Three-Phase Induction Motors

Main Features of 3-phase Induction Motors

A induction machine can be used as either an induction
generator or a induction motor.
The summation of all 3-phase powers is a steady value;
so, three phase machines are more advantageous than
their single-phase counter-parts. Single-phase machines
have oscillating power/torque which have negative
excursions too.
Induction motors are popularly used in the industry
because they are rugged, reliable, maintenance free and
less expensive.
Main disadvantages: speed control is not easy; starting
current is way too high
Almost 80% of the motors used in the industry are
induction motors. 70% of the electricity produced is used
by the induction motors.

Range of Induction Motors

0.5 HP Induction Motor

500 HP Induction Motor

Three Phase Induction Motor

Stator of 3- induction motor is similar to the stator of a

Synchronous generator with three phase windings 120 phase
shifted from each other.

Rotor Construction
The rotor is the rotating part of the electromagnetic circuit of the
induction motor.
It can be found in two types:
Squirrel cage
Wound rotor
However, the most common type of rotor is the squirrel cage rotor.
Squirrel cage rotor has rotor bars or thick conductors embedded in
slots short-circuited by end rings on both sides.
Wound rotor has 3-phase windings wound and placed in rotor slots
along the outer-periphery of the rotor just similar to the stator
structure.
The terminals are brought out to the external world through slip
rings and brushes; they can be short-circuited external to the
machine.
So, the rotor characteristics can be modified by including R or X in
the rotor circuit in a wound rotor; this is not possible in a cage
7
rotor.

10

11

FIELD GENERATION IN INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotating Magnetic Field

Revolving Magnetic Field Theory

Consider an induction motor with three-phase windings (concentrated
winding is shown for simplicity). The three-phase currents applied are
shown side-by-side.

13

At time t=t0 or t4
The three-phase currents are

At time t=t1

At time t= t2

At time t=t3

14

15

From the Figure shown in the previous slide, it can be seen that the
resultant MMF of the 3-phases will be of the same magnitude at each
and every time instant; but, the orientation is displaced by an angle in
space which is equal to t where is the angular frequency of the
three-phase currents that are impressed on the three-phase stator
windings.
Thus, the revolving magnetic field speed = 2f radians/sec
Here, the winding is wound only for 2 poles; i.e, one conductor for A
phase carrying +ve current and another conductor carrying ve current.
If the winding is wound for 4 poles, then there will be 2 conductors for A
phase carrying +ve current (displaced from each other by 180 degrees)
and 2 conductors carrying ve current.
In that case, a 180 degree displacement mechanically will amount to
360 degree displacement electrically; i.e., from one +ve peak of the
current in A phase to another +ve peak.
Thus mechanical speed = 2f /(p/2) radians/sec
where p= no. of poles for which the stator winding is wound.

16

Analytical Method
The MMF along a direction is

17

Rotor conductors get an induced emf because of this rotating magnetic field
when the rotor is stationary; the rotor is short circuited and hence, rotor
currents will flow. This will induce another revolving flux. The interaction
between the stator and rotor flux causes torque production. By Lenzs law, this
torque will oppose its own cause. The cause is the relative velocity between
stator rotating filed and the stationary rotor; so the rotor starts rotating in the
same direction to reduce the relative speed.

19

Stator and Rotor induced Voltages

Revolving magnetic field induces voltage in the stator windings whose
frequency corresponds to s (synchronous frequency)
Nph is the no. of turns in stator winding per phase; pole is the flux per pole, f
is the frequency.
As the rotor gains speed, the relative speed between the revolving magnetic
field and the rotor conductors is s r where r is the rotor speed.
Rotor Induced EMF at standstill condition E2=(ns/nr)*Erms
where ns=No. of stator turns per phase and nr=No. of rotor turns
Rotor induced emf at any other rotor speed r will be related to slips.
Slip s= (s r) / s
Thus rotor induced emf magnitude = s*E2
Its frequency = sf

20

Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines

Conventional equivalent circuit

Never use three-phase equivalent circuit. Always use perphase equivalent circuit.

The equivalent circuit always based on the Y connection

regardless of the actual connection of the motor.
Induction machine equivalent circuit is very similar to the
single-phase equivalent circuit of transformer. It is
composed of stator and rotor equivalent circuits
21

Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines

Step1 Rotor winding is open

(The rotor will not rotate)
i1

r1

X1

I2 N1

ic
f1

rc

N2 i 2

X2

im
Xm

E2

E1

Stator Circuit

r2

Air gap

f1

V2

Rotor Circuit

Note:
the frequency of E2 is the same as that of E1 (provided the
no. of turns in stator and rotor are the same) since the
rotor is at standstill. At standstill s=1.
22

Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines

23

Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines

Step2 Rotor winding is shorted

(Under normal operating conditions, the rotor winding is
shorted. The slip is s)
R1

X1

I0
Ic

V1

f1 Rc

N1

N2 I2sc

X2sc

Im
Xm

sf1
sE2

E1

Stator Circuit

R2sc

Air gap

Rotor Circuit

Note:
the frequency of E2 is fr=sf because rotor is rotating.
24

Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines

Step3 Eliminate f2
R1

X1

I0
Ic

V1

f1 Rc

N1

N2

I2

R2/s

X2

Im
Xm

E2

f1

E1

Stator Circuit

Air gap

Rotor Circuit

Keep the rotor current same:

I 2 sc

E2 sc
sE2
E2

I2
R2 sc jX 2 sc R2 jsX 2 R2 jX
2
s

Although I2 value is the same (mathematically) whether we write sE2 in the numerator OR
divide by s both quantities in the numerator and the denominator; the former gives slip
frequency (fr) current but the latter indicates a frequency of f.

25

Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines

Step 4 Referred to the stator side
Now that both stator and rotor electrical quantities are at

synchronous frequency they can be combined

R1

X1

I0
Ic

V1

f1 Rc

I2

X2

Im
Xm

f1
E2

E1

Stator Circuit

R2

R2(1-s)/s
Air gap

X 2' a 2 X 2
'
2
R2 a R2
I2
'
I2
a

Rotor Circuit

Note:

X2 and R2 will be given or measured. In practice, we

do not have to calculate them from above equations.
Always refer the rotor side parameters to stator side.
Rc represents core loss, which is the core loss of stator
side. Sometimes, it may be clubbed together with
26
rotational losses.

Equivalent Circuit of Induction Machines

IEEE recommended equivalent circuit

At the air gap terminals Thevenins equivalent is taken with

Vth=V1(jXm)/{R1+j(X1+Xm)}
And Zth= (R1+jX1) in parallel with (jXm)
R1

X1

I0

I2

R2

X2

Im
V1

f1

Xm

f1
E1

Stator Circuit

Air gap

R2(1-s)/s
Rotor Circuit

Rc is omitted. The core loss is lumped with the rotational loss.

(R2/s)can be separated into 2 PARTS R2 R R2 (1 s )

The former refers to rotor Cu loss and the latter is the mechanical
output. So, Rotor i/p : Rotoro/p : Rotor Cu loss =1 :(1-s) :s

27

Determination of motor parameters

Due to the similarity between the induction

motor equivalent circuit and the transformer
equivalent circuit, same tests are used to
determine the values of the motor parameters.
DC test: determine the stator resistance R1
No-load test: determine the rotational losses and
magnetization current (similar to no-load test in
Transformers).
Locked-rotor test: determine the rotor and stator
impedances (similar to short-circuit test in
Transformers).
28

DC test

The purpose of the DC test is to determine R1. A

variable DC voltage source is connected between two
stator terminals.
The DC source is adjusted to provide approximately
rated stator current, and the resistance between the
two stator leads is determined from the voltmeter and
ammeter readings.

29

DC test
then
VDC
RDC
I DC
If the stator is Y-connected, the per phase stator
resistance is

RDC
R1
2
If the stator is delta-connected, the per phase stator
resistance is
3
R1 RDC
2
30

No-load test

1. The motor is allowed to rotate freely

2. The only load on the motor is the friction and windage
losses, so all Pconv is consumed by mechanical losses
3. The slip is very small
31

No-load test

4. At this small slip, R2/s becomes infinity and hence

rotor carries hardly any current.

The equivalent circuit reduces to

32

No-load test

5. Combining Rc & RF+W we get

33

No-load test
6. At the no-load conditions, the input power
measured by meters must equal the losses in the
motor.
7. Rotor copper loss is negligible because I2 is
extremely small since R2/s is very large.
8. The input power equals

Pin PSCL Pcore PF &W

3I R1 Prot
2
1

Where
Prot Pcore PF &W
34

No-load test
9. The equivalent input impedance is thus
approximately

Z eq

V
I1,nl

X1 X M

If X1 can be found, in some other fashion, the

magnetizing impedance XM will be known

35

Blocked-rotor test

In this test, the rotor is locked or blocked so

that it cannot move, a voltage is applied to the
motor, and the resulting voltage, current and
power are measured.

36

Blocked-rotor test
The AC voltage applied to the stator is adjusted
so that the current flow is approximately fullload value.
The locked-rotor power factor can be found as

PF cos

Pin
3Vl I l

The magnitude of the total impedance

Z LR

V
I
37

Blocked-rotor test
'
Z LR RLR jX LR

Z LR cos j Z LR sin

RLR R1 R2
'
X LR
X 1' X 2'
Where X1 and X2 are the stator and rotor reactance's
at the test frequency respectively

R2 RLR R1

X LR

f rated '

X LR X 1 X 2
ftest
38

Analysis of Induction Machines

For simplicity, let

assume

Is=I1 , IR=I2
(s=stator, R=rotor)
Is1

Vs1

Zs

Im1

IR1

Zm

ZR

R2 '
ZR
jX 2 ' ;
s
Z m Rc // jX m ; Rc neglected
Z m jX m ; Rc neglected
Z s Rs jX s ;
ZTotal Z s Z m // Z R

I s1

Vs 1
ZT
39

Analysis of Induction Machines

Is1

Vs1

Zs

Im1

IR1

Zm

ZR

Current Dividing Rules,

ZR
I m1
I s1

Zm Z R
Zm

I R1
I s1

Zm Z R

OR
Voltage Dividing Rules,
Z // Z m
VRM 1 R
Vs1

ZT
VRM 1
Hence, I R1

Z
R
VRM 1
I m1

Z
m

40

Power Flow Diagram

1hp 746W

3Vs I s cos
Pin (Motor)

Pin (Stator)

Pin (Rotor)
Pair Gap
(Pag)

3I R '2
Pstator copper
loss, (Pscu)

3I s Rs

Pdeveloped
Pmechanical
Pconverted
(Pm)

Pcore loss
(Pc)

VRM
3

R
c

RR '
s

Pout, Po

1 s
3I R '2 RR '

Protor copper
loss (Prcu)
2

3I R ' RR '

Pwindage, friction,
etc

(P - Given)

41

Power Flow Diagram

Ratio:

Pag
3I R '2

RR '
s

1
s

Prcu
2

3I R ' RR '

Pm
1 s
3I R '2 RR '

1
1
s

1 s

Ratio makes the analysis simpler to find the value of a particular

power if we have another value of power. For example:

Prcu
s

Pm 1 s

42

Efficiency

Pout

100%
Pin
if Plosses are given,
Po Pin Plosses
Po Pm P
otherwise,
Pin 3 Vs I s cos
Pout x hp 746W 746 x Watt
43

Example
A 480-V, 60 Hz, 50-hp, three phase induction motor is
drawing 60A at 0.85 PF lagging. The stator copper
losses are 2 kW, and the rotor copper losses are 700
W. The friction and windage losses are 600 W, the core
losses are 1800 W, and the stray losses are negligible.
Find the following quantities:
1. The air-gap power PAG.
2. The power converted Pconv.
3. The output power Pout.
4. The efficiency of the motor.

44

Solution
1.

Pin 3VL I L cos

3 480 60 0.85 42.4 kW

PAG Pin PSCL Pcore

42.4 2 1.8 38.6 kW

2.

3.

Pconv PAG PRCL

700
38.6
37.9 kW
1000
Pout Pconv PF &W
600
37.9
37.3 kW
1000
45

37.3
Pout
50 hp
0.746
4.

Pout

100%
Pin
37.3

100 88%
42.4

46

Torque-Equation

Torque, can be derived from power equation in term of

mechanical power or electrical power.

2 n
Power , P T , where
(rad / s )
60
60 P
Hence, T
2 n
Thus,
60 Pm
Mechanical Torque, Tm
2 nr
60 Po
Output Torque, To
2 nr
47

Torque, power and Thevenins Theorem

Thevenins theorem can be used to transform the

network to the left of points a and b into an
equivalent voltage source VTH in series with equivalent
impedance RTH+jXTH

48

Torque, power and Thevenins Theorem

VTH

jX M
V
| VTH || V |
R1 j ( X 1 X M )

XM
R12 ( X 1 X M ) 2

RTH jX TH ( R1 jX1 ) // jX M
49

Torque, power and Thevenins Theorem

Since XM>>X1 and XM>>R1

VTH

XM
V
X1 X M

Because XM>>X1 and XM+X1>>R1

RTH

XM
R1

X1 X M
X TH X 1

50

Torque, power and Thevenins Theorem

VTH
VTH
I2

2
ZT
R2

2
R

(
X

X
)
TH
2
TH

Then the power converted to mechanical (Pconv)

Pconv

R2 (1 s)
3I
s
2
2

And the internal mechanical torque (Tint)

Tint

Pconv

Pconv

(1 s)s

R2
3I
PAG
s

2
2

51

Torque, power and Thevenins Theorem

VTH
3
Tint
2
s
R R2 ( X X ) 2
TH
2
TH s

Tint

R2
s

R2
3V
s
2
R2
( X TH X 2 )2
s
2
TH

RTH

52

Complete Speed-torque characteristics

- Smax T
Smax T

53

Maximum torque
Maximum torque occurs when the power
transferred to R2/s is maximum.
This condition occurs when R2/s equals the
magnitude of the impedance RTH + j (XTH + X2)

R2
2
RTH
( X TH X 2 )2
sTmax

sTmax

R2
2
RTH
( X TH X 2 )2
54

Maximum torque

The corresponding maximum torque of an

induction motor equals
Tmax

2
3VTH
1

2
2
2s RTH RTH

(
X

X
)
TH
2

The slip at maximum torque is directly proportional

to the rotor resistance R2
The maximum torque is independent of R2
55

Maximum torque

Rotor resistance can be increased by inserting

external resistance in the rotor of a wound-rotor
induction motor.

The value of the maximum torque remains

unaffected
but
the speed at which it occurs can be altered.

56

Maximum torque

Effect of rotor resistance on torque-speed characteristic

57

Example
A two-pole, 50-Hz induction motor supplies 15kW to a
load at a speed of 2950 rpm.
1. What is the motors slip?
2. What is the induced torque in the motor in N.m
under these conditions?
3. What will be the operating speed of the motor if its
torque is doubled?
4. How much power will be supplied by the motor
when the torque is doubled?

58

Solution
120 f e 120 50
1. nsync

3000 rpm
P
2
nsync nm 3000 2950
s

0.0167 or 1.67%
nsync
3000

2.

no Pf W given
assume Pconv Pload and ind load

ind

Pconv

15 103

48.6 N.m
2
2950
60
59

Solution
3. In the low-slip region, the torque-speed curve is
linear and the induced torque is direct proportional
to slip. So, if the torque is doubled the new slip will
be 3.33% and the motor speed will be

nm (1 s)nsync (1 0.0333) 3000 2900 rpm

4.

Pconv Tintm
(2 48.6) (2900

2
) 29.5 kW
60

60

TorqueSpeed Characteristic

61

TorqueSpeed Characteristic
Depending on various design
features , the torque-speed
characteristics of the
induction machine can be
modified to suit particular
application.

Motor designers can modify the shape of the

torquespeed curve by
changing various aspects of the machine design
such as the cross section and depth of the rotor
conductors.

62

Example
A 460-V, 25-hp, 60 Hz, four-pole, Y-connected induction
motor has the following impedances in ohms per phase
referred to the stator circuit:
R1= 0.641 R2= 0.332
X1= 1.106 X2= 0.464 XM= 26.3
The total rotational losses are 1100 W and are assumed to
be constant. The core loss is lumped in with the
rotational losses. For a rotor slip of 2.2 percent at the
rated voltage and rated frequency, find the motors
1. Speed
2. Stator current
3. Power factor
63

Solution
120 f e 120 60
1. nsync

1800 rpm
P
4
nm (1 s)nsync (1 0.022) 1800 1760 rpm
2. Z R2 jX 0.332 j 0.464
2
2
s
0.022
15.09 j 0.464 15.11.76
1
1
Zf

1/ jX M 1/ Z 2 j 0.038 0.0662 1.76

12.9431.1
0.0773 31.1
64

Solution
Ztot Z stat Z f
0.641 j1.106 12.9431.1
11.72 j 7.79 14.0733.6

4600
V

3
18.88 33.6 A
Ztot 14.0733.6
3. PF cos33.6 0.833 lagging
4.Pin 3VL I L cos 3 460 18.88 0.833 12530 W
I1

PSCL 3I12 R1 3(18.88)2 0.641 685 W

PAG Pin PSCL 12530 685 11845 W
65

Solution
Pconv (1 s) PAG (1 0.022)(11845) 11585 W

Pout Pconv PF &W 11585 1100 10485 W

5.

ind

load

10485
=
14.1 hp
746
PAG
11845

sync 2 1800
Pout

10485

m 2 1760

62.8 N.m
60
56.9 N.m

60
6.
Pout
10485

100%
100 83.7%
Pin
12530
66

Starting of Induction Motors

Direct On-Line Starting

Squirrel cage induction motors

are

frequently

started

by

connecting them directly to the

supply-lines.
Suitable for low rating motors
Starting current of the order of
450-800 percent of full load
current

67

Direct On-Line Starting

The current drawn by a

motor when starting is
excessive because of a
lack of counter EMF at
the instant of starting.
Tst/Trated =(I2st/Irated)2 *sFL
Normally FL slip < 0.05
Even when DOL current is
6 times the rated current,
Starting torque = 62*0.04=
1.44*FL torque
68

Autotransformer starting uses a tapped 3phase autotransformer to

provide reduced-voltage starting. If the ratio of applied voltage to
output voltage is n:1, then the torque as well as line currents are
1/n^2 times the DOL values.
69

In an autotransformer starting circuit, reduced voltage is

applied to the motor circuit by having a low voltage
tapping on the transformer winding to provide reduced
current when starting.

70

Windings on a wye-delta motor may be joined to form a wye or

delta configuration.

71

A delta-connected motor has each coil winding

directly connected across two power lines so each
winding receives the entire source voltage of 208
V.

72

A wye-connected motor has two power lines

connected across two sets of windings. Line
current and torque in Y configuration will be
1/3rd of the values in Delta configuration.

73

The control circuit of a typical wye-delta starting circuit consists of

two motor starters, a contactor, and an ON-delay timer.

74

Impedance Starting
An Impedance (R+jX) is connected in series with the source in each
phase to make sure that the total current drawn by the motor is
limited.
Correspondingly the torque also becomes limited.
All these starting methods are not good for applications that require
high starting torque.
They are OK for fan or pump type loads where power is proportional
to the cube of speed and the torque is proportional to the square of
speed.

Wound rotor induction motor with rotor resistance

starting can offer very good starting torque with
limited current and a good power factor during
starting.
75

A solid-state starter ramps up voltage, reduces

inrush current, minimizes starting torque, and
smoothes acceleration.

76

Wound Rotor Motor Starting

1. Startup of high inertia loads
1. Heat in external resistor not rotor so, easy to
dissipate
2. Vary external resistor alter torque/speed curve
2. Variable speed drive converter on rotor circuit
1. Inefficient heat lost in external resistor

77

Rotor Resistance Control of IM

Starting by increasing resistance R by changing the modulation index of

chopper switch.

The highest value of rotor resistance is chosen to limit current at zero speed
within the safe value

As the motor accelerates, the external resistance are cut out gradually to limit
the rotor current between specified limits

Three Ph. AC
Supply

Rex

WRIM
Rex

Rex

78

Speed Control
Induction Motor

Squirrel Cage Rotor

Pole
changing
control

Voltage/
frequency
control

Wound Rotor

Rotor
resistance
control

Voltage
Injection in
rotor circuit

79

Pole Changing Control of IM

The speed control of an induction motor can be achieved
by changing the synchronous speed.
The synchronous speed of IM can be changed by
changing number of stator poles.
The stator windings are designed such that simple
changes in coil connection can change the number of
poles.
This method requires same number of poles on the rotor,
therefore it is suitable for squirrel cage rotors.
With two independent sets of stator windings, each
arranged for pole changing, four synchronous speeds can
be obtained in a squirrel cage induction motor.
80

Stator Voltage Control of IM

The speed of an induction motor can be controlled by
varying the amplitude of stator voltage.
The internal torque developed by an induction motor is
proportional to the square of the stator voltage.
The variation of speed can be achieved by varying the
stator voltage as shown in the torque speed
characteristic.
This method of speed control is commonly employed with
small sq. cage motors driving fans, blowers etc where
cost is an issue and the inefficiency of high slip operation
can be tolerated.

81

Torque

T-speed Characteristic

V1

Load

0.5V1
0

Speed

nr2

nr1 100
82

Voltage/Frequency Control of IM
The synchronous speed of an induction motor can be
changed by varying the frequency of stator voltage.
The frequency of stator voltage can be changed using
various power electronic frequency changers.
As the flux density has to be maintained approximately
constant, the stator voltage should also be varied
proportional to the frequency.
This is known as constant voltage per hertz (V/f) control.
The frequency changers mostly used are Voltage Source
Inverters (VSI), Current Source Inverters (CSI),
Cyclo-converters and Matrix Converters.
83

Analysis
From Faradays law, The air gap component of the
armature voltage in an AC machine is proportional to
the peak flux density in the machine and electrical
frequency.
Thus, neglecting the voltage drop across the armature
resistance and leakage reactance, the stator voltage can
be written as
f e B peak
Va
( A)
Vrated

f rated Brated
where Va is the amplitude of the armature voltage;
f e is the operating frequency; B peak is the peak flux density;
f rated , Brated , Vrated are the corresponding rated values.

 The speed of induction motors can be precisely controlled by

frequency control and can be made independent of variation in
supply voltage, field current and load. Therefore, keeping
Va=Vrated, Eq.(A) can be rewritten as

Bpeak

f rated

fe

Brated

This demonstrates the constant voltage, variable frequency

operation.
In this mode, a machine operating in saturation at rated voltage
and frequency, any reduction in frequency will lead to further
increase in flux density;

 Higher flux density will result in increased core loss and higher
machine currents;
Therefore, for frequencies less than or equal to rated frequency,
the machine is operated at constant flux density, i.e. Bpeak=Brated.
This makes the Eq. (A) as

fe
Va
f rated

Vrated

Va Vrated

fe
f rated

This is constant voltage per hertz (V/f) operation.

It is typically maintained from rated frequency to the low
frequency at which armature resistance drop becomes
significant component of the applied voltage.

 For frequencies higher than the rated with the voltage at its
rated value, the airgap flux density will drop below its rated
value {referring Eq (A)};
Thus, to maintain the rated flux density the voltage has to be
increased, which may result in insulation failure.
Therefore, for frequencies above the rated frequency the
terminal voltage is kept at rated value.
Assuming that machine cooling is not affected by rotor speed,
the maximum permissible terminal current will remain constant
at its rated value Irated.
Therefore, for the frequencies below rated frequency the
machine power will be proportional to feVratedIrated.

Torque-Speed Curve
T
Vs= Constant

- b

nb

-T
Constant flux up to base speed and constant voltage above base speed.

88

Operating Regions
Constant Torque Region

Constant Power Region

Power

Torque

Rated Speed

Speed

Varying rotor resistance

For wound rotor only

Speed is decreasing
Constant
maximum
torque
The speed at which max
torque occurs changes
Disadvantages:
large speed regulation
Power loss in Rext reduce
the efficiency

R3

R2

R1

R1< R2< R3
nr1< nr2< nr3

nr3 nr2 nr1 n ~n n

s
NL

90

Rotor Resistance Control of IM

The speed of an induction motor can be controlled by
varying the rotor resistance.
The slip at which maximum torque developed by an
induction motor is proportional to the rotor resistance.
The value of maximum torque remains unchanged for any
value of rotor resistance.
This method of speed control has characteristics similar
to those of DC shunt motor speed control using
resistance in series with the armature.
This method suffers low efficiency at reduced speed and
poor speed regulation with respect to change in load
91

Varying supply voltage and supply frequency

The best method since
supply voltage and supply
frequency is varied to keep
V/ constant
f
Maintain speed regulation
uses
power electronics
circuit for frequency and
voltage controller
Constant maximum torque

f decreasing

nr3

nr2 nr1 nNL1

nNL3 nNL2
n

92

Selection of Induction Motors

Some of the most important considerations in
selecting an induction motor are:
1. Efficiency
2. Starting torque
3. Pull-out torque
4. Power factor
5. Starting current
93

Example
A 460-V, 25-hp, 60-Hz, four-pole, Y-connected woundrotor induction motor has the following impedances
in ohms per phase referred to the stator circuit
R1= 0.641 R2= 0.332
X1= 1.106 X2= 0.464 XM= 26.3
1. What is the maximum torque of this motor? At what
speed and slip does it occur?
2. What is the starting torque of this motor?
3. If the rotor resistance is doubled, what is the speed
at which the maximum torque now occur? What is
the new starting torque of the motor?
4. Calculate and plot the T-s c/c for both cases.
94

Solution
VTH V

XM
R12 ( X 1 X M ) 2
460

RTH

26.3

(0.641) 2 (1.106 26.3) 2

XM
R1

X
1
M

255.2 V

26.3

(0.641)
0.590
1.106 26.3
X TH X1 1.106
95

Solution
1. sTmax

R2
2
RTH
( X TH X 2 ) 2

0.332
(0.590) (1.106 0.464)
2

0.198

The corresponding speed is

nm (1 s)nsync (1 0.198) 1800 1444 rpm

96

Solution
The torque at this speed is

max

3VTH2
1

2
2
2s RTH RTH

(
X

X
)
TH
2

3 (255.2) 2

2
2 (1800 )[0.590 (0.590) 2 (1.106 0.464) 2 ]
60
229 N.m

97

Solution
2. The starting torque can be found from the torque
eqn. by substituting s = 1
start ind

s 1

RTH

R
3VTH2 2
s
2
R2
2

(
X

X
)
TH
2
s

s 1

3VTH2 R2

s [ RTH R2 ( X TH X 2 ) 2 ]
2

3 (255.2) 2 (0.332)

2
1800
[(0.590 0.332) 2 (1.106 0.464) 2 ]
60
104 N.m
98

Solution
3. If the rotor resistance is doubled, then the slip at
maximum torque doubles too
R2
sTmax
0.396
2
RTH
( X TH X 2 )2

The corresponding speed is

nm (1 s)nsync (1 0.396) 1800 1087 rpm
The maximum torque is still
max = 229 N.m

99

Solution
The starting torque is now

start

3 (255.2) 2 (0.664)

2
1800
[(0.590 0.664) 2 (1.106 0.464) 2 ]
60
170 N.m

100

Induction Motor
Braking

Regenerative
Braking

AC Dynamic
Braking

Plugging or
Reverse
Voltage
Braking

Self Excited
Braking using
Capacitors

Dynamic
Braking

DC
Dynamic
Braking

Zero
Sequence
Braking
101

Induction Braking, Motoring, Generating

Motoring Region
+Ve Torque

Braking Region

Regenerating Region

Voltage

-Ve Torque

Motoring

Current

Regenerating

Synchronous Speed
(Rotating Field Speed)

102

Regenerative Braking

The Power Input to the motor is given by Pin=3VtIcos

is the phase angle between stator phase voltage Vt and stator
103
phase current I

 For motoring <900

If the rotor speed becomes greater than synchronous speed ,
relative speed between rotor conductors and air-gap rotating
field reverses
This reverses the rotor induced emf, rotor current and
component of stator current which balances the rotor ampere
turns
Consequently, angle becomes greater than 900 and power flow
reverses, giving regenerative braking
Slip s is negative
When fed from a source of fixed frequency, regenerative braking
is possible only for speeds greater than synchronous speed
With a variable frequency source, it can also be obtained for
speeds below synchronous speed
Main advantage of regenerative braking is that generated power
is usually employed
104

Plugging or Reverse Voltage Braking

1- Natural Characteristic
2- With External resistance in rotor

Plugging in IV quadrant with

large external resistance in rotor
105

 When phase sequence of supply of the motor running at a speed

is reversed, operation shifts from motoring to plugging as shown
in Fig in pervious slide
Plugging characteristics are actually extension of motoring
characteristics for negative phase sequence from quadrant III to II
Reversal of phase sequence reverses the direction of rotating field
If slip for plugging is denoted by sn, then
sn={(-ms- m)/(- ms)}=2-s
It is necessary to disconnect the motor for stopping at or near
zero speed
The braking is suitable for reversing the motor
A special case of plugging occurs when an induction motor
connected to positive sequence voltages is driven by an active
load in the reverse direction
In this method braking energy is wasted in rotor circuit resistance
106

Dynamic Braking
Not a very viable option for induction motors.
Once the stator supply is disconnected, flux also
collapses; so, machine unable to function as a
generator
So, rheostatic or dynamic braking not possible by
connecting resistances to the stator circuit.

107

Thank you!

108