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Theorems

Two-Port Networks
Models of two-port networks
Many complex passive and linear circuits can be modeled by a two-port network
model as shown below. A two-port network is represented by four external variables:
voltage
and current
at the input port, and voltage
and current
at the
output port, so that the two-port network can be treated as a black box modeled by the
relationships between the four variables
,
,
and . There exist six different
ways to describe the relationships between these variables, depending on which two
of the four variables are given, while the other two can always be derived.

Z or impedance model: Given two currents

and

by:

and

find voltages

Here all four parameters

particular,

and

voltage

(or

part

, and

are transfer impedances, defined as the ratio of a

) in one part of a network to a current

.

) in another

and

, find currents

by:

Here all four parameters

particular,
and
parameter matrix.

and

, and

represent admittance. In

are transfer admittances.

A or transmission model: Given

Here

(or

is a 2 by 2 matrix containing all four parameters.

Y or admittance model: Given two voltages

and

represent impedance. In

and

, find

are dimensionless coefficients,

is the corresponding

and

by:

is impedance and

is admittance. A negative sign is added to the output current

in the model, so
that the direction of the current is out-ward, for easy analysis of a cascade of
multiple network models.

 H or hybrid model: Given

Here
and
is admittance.

and

, find

and

are dimensionless coefficients,

by:

is impedance and

Generalization to nonlinear circuits

The two-port models can also be applied to a nonlinear circuit if the variations of the
variables are small and therefore the nonlinear behavior of the circuit can be piecewise linearized. Assume
the variations
model

and

is a nonlinear function of variables

Finding the model parameters

For each of the four types of models, the four parameters can be found from
,

For Z-model:

and

. If

are small, the function can be approximated by a linear

with the linear coefficients

variables

and

of a network by the following.

 For Y-model:

For A-model:

For H-model:

If we further define

then the Z-model and Y-model above can be written in matrix form:

Example:

Find the Z-model and Y-model of the circuit shown.

First assume

, we get

Next assume

, we get

The parameters of the Y-model can be found as the inverse of

Note:

Combinations of two-port models

Series connection of two 2-port networks:
Parallel connection of two 2-port networks:
Cascade connection of two 2-port networks:

Example: A The circuit shown below contains a two-port network (e.g., a filter
circuit, or an amplification circuit) represented by a Z-model:

The input voltage is

impedance is

with an internal impedance

. Find the two voltages

and the load

and two currents

Method 1:
First, according the Z-model, we have

Second, two more equations can be obtained from the circuit:

Substituting the last two equations for

Solving these we get

and

into the first two, we get

 Then we can get the voltages

Method 2: We can also use Thevenin's theorem to treat everything before the load
impedance as an equivalent voltage source with Thevenin's voltage
resistance

, and the output voltage

Find

with voltage

and current

and

can be found.

short-circuit:

o The Z-model:

o Also due to the short-circuit of voltage source

o equating the two expressions for

, we get

, we have

o Substituting this

o Find

into the equation for

Find open-circuit voltage

with

o Since the load is an open-circuit,

o Find

above, we get

:
, we have

Solving this to get

o Find open-circuit voltage

Find load voltage

Find load voltage

Principle of reciprocity:

Consider the example circuit on the left above, which can be simplified as the network
in the middle. The voltage source is in the branch on the left, while the current
the branch on the right, which can be found to be (current divider):

is in

We next interchange the positions of the voltage source and the current, so that the
voltage source is in the branch on the right and the current to be found is in the branch
on the left, as shown on the right of the figure above. The current can be found to be

The two currents

and
are exactly the same! This result illustrates the
following reciprocity principle, which can be proven in general:
In any passive (without energy sources), linear network, if a voltage
applied in
branch 1 causes a current in branch 2, then this voltage
applied in branch 2
will cause the same current in branch 1.
This reciprocity principle can also be stated as:
In any passive, linear network, the transfer impedance
transfer impedance

is equal to the reciprocal

Based on this reciprocity principle, any complex passive linear network can be
modeled by either a T-network or a -network:

 T-Network
Model:

From this T-model, we get

Comparing this with the Z-model, we get

Solving these equations for

and

, we get

-Network
Model:

From this

-model, we get:

Comparing this with the Y-model, we get

Solving these equations for

and

, we get

Example 1: Convert the given T-network to a

network.

Solution: Given

, we get its Z-model:

The Z-model can be expressed in matrix form:

This Z-model can be converted into a Y-model:

This Y-model can be converted to a

network:

These admittances can be further converted into impedances:

The same results can be obtained by Y to delta conversion.

Example 2: Consider the ideal transformer shown in the figure below.

Assume
,
circuit as a two-port network.

, and the turn ratio is

. Describe this

Set up basic equations:

Rearrange the equations in the form of a Z-model. The second equation is

Substituting into the first equation, we get

The Z-model is:

As

, this is a reciprocal network.

Alternatively, we can set up the equations in terms of the currents:

Rearrange the equations in the form of a Y-model. The first equation is

Substituting into the second equation, we get

The Y-model is:

Finally, we can verify that

Next: Active Circuits Up: Chapter 2: Circuit Principles Previous: Network Theorems
Ruye Wang 2016-02-17