate-felsic
metavolcanic rocks,
UPb zircon
459.5 9.7 Ma,
417.3 7 Ma)
Rhyolite to
rhyodacite (E.
Permian)
3 Fig. 5
Thailand
14.851N 98.798E
MVT/Irish Type
Sibumasu
4 Fig. 5
Duc Bo (CuZn
Pb) (Prospect)
Tam Ky
Phouc Son
Suture
5 Fig. 5
Malaysia
3.4058N,
102.921E
VHMS
East Malaya
5 Fig. 5
Malaysia 3.376N
102.928E
VHMS
East Malaya
Rhyolite to
rhyodacite (E.
Permian)
6 Fig. 5
Dairi (PbZn)
(Prospect)
Sunda arc
Caronaceous
shales/dolomitic
siltstones and
massive dolomites
of the PermoCarbonifeorus
Tapanuli Group
No known intrusion
No known intrusion
Silicication, dolomitization
Galena, sphalerite,
pyrite, cerussite
tetrahedritetennentite
No Data
No known intrusion
Silicication, dolomitization
Galena, sphalerite,
pyrite, cerussite
tetrahedritetennentite
4.9 Mt at 3.3%
Pb, 3.0% Zn &
63 g/t Ag
No known intrusion
Chalcopyrite,
sphalerite, pyrite,
pyrrhotite, galena,
bornite
No data
Distal: quartzchloritesericite
pyrite (quartz, chlorite, sericite,
pyrite, pyrophyllite, paragonite)
Proximal: quartzchloritepyrite
carbonate (quartz, Mg-chlorite,
pyrite, carbonate, sericite,
pyrophyllite, kaolinite)
Distal: quartzsericite
(quartz, sericite, paragonite)
Proximal: quartzsericitepyrite
chlorite (quartz, sericite, chlorite,
phengite)
No data
No data
25 Mt at 11.5%
Zn, 6.8% Pb &
7.5 g/t Ag
2 Fig. 5
15
16
Fig. 2. SE Asia regional map showing locations of the major porphyry-related skarn CuAu deposits. 1 Bohr ThongKTLTharkhek (Laos); 2 Phu Kham (Laos); 3 Phu Lon (Thailand);
4 PadanThengkham South and North-KhanongPhabing (Sepon Mining District) (Laos); 5 Phuthep (PUT1 & PUT2) (Thailand); 6 Phu Thap Fah (Thailand); 7 Khao Phanom Pha
(Thailand); 8 SingtoKhao Lek (Thailand); 9 Ban BothongKhao Phra Ngam (Thailand); 10 Frenchman Mine (Thailand); 11. Khe Rin (Phuoc Son) (Vietnam); 12. Ho RayThac
TrangNui Kem (Bong Mieu Mine) (Vietnam); 13 Mengapur (Malaysia).
SRTM data from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/; regional tectonic map modied after e.g., Barber and Crow (2003), Metcalfe (2013) and Burrett et al. (2014).
depositional age (Fig. 2). These host sediments have been intruded by
subalkalic to calc-alkaline quartz monzonite and dioritemonzodiorite
(granodiorite) porphyry, which are responsible for the Phu Lon skarns
and ore formation. Occurrence of primary magnetite and titanite,
combined with the absence of ilmenite, suggest an oxidized magmatic
origin (Kamvong, 2004; Kamvong and Khin Zaw, 2009).
The Phu Lon skarn system is divided into endoskarn and exoskarn
zones. The endoskarn developed at the margins of the Phu Lon plutons
and formed in the immediate vicinity of the exoskarn. In contrast, the
exoskarn, hosted by tuffaceous sandstone and shale with minor
dolomitic to calcitic marble, consists of prograde and retrograde stages
and shows local zoning with a hydrous mineral assemblage close to
the marble front (distal skarns) and anhydrous mineral assemblage
close to the endoskarn (proximal skarns). Spatial distribution of zoning
relative to intrusive contacts (intrusion-endoskarn garnet N
pyroxene hydrous minerals marble) indicates that skarnforming uids may have originated from the magma. Although Phu
Lon's metal grades are lower than metal grades in other CuAu skarns,
the oxidized mineralogy (andraditediopside units) and geological
setting of Phu Lon mimics a number of the other oxidized coppergoldrich end-members of this class of skarn deposit (e.g., Nambija, Ecuador,
McCoy, Nevada and ErtsbergBig Gossan, Indonesia) (Kamvong, 2004;
Kamvong and Khin Zaw, 2009 and references therein).
Other oxidized skarn ironcopper (gold) deposits: Other smaller
deposits in the Loei Fold Belt, such as the Frenchmen Mine, Khao Lek,
Khao Phra Ngam, Ban Bothong and Singto deposits, have similar early
prograde garnet pyroxene and late retrograde chlorite, carbonate,
quartz and epidote assemblages. Their most common ore minerals are
chalcopyrite and pyrite. Many of these smaller deposits appear to be
associated with the younger Late Triassic dioritic intrusions, in contrast
with major mineralized skarns (e.g., PUT1) that are associated with
Early- to Middle Triassic diorite to granodiorite intrusions.
Porphyry-related copper skarn mineralization is also developed
at/around the Sepon sediment-hosted gold deposit (Laos) along the
Truong Son Fold Belt associated with the two rhyodacite porphyry centers
(i.e., Thengkham and Padan, Cannell and Smith, 2008; Cromie, 2010;
Cromie et al., 2010) (Fig. 2). A mineralized coppermolybdenum
system is hosted within the core of the intrusive units at Padan and
the system is characterized by porphyry style mineralization (Cromie,
2010). The primary skarn mineralization is hosted in the calcareous
units at Khanong and Thengkham, where the units are in contact with
the intrusive centers. Economic copper orebodies at Sepon predominantly consist of supergene enrichment zones (mainly chalcocite and
malachite) developed over the primary skarn systems (Cannell and
Smith, 2008; Cromie, 2010).
Hotson (2009) also reported oxidized coppergold skarns in the
Phonsavan area (Laos) in the northern Truong Son Fold Belt, such as at
the Kham Thong Lai (KTL), Thakhek and Bohr Thong prospects
(Fig. 2). Ages of the dioritic/tonalitic intrusions were determined to be
Early Permian (ca. 290270 Ma; UPb zircon) (Hotson, 2009). The
Early Permian diorites/tonalites intruded into the Ordovician to Carboniferous carbonate/volcaniclastic sedimentary sequence, similar to other
coppergold skarns in the Truong Son Fold Belt (e.g., Phu Kham). Skarn
mineralization in the Phonsavan area is likely to have followed the emplacement of felsic intrusives, subsequent to a backarc opening resulting
from the subduction of South China beneath Indochina. Skarn mineralization is dominated by retrograde, sulde-rich mineralisation (Hotson,
2009).
3.2.2. Reduced gold (copper) skarns
3.2.2.1. Phu Thap Fah gold deposit (northeastern Thailand). The Phu Thap
Fah deposit (6.4 Mt at 2.19 g/t Au, 0.14% Cu & 3.9 g/t Ag) (Fig. 2) is
hosted in a Permian sedimentary sequence consisting of shale, limestone, muddy sandstone and carbonaceous siltstone intruded by Early
Triassic granodiorite (UPb zircon: 245 3 Ma) and Late Triassic
17
18
Fig. 3. SE Asia regional map showing locations of the major epithermal deposits. 1 Monywa high-S (Myanmar); 2 Phu He low-S (Laos); 3 LCT low-S (Laos); 4 Ban Houayxai low-S
(Laos); 5 Wang Yai low-S (Thailand); 6 Chatree and LD Prospect low-S (Thailand); 7 Miwah high-S (Indonesia); 8 Martabe high-S (Indonesia); 9 Mangani low-S (Indonesia);
10 TembangLebong cluster low-S (Indonesia); 11 Ojolali low to intermediate-S (Indonesia); 12 Way Linggo low-S (Indonesia).
SRTM data from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/; regional tectonic map modied after e.g., Barber and Crow (2003), Metcalfe (2013) and Burrett et al. (2014).
fertile Late Permian volcanic suite may have formed during the onset of
subduction, where magma was derived from the mantle (Salam, 2013;
Salam et al., 2014). The colloformcrustiform vein textures are also recorded at the LD Prospect just west of the D and H zone of the Chatree
deposit. The host plagioclasepyroxene phyric andesite of the LD Prospect yielded LA-ICP-MS UPb zircon age of Late Permian
(250 6 Ma) (Khin Zaw et al., 2007a).
3.3.2. Wang Yai Prospect (central Thailand)
The Wang Yai Prospect is hosted by Early Permian to Late Triassic
volcanic/volcaniclastic units intruded by andesitic diorite (Fig. 3). De
Little (2005) and De Little et al. (2010) recorded eleven vein systems
and two vein types at Wang Yai based on vein textures, mineralogy,
uid inclusions and stable isotopes. Volcanological and geochemical
studies of the host rocks indicated that the Wang Yai deposit may
have formed in a shallow submarine below-wave-base setting and in
a transitional island arccontinental arc tectonic setting (De Little,
2005), similar to the tectonic and volcanic setting at the nearby lowsuldation Chatree deposit.
3.3.3. Ban Houayxai and Long Chieng Track (LCT) deposits (Laos)
The Ban Houayxai deposit (76 Mt at 0.82 g/t Au, 7.0 g/t Ag) is the
3rd largest gold resource in mainland SE Asia. The deposit is an unusual
low-suldation, deformed epithermal AuAg deposit associated with
silicaclay alteration and hosted by an Early Permian volcanosedimentary
sequence including crystal-rich volcanic breccia, siltstone, tuffaceous
sandstone, red bed siltstone and sedimentary breccia (Fig. 3). The
mineralized veins/breccia occurs in a volcanic sequence as well as sedimentary rocks (Manaka, 2008; Manaka et al., 2009, 2014). New UPb
zircon dating yields a consistent Early Permian (ca. 280 Ma) age for
the host andesite/volcanic breccia (Manaka, 2008; Manaka et al.,
2009, 2014), similar to (or slightly older than) the ages obtained from
the Truong Son gabbroid-granitoids (ca. 280250 Ma) in northern
Vietnam (Liu et al., 2012). This Early Permian age is suggested to be
the time of formation of the Ban Houayxai host volcanic sequence. On
the other hand, Eocene ages have been obtained from ArAr (K-feldspar:
ca. 55 Ma) and KAr (whole rock: ca. 42 Ma) dating. These ages are likely to represent resetting due to the Himalayan Orogeny (e.g., Manaka,
2008; Guo et al., 2012; Manaka et al., 2009, 2014; Xu et al., 2013). The
LCT deposit (0.62 Mt at 0.96 g/t Au) is located 5 km to the NW of Phu
Kham. The deposit is hosted by a Carboniferous to Permian sedimentary
sequence including limestone, siltstone, sandstone, sedimentary breccia
and tuffaceous sedimentary rock. The LCT host rocks are intruded by
Early Permian feldspar-phyric porphyry and dacitic porphyry (UPb zircon age: 290 Ma). The feldspar-phyric porphyry intrusion occurs in the
center of the deposit and hosts gold-bearing vein stockwork with low
suldation afnity (Manaka et al., 2007; Manaka, 2008). In a regional
tectonic context, this deposit formed as a result of early Permian subduction leading to the closure of the AilaoshanSong Ma Palaeotethys
branch (Lai et al., 2014b). In the northwestern part of the Truong Son
Fold Belt, a low-suldation epithermal system is also recorded at the
Phu He deposit as evidenced by extensive colloform banding in Early
Permian volcanic host rocks (Hotson, 2009).
19
with minor covellite and enargite (Mitchell et al., 2011). The Monywa
mineralization is determined to be Early Miocene (ArAr alunite:
ca. 19.7 Ma; Khin Zaw and Vasconcelos, unpub. data).
3.3.5. Martabe gold deposit (northwestern Sumatra)
The Martabe deposit occurs on the island of Sumatra, which is
famous for the rich endowment of both low and high-suldation gold
silver deposits. Low-suldation gold deposits are located in southern
Sumatra, whereas high-suldation ones are conned to the northern
part (Crow and Van Leeuwen, 2005). These deposits may be associated
with an arc-parallel major fault segment or fault splay of the dextral
Sumatran Fault System. Low-suldation deposits include the
TembangLebong cluster, together with other deposits such as Way
Linggo and Mangani (Fig. 3) but individual ore deposit characterization
of these deposits is lacking. These low-suldation deposits are associated
with Eocene to Early Miocene calc-alkaline andesitic and dacitic arc
magmatism extending from Sumatra to Java (Garwin et al., 2005).
Mineralization style of these Sumatran deposits is characterized by
moderate levels of base metals, including Fe-poor sphalerite, and highgrade Ag associated with Mn-carbonates which sometimes show intermediate suldation afnity.
The high-suldation Martabe deposit (resource: 8.05 Moz Au and
77 Moz of Ag), one of the largest known gold deposits in Sumatra, is
hosted in a Late Cenozoic porphyritic dacite and andesite diatreme
complex that was emplaced into a volcano-sedimentary sequence of
interbedded sandstone, siltstone, carbonaceous mudstone and andesite
lava ows (Sutopo et al., 2007) (Fig. 3). The goldsilver mineralization is
associated with a zoned alteration assemblage of a brecciated, vuggy
quartz ore zone with high gold grades that grade outwards from
advanced argillic (quartzalunite and quartzdickitekaolinite) to
argillic (illitesmectite) and a peripheral, pervasive propylitic (chlorite
smectite) zone. Gold occurs as micron-sized grains associated with
quartz, enargite, luzonite, tetrahedritetennantite and pyrite and FeTi
oxides (Sutopo et al., 2007).
3.3.6. Miwah gold deposit (Sumatra)
The Miwah deposit (103.9 Mt at 0.94 g/t Au, 2.68 g/t Ag) is hosted in
a Neogene andesitic to dacitic volcanic sequence located east of the
Sumatra Fault System (Crow and Van Leeuwen, 2005; Henry Wong,
written comm., 2013) (Fig. 3). Vuggy residual silica, massive silica and
silica-sulde are the dominant alteration facies. Primary gold mineralization is commonly associated with disseminated ne-grained pyrite
and minor arsenopyrite, mostly in vuggy silica and silicaalunite alteration facies. Gold is not always associated with enargite/luzonite at
Miwah, and is locally inferred to have been deposited with earlier
pyrite. Hypogene copper mineralization consists mainly of negrained crystalline enargite, luzonite, covellite and rare chalcocite and
is commonly associated with the vuggy silica and advanced argillic
alteration facies. Barite and native sulfur are minor associated minerals.
Late-stage chalcedonic and crustiform banded quartz veinlets are locally
present within the vuggy silica, suggesting a superimposed lowsuldation mineralizing event (Henry Wong, written comm., 2013).
3.4. Sediment-hosted/orogenic type
20
Fig. 4. SE Asia regional map showing locations of the major sediment hosted/orogenic gold deposits. 1 Kyaukpahto (Myanmar); 2 Kwinthonze (Myanmar); 3 Modi Taung
(Myanmar); 4 Meyon (Myanmar); 5 Huai Kham On (Thailand); 6 Langu (Thailand); 7 Sepon (Laos); 8 Bai Dat & Bai Go (Phuoc Son) (Vietnam); 9 Ho Gan (Bong Mieu)
(Vietnam); 10 Selinsing (Malaysia); 11 Penjom (Malaysia); 12 Tersang (Malaysia); 13 Raub Australian (Malaysia); 14 Abong (Indonesia); 15 Sihayo (Indonesia).
SRTM data from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/; regional tectonic map modied after e.g., Barber and Crow (2003), Metcalfe (2013) and Burrett et al. (2014).
The Phuoc Son deposit hosts two economic gold orebodies at Bai Dat
and Bai Go and a number of prospects (Banks et al., 2004; Manaka et al.,
2010). Several other gold-bearing mineralization styles are reported,
including intrusion-hosted (e.g., Round Hill), skarn (e.g., Khe Rin),
marble footwall (e.g., Khe Do) and low-angle shear-hosted (e.g., Bai
Dat and Bai Go) systems (Banks et al., 2004; Manaka et al., 2010).
Systematic investigations of the geological, geochemical and geophysical
data relating to the orebodies show a spatial relationship from the
intrusion-hosted system at the center to the low-angle shear-hosted
systems at the distal part. It is therefore possible that the deposits have
an afnity with intrusion-related gold deposits (Banks et al., 2004).
3.4.3. Selinsing gold deposit (Peninsular Malaysia)
Many important sediment-hosted/orogenic gold deposits,
e.g., Selinsing, Tersang, Penjom and Raub Australian, occur in the East
Malaya Fold Belt (Fig. 4). Geochemical and mineralogical studies on
the Selinsing deposit show that the ore formation process may have
been in two stages. Stage 1 consists of early enrichment of gold and
VAMSNAZ (V, As, Mo, Se, Ni, Ag and Zn) metals in the host Carboniferous
siltstone, whereas Stage 2 is characterized by multiple post-diagenetic
deformation phases that enhance the ore uid pathway development
and thus gold remobilization (Makoundi, 2012; Makoundi et al.,
2014). This two-stage metallogenic model in Selinsing is very similar
to many well-known sediment-hosted gold deposits around the world
(e.g., Sukhoi Log deposit in Russia; Large et al., 2007, 2011).
3.4.4. Langu and Huai Kham On gold deposits (Thailand)
The Langu deposit (Fig. 4) is hosted within Ordovician tidal carbonates (Wilkinson, 2009). Pyrite is the main sulde present along with
lesser amounts of arsenopyrite, stibnite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and
galena. Detailed mineral paragenetic studies by Wilkinson (2009)
revealed ve morphological and textural pyrite types: framboidal pyrite
(py1), non-overgrowth pyrite (py2), overgrowth pyrite (py3), aggregate pyrite (py4) and broken pyrite (py5). LA-ICP-MS results indicated
three sites of signicant gold residence belonging to two stages of
deposition: early syn-diagenetic enrichment of framboidal pyrite
(py1) and later stage gold deposition in arsenopyrite and overgrowth
pyrite (py3).
The Huai Kham On deposit (up to 20 g/t Au) is hosted by Middle- to
Late Triassic andesitic tuff (242 Ma) and intercalated rhyolitic welded
tuff (228224 Ma) in a structurally deformed zone (Khositanont, 2008;
Khositanont et al., 2009). The host sequence is overlain by sedimentary
sequences including Triassic calcareous sandstones. Visible gold and
electrum occur in quartz-rich veins (with associated pyrite, chalcopyrite,
galena and bournonite) crosscutting the andesitic tuff and underlying
rhyolitic tuff. Ore assemblages, isotope evidence and the relatively
high temperature and CO2-enriched ore uids suggest the deposit to
be an orogenic gold deposit that formed during the IndochinaSibumasu
collision (Khositanont, 2008; Khositanont et al., 2009).
3.4.5. Kyaukpahto gold deposit (central Myanmar)
The Kyaukpahto deposit is one of the many important sedimenthosted/orogenic gold deposits in central Myanmar, which occur along
both sides of the NS trending dextral Sagaing Fault west of the
Mogok Metamorphic Belt (Fig. 4). Major gold deposits, from north to
south, include the Kyaukpahto, Thayetsu, Kwinthonze, Phayaung Taung,
Modi Taung, Thayetkon, Shwegyin and Meyon deposits (Khin Zaw
et al., 1999; Mitchell et al., 2004; Zaw Naing Oo and Khin Zaw, 2009;
Zaw Naing Oo et al., 2010).
The Kyaukpahto deposit (6Mt grading 3 g/t Au) is the rst open-pit
gold mine in Myanmar (Khin Zaw, 2002; Ye Myint Swe et al., 2004a,b;
Khin Zaw, 2008c). The deposit is hosted in the Eocene Male turbiditic
sandstone (UPb detrital zircon age: 48.7 0.7 Ma), with high-grade
gold localized in a breccia zone. Gold mineralization is associated with
intense silicication, sericitization and argillic alteration. It occurs as
free gold grains (electrum) in stringer quartz veins, as native gold and
21
22
Fig. 5. SE Asia regional map showing locations of the major basin-related ore deposits. 1 Bawdwin (Myanmar); 2 Theingon (Myanmar); 3 Song ThoBoh Yai (Thailand); 4 Duc Bo
(Vietnam); 5 Bukit Ketaya and Bukit Botol (Tasik Chini) Malaysia; 6 Dairi (Sumatra).
SRTM data from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/; regional tectonic map modied after e.g., Barber and Crow (2003), Metcalfe (2013) and Burrett et al. (2014).
23
300-290 Ma
1 000 km
Fig. 6. G-Plate tectonic reconstruction for SE Asia at ca. 300290 Ma. Cross-section is shown in Fig. 11a.
24
250-230 Ma
1 000 km
Fig. 7. G-Plate tectonic reconstruction for SE Asia at ca. 250230 Ma. Cross-section is shown in Fig. 11b.
210-190 Ma
1 000 km
Fig. 8. G-Plate tectonic reconstruction for SE Asia at ca. 210190 Ma. Cross-section is shown in Fig. 11c.
25
140-120 Ma
1 000 km
Fig. 9. G-Plate tectonic reconstruction for SE Asia at ca. 140120 Ma. Cross-section is shown in Fig. 11d.
25-5 Ma
1 000 km
Fig. 10. G-Plate tectonic reconstruction for SE Asia at ca. 255 Ma. Cross-section is shown in Fig. 11e.
26
Fig. 11. Schematic diagrams of tectonic and metallogenic evolution of mainland SE Asia. a. Late CarboniferousEarly Permian (300290 Ma) setting during formation of the Truong Son
Fold Belt and related porphyry-related skarn coppergold at Phu Kham and sediment-hosted Au mineralization at Sepon; b. Late PermianEarly to Middle Triassic (250230 Ma) setting
during formation of the Loei Fold Belt and related porphyry-related skarn coppergold and epithermal gold mineralization; c. Late TriassicJurassic (210190 Ma) setting during formation
of collisional and post-collisional related sediment-hosted/orogenic gold mineralization; d. Early Cretaceous (140120 Ma) setting during subduction of the Mesotethys beneath Sibumasu
and later the West MyanmarWest Sumatra terranes; e. Neogene to Recent (255 Ma) setting during formation of subduction-related porphyry, epithermal coppermolybdenumgold,
coppergold, copper and gold mineralization.
4. Conclusions
The Phanerozoic tectonic history of the SE Asian terranes, i.e., their
Palaeozoic rifting from the Gondwanan margin and their accretion
onto the SE Eurasia margin, has generated numerous phases of continental rifting, seaoor spreading, arc/backarc basin development and
collision-related orogenesis. The associated magmatism, metamorphism, deformation and hydrothermal alteration have driven the
formation of a wide range of precious- and base metal deposits, notably
porphyry-related skarn, epithermal and sediment-hosted/orogenic gold
deposits. In particular, many of the Indochinese mineralization systems
are linked to one (or both) of the two subduction-related systems,
i.e., the Early Permian Truong Son and Late PermianMiddle Triassic
continental arcs, as well as the Late TriassicJurassic post-collisional
magmatism.
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