TO STUDY MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

USING OP-AMP
Salman Suhail
M.Sc Physics
Roll no.14510042
salman.suhail@iitgn.ac.in
Jan 12,2016

Contents
1 Abstract

2 Theory
2.1 Op-Amp working as an inverting amplifier .
2.2 Op-Amp working as Non-inverting amplifier
2.3 Op-Amp working as Differential amplifier . .
2.4 OP-Ampas working as Summing amplifier .
2.5 Op-Amp working as Differentiator . . . . . .
2.6 OP-AMP as Integrator . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Experimental Data
3.1 Op-Amp as Inverting amplifier . . .
3.2 Op-Amp as Non-inverting amplifier
3.3 Op-Amp as Summing amplifier . .
3.4 OP-Amp as Differential Amplifier .
3.5 Op-Amp as an Integrator . . . . . .
3.6 OP-Amp as Differentiator . . . . .
4 Refrences

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

3
4
4
5
6
6
7

.
.
.
.
.
.

8
8
9
10
10
11
12
13

1 Abstract
As well as resistors and capacitors, Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps) are more
commonly called building blocks of Analogue Electronic Circuits.It is basically a
very high-gain direct coupled differential-input amplifier.Its input impedance is
high and output impedence very low .It has all the properties required for nearly
ideal DC amplification and thats why it is used commanly in signal conditioning,
filtering or to perform mathematical operations such as add, subtract, integration
and differentiation which we will do in this experiment.

2 Theory

As i have told above that Operation amplifiers(Op-amps) are the basic buiding
blocks of Analog elctronics Circuit.Usually We use it to perform mathematical
operations like addition,subtraction,integration and differentiation in analog computers.In this experiment i will use IC741 OP-AMP.Let me show you circuit symbol
and pin diagram first.
*These diagrams are borrowed by Google.

Figure 1: IC741 pin configuration

3

2.1 Op-Amp working as an inverting amplifier

Inverting Amplifier diagram of Op-Amp is shown in figure.Input voltage is applied to invertng terminal (-ve) through Rin and non inverting terminal (+ve) is
grounded.V0 is the output voltage. The Gain of the inverting amplifier can be

Figure 2: OP-AMP as Inverting amplifier

calculated using kirchoff law
At the junction
Vin /Rin = Vout /Rf
Vout /Vin = Rf /Rin
Hence the gain is given by
A = Rf /Rin
where (Rf ) is feedback resistance.And A represent the gain. The negative sign
indicates that the output voltage is inverted.Thats why the Amplifier is called
inverting Amplifier.

2.2 Op-Amp working as Non-inverting amplifier

Figure 3: OP-AMP as Non-inverting amplifier

cofiguration of Non-inverting Amplifier of OP-AMP is shown in the figure.In
this configuration input voltageVi is applied to non-invertng terminal (+ve).

At junction pont.
At the junction
Vi /Ri = (Vo Vi )/Rf
Vi (Rf + Ri )/(Ri Rf ) = Vo /Rf
Hence the gain is given by
A = Vo /Vi = 1 + Rf /Ri
No negative sign comes in final formula it shows both input and output voltage
are in same phase.

2.3 Op-Amp working as Differential amplifier

Figure 4: OP-AMP as Differential amplifier

For amplify the difference between two signal voltages we use Op-Amp.Circuit
diagram is shown here.
The output voltage in terms of the inputs is given by
Vout = R2 /R1 (V2 V1 )
voltage gain is
Gain = Vout /(V2 V1 ) = R2 /R1

2.4 OP-Ampas working as Summing amplifier

Figure 5: OP-AMP as Summing amplifier

The summing amplifier is shown in the figure with two inputs V1 and V2 .
The output voltage in terms of the inputs is
Vout = Rf [V1 /R1 + V2 /R2 ]
IF
R1 = R2 = Rf
Vout = (V1 + V2 )
From formula it is clear that out put is equal to the sum of input voltages.Hence
it is called summing amplifier.

2.5 Op-Amp working as Differentiator

Figure 6: OP-AMP as Differentiator

The output voltage is proportional to the rate of change of the input voltage.
The current i is given by
i=

dq
d(CVin )
dV
=
=C
dt
dt
dt
6

Also
i = Vout /Ri
Therfore
C

dVin
= Vout /Rf
dt

or

dVi
dt
from formula it is clear that output voltage is the differentiation of in put signal
waveform.Thats why it is called differentiator.
Vout = Rf C

2.6 OP-AMP as Integrator

Figure 7: OP-AMP as Integrator

Configuration of integratorr is shown in the figure.It gives an output waveform
which is the integration of the input waveform.
i = Vi /R =

dq
dt

dq = Vi /Rdt
Also
Vo = q/Cf
Hence

Z
Vo = 1/(RCf )

Vi dt

from equation it is clear that the output is proportional to the integral of the input
voltagewith -ve sign it shows it is inversion of input signal.

3 Experimental Data
3.1 Op-Amp as Inverting amplifier

Figure 8: Circuit diagram of Inverting amplifier

R1 = 1K, R2 = 10K, R3 = 1K
Sr.no
1
2
3
4
5

Input Voltage (Vi )

0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00

Output Voltage(Vo )
-2.04
-4.06
-6.11
-8.06
-10.13

Gain A
-10.20
-10.15
-10.18
-10.07
-10.13

A=

(10.20 + 10.15 + 10.18 + 10.07 + 10.13)

= 10.146
5

Avg. Gain

Theoretical value of Gain is

AT h = Rf /Ri = 10/1 = 10
A AT h
10.146 10.00
100 =
100 = 1.4%
AT h
10
whenever we calculate error we take mod value thats why we are not concerning
about sighn.
%Error =

3.2 Op-Amp as Non-inverting amplifier

invt.png
Figure 9: Circuit diagram of Non-nverting amplifier
HereR1 = 1K, R2 = 10K, R3 = 1K
Sr.no
1
2
3
4
5

Input Voltage (Vi )

0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50

Output Voltage(Vo )
1.13
2.20
3.32
4.42
5.59

Gain A
11.3
11.00
11.06
11.05
11.18

Average Gain
A=

(11.30 + 11.00 + 11.06 + 11.05 + 11.18)

= 11.11
5

Theoretical value of Gain is

AT h = 1 + Rf /Ri = 1 + 10/1 = 11
%Error =

A AT h
11 11.11
100 =
100 = 1.0%
AT h
11

3.3 Op-Amp as Summing amplifier

Figure 10: Circuit diagram of Summing amplifier

HereR1 = R2 = Rf = 10K, R3 = 1K
Sr.no
1
2
3
4
5

Input Voltage V1
0.20
0.20
0.50
0.61
0.61

Input voltage V2
0.20
0.40
0.40
0.60
0.70

Output Voltage(Vo )
-0.41
-0.65
-0.89
-1.24
-1.29

Theoretical values[(V1 +
-0.40
-0.60
-0.90
-1.21
-1.31

3.4 OP-Amp as Differential Amplifier

HereR1 = R2 = Rf (R3 ) = 10K, R4 = 1K

Figure 11: Circuit diagram of Summing amplifier

Sr.no
1
2
3
4

Input Voltage V1
0.73
0.73
0.73
1.03

Input voltage V2
0.10
0.20
0.40
0.50
10

Output Voltage(Vo )
0.67
0.49
0.31
0.54

Th. values(V1 V2 )
0.60
0.50
0.30
0.50

3.5 Op-Amp as an Integrator

As in the figure shown below the circuit diagram of its. HereR1 = Rcomp =
10K, Rf = 100K, Cf = 0.01 As we know the integration of a squre wave
should be in triangle form and my graph is justifying its claim.

Figure 12: Circuit diagram of Integrator

Figure 13: Input square wave output triangle wave

11

3.6 OP-Amp as Differentiator

As in the figure shown below the circuit diagram of its.
Here R1 = Rcomp = 1K, Rf = 10K, Cin = 0.1, Cf = 0.01
d/dx(x) = 1, d/dx(x) = 1, AN D, d/dx(Sin(x)) = Cos(x)
As we know the differentiation of a triangle wave should be square wave and Sin
wave should be Cos wave(Both are sinosuidol but has phase change). from and
my graph is justifying its claim.

Figure 14: Circuit diagram of Differentiator

Figure 1.5: Input Sine wave output cosine wave

12

Figure 1.6: Triangle wave output Square wave

4 Refrences
Electronics by VK Mehta and Rohit Mehta
Lab Manual
Pictures Taken by Google
Wikipedia

13