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Continuous-Time Signal
Continuous Time (C-T) Signal: A C-T signal is defined on the continuum of
time values. That is: f(t) for t
Real # Line
Time-Varying Voltage,
Current, etc.
f(t)
1, t 0
u (t )
0, t 0
u(t)
...
...
t
t=0
Vs
R
Vsu(t)
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t , t 0
r (t )
0, t 0
Unit slope
r(t)
...
mt , t 0
mr (t )
0, t 0
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Time Shift: If you know x(t), what does x(t t0) look like?
For example If t0 = 2:
x(0 2) = x(2)
x(1 2) = x(1)
At t = 1, x(t 2) takes the
value of x(t) at t = 1
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...
1
-2 -1
u(t-2)
...
1
-2 -1
General View:
u(t+0.5)
...
1
-2 -1
Rough View:
Infinite height
a pulse with: Zero width
Unit area
(t )dt 1,
for any 0
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(t)
(t - T)
f (t ) (t t )dt f (t )
0
t0
f(t)
f(t0)
f(t0)
t0
t0
(t- t0)
Integrating the
product of f(t)
and (t to)
returns a single
number the
value of f(t) at
the location of
the shifted delta
function
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f (t ) (t t )dt f (t )
0
t0
Example:
7
sin(t ) (t 1)dt ?
Step 1: t Step 2: t 1
Step 3: t 1 = 0 t = 1
Step 4: t = 1 lies in [4,7] so
evaluate sin(1) = sin() = 0
(t 1)
sin(t )
sin(t ) (t 1)dt 0
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Periodic Signals
Periodic signals are important because many human-made
signals are periodic. Most test signals used in testing circuits
are periodic signals (e.g., sine waves, square waves, etc.)
A Continuous-Time signal x(t) is periodic with period T
if:
...
x(t + T) = x(t)
T
x(t)
x(t)
...
x(t + T)
x 2 (t )
If x(t) drops across resistance R, the instantaneous power is p (t )
R
p N (t )
dE (t )
T t0
t0
dE (t )
dt
x 2 (t )dt
x 2 (t )dt
dE (t ) x 2 (t )dt
differential increment
of energy
1
P
T
T t0
t0
x (t )dt
For periodic signals we use the average power as measure of the size
of a signal.
The Average Power of practical periodic signals is finite and non-zero.
(Recall that the total energy of a periodic signal is infinite.)
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Subscript
specifies the
pulse width
p(t)
/2
-/2
u(t + /2)
t
u(t - /2)
1
-/2
00=0
/2
10=1
t
11=0
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Continues up forever
This
1
Continues down
forever
Delay by 1
Times
p2(t - 1)
Width of 2
2
Multiplying
By Zero
Turns Off
g(t)
This
t
Multiplying By One
Turns On g(t)
Gives
3
f(t) = (0.5t + 1)p2(t - 1)
This
1
1
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