Tiger

1 Taxonomy and etymology

Tigressredirects here. For other uses, see Tiger

(disambiguation) and Tigress (disambiguation).

In 1758, Linnaeus described the tiger in his work Systema

Naturae and gave it the scientic name Felis tigris.* [3] In
1929, the British taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the species under the genus Panthera using the
scientic name Panthera tigris.* [8]

The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, most

recognisable for their pattern of dark vertical stripes on
reddish-orange fur with a lighter underside. The largest
tigers have reached a total body length of up to 3.38 m
(11.1 ft) over curves and have weighed up to 388.7 kg
(857 lb) in the wild. The species is classied in the genus
Panthera with the lion, leopard, jaguar and snow leopard.
Tigers are apex predators, primarily preying on ungulates
such as deer and bovids. They are territorial and generally
solitary but social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey requirements.
This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to
some of the more densely populated places on Earth, has
caused signicant conicts with humans.

The word Panthera is probably of Oriental origin and retraceable to the Ancient Greek word panther, the Latin
word panthera, the Old French word pantere, most likely
meaning the yellowish animal, or from pandarah
meaning whitish-yellow. The derivation from Greek pan(all) and ther (beast) may be folk etymology.* [9]
The specic epithet, tigris, as well as the common name,
tiger, come from the Middle English tigre and the Old English tigras (a plural word), both used for the animal.* [10]
These derive from the Old French tigre, itself a derivative
of the Latin word tigris and the Greek word tigris. The
original source may have been the Persian tigra meaning
pointed or sharp and the Avestan tigrhi meaning an arrow,
perhaps referring to the speed with which a tiger launches
itself at its prey.* [11]

Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, from Turkey in

the west to the eastern coast of Russia. Over the past
100 years, they have lost 93% of their historic range, and
have been extirpated from southwest and central Asia,
from the islands of Java and Bali, and from large areas of
Southeast and Eastern Asia. Today, they range from the
Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove
swamps. The remaining six tiger subspecies have been 1.1
classied as endangered by IUCN. The global population
in the wild is estimated to number between 3,062 and
3,948 individuals, down from around 100,000 at the start
of the 20th century, with most remaining populations
occurring in small pockets isolated from each other, of
which about 2,000 exist on the Indian subcontinent.* [4]
A 2016 global census estimated the population of wild
tigers at approximately 3,890 individuals.* [5]* [6] Major
reasons for population decline include habitat destruction,
habitat fragmentation and poaching. The extent of area
occupied by tigers is estimated at less than 1,184,911 km2
(457,497 sq mi), a 41% decline from the area estimated
in the mid-1990s. In 2016, wildlife conservation group at
WWF declared that world's count of wild tigers has risen
for the rst time in a century. * [7]

Evolution

Tigers are among the most recognisable and popular of

the world's charismatic megafauna. They have featured
prominently in ancient mythology and folklore, and continue to be depicted in modern lms and literature. They
appear on many ags, coats of arms, and as mascots
for sporting teams. The tiger is the national animal of Tiger phylogenetic relationships
Bangladesh, India, Malaysia and South Korea.
The tiger's closest living relatives were previously thought
to be the lion, leopard and jaguar, all of which are clas1

1 TAXONOMY AND ETYMOLOGY

China and Sumatra. A subspecies called the Trinil tiger
(Panthera tigris trinilensis) lived about 1.2 million years
ago and is known from fossils found at Trinil in Java.* [15]
Tigers rst reached India and northern Asia in the late
Pleistocene, reaching eastern Beringia (but not the American Continent), Japan, and Sakhalin. Fossils found in
Japan indicate the local tigers were, like the surviving island subspecies, smaller than the mainland forms, an example of insular dwarsm. Until the Holocene, tigers also
lived in Borneo, as well as on the island of Palawan in the
Philippines.* [16]
The tiger's full genome sequence was published in 2013.
It and other cat genomes were found to have similar repeat
composition and an appreciably conserved synteny.* [17]

1.2 Subspecies
There are 10 recognised tiger subspecies. One, the Trinil,
became extinct in prehistoric times. The remaining subspecies all survived at least into the mid-20th century;
three of these are also considered extinct. Their historical range in Bangladesh, Siberia, Iran, Afghanistan, India,
China, and southeast Asia, including three Indonesian islands, is severely diminished today. The modern subspecies are:

Restoration of Panthera zdanskyi, an extinct relative whose oldest

remains were found in northwest China, suggesting the origins of
the tiger lineage

sied under the genus Panthera. Genetic analysis indicates that the tiger and the snow leopard diverged from
the other Panthera species about 2.88 million years ago,
and that both species may be more closely related to each
other than to the lion, leopard and jaguar.* [12]* [13]
The oldest remains of an extinct tiger relative, called
Panthera zdanskyi or the Longdan tiger, have been found
in the Gansu province of northwestern China. This
species is considered to be a sister taxon to the extant
tiger and lived about 2 million years ago, at the beginning of the Pleistocene. It was smaller than the modern
tiger, being the size of a jaguar, and probably did not have
the same coat pattern. Despite being considered more
"primitive", the Longdan tiger was functionally and possibly ecologically similar to its modern cousin. As Panthera zdanskyi lived in northwestern China, that may have
been where the tiger lineage originated. Tigers grew in
size, possibly in response to adaptive radiations of prey
species like deer and bovids which may have occurred in
Southeast Asia during the early Pleistocene.* [14]

An analysis of craniodental and pelage morphology, ecology, and molecular biology of the tiger subspecies indicates that they have many traits in common and that the
genetic diversity between them is low. The authors of
this analysis suggest to group the Bengal, Indochinese,
Malayan, South China, and Siberian tiger subspecies to
the Continental tiger Panthera tigris tigris; and the Sumatran, Javan and Bali tiger subspecies to the Sunda tiger
Panthera tigris sondaica. This classication is intended to
facilitate tiger conservation management, both regarding
breeding programmes in zoos and future translocations
in the wild.* [51] The classication is criticised by several
geneticists, who maintain that the currently recognised
nine subspecies can be distinguished genetically.* [52]

1.3 Hybrids
Further information: Panthera hybrid, Liger and Tigon
Lions have been known to breed with tigers (most often the Amur and Bengal subspecies) to create hybrids
called ligers and tigons. Such hybrids were once commonly bred in zoos, but this is now discouraged due to
the emphasis on conservation. Hybrids are still bred in
private menageries and in zoos in China.* [53]

The liger is a cross between a male lion and a tigress.* [54]

Because the lion sire passes on a growth-promoting gene,
The earliest fossils of true tigers are from Java, and are but the corresponding growth-inhibiting gene from the
between 1.6 and 1.8 million years old. Distinct fossils are female tiger is absent, ligers grow far larger than either
known from the early and middle Pleistocene deposits in parent. They share physical and behavioural qualities of

2.1

Size

both parent species (spots and stripes on a sandy background). Male ligers are sterile, but female ligers are often fertile. Males have about a 50% chance of having
a mane, but, even if they do, their manes will be only
around half the size of that of a pure lion. Ligers are typically between 10 and 12 feet in length, and can weigh
between 800 and 1,000 pounds or more.* [54]

3
has fairly stout teeth; the somewhat curved canines are
the longest among living felids with a crown height of up
to 90 mm (3.5 in).* [21]
The oldest recorded captive tiger lived for 26 years. A
wild specimen, having no natural predators, could in theory live to a comparable age.* [61]

The less common tigon is a cross between a lioness and

a male tiger.* [55] Because the male tiger does not pass 2.1
on a growth-promoting gene and the lioness passes on a
growth inhibiting gene, tigons are often relatively small,
only weighing up to 150 kg (350 lb), which is about 10
20% smaller than lions. Like ligers, they have physical and behavioural traits from both parental species,
and males are sterile. Females are sometimes fertile and
have occasionally given birth to litigons when mated to a
lion.* [53]

Size

Description

Though similar to a lion's, the lower jaw structure is a reliable

indicator of the species.

Tigers have muscular bodies with powerful forelimbs,

large heads and long tails. The pelage is dense and
heavy; colouration varies between shades of orange and
brown with white ventral areas and distinctive vertical
black stripes, whose patterns are unique to each individual.* [21]* [56] Their function is likely for camouage in
vegetation such as long grass with strong vertical patterns
of light and shade.* [56]* [57] The tiger is one of only a
few striped cat species; it is not known why spotted patterns and rosettes are the more common camouage pattern among felids.* [58] The tiger's stripes are also found
on the skin, so that if it were to be shaved, its distinctive
coat pattern would still be visible. They have a mane-like
heavy growth of fur around the neck and jaws and long
whiskers, especially in males. The pupils are circular with
yellow irises. The small, rounded ears have a prominent
white spot on the back, surrounded by black.* [21] These
false eyespots, called ocelli, apparently play an important role in intraspecies communication.* [59]

A Siberian tiger, one of the tallest subspecies, together with the

Bengal tiger are considered the largest living felids.

Tigers are the most variable in size of all big cats, much
more so than lions.* [62] The Bengal and Siberian subspecies are the tallest at the shoulder and thus considered
the largest living felids, ranking with the extinct Caspian
tiger among the biggest that ever existed.* [63] An average adult male tiger from Northern India or Siberia outweighs an average adult male lion by around 45.5 kg (100
lb).* [62] Males vary in total length from 250 to 390 cm
(98 to 154 in) and weigh between 90 to 306 kg (198 to
675 lb) with skull length ranging from 316 to 383 mm
(12.4 to 15.1 in). Females vary in total length from 200
to 275 cm (79 to 108 in), weigh 65 to 167 kg (143 to 368
lb) with skull length ranging from 268 to 318 mm (10.6
to 12.5 in).* [64] In either sex, the tail represents about
0.6 to 1.1 m (24 to 43 in) of total length.* [21]

The skull is similar to that of the lion, though the frontal

region is usually not as depressed or attened, with a
slightly longer postorbital region. The skull of a lion has
broader nasal openings. However, due to variation in
skulls of the two species, the structure of the lower jaw is
a more reliable indicator of species.* [60] The tiger also Body size of dierent populations seems to be correlated

with climateBergmann's ruleand can be explained

by thermoregulation.* [21] Large male Siberian tigers can
reach a total length of more than 3.5 m (11.5 ft) over
curves and 3.3 m (10.8 ft) between pegs, and can weigh
up to 306 kg (675 lb). This is considerably larger than
the weight of 75 to 140 kg (165 to 309 lb) reached by
the smallest living subspecies, the Sumatran tiger. At the
shoulder, tigers may variously stand 0.7 to 1.22 m (2.3 to
4.0 ft) tall.* [43] The current record weight in the wild was
389 kg (858 lb) for a Bengal tiger shot in 1967.* [63]* [65]
They are a notably sexually dimorphic species, females
being consistently smaller than males. The size dierence between males and females is proportionally greater
in the larger tiger subspecies, with males weighing up to
1.7 times more than females.* [66] Males also have wider
forepaw pads than females, enabling gender to be told
from tracks.* [66]

2.2

Colour variations

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT

born with physical defects, such as cleft palate, scoliosis

(curvature of the spine), and strabismus (squint).* [67]
Even apparently healthy white tigers generally do not live
as long as their orange counterparts. Attempts have been
made to cross white and orange tigers to remedy this, often mixing with other subspecies in the process.* [69]
Another recessive gene creates thegoldenorgolden
tabbycolour variation, sometimes known as strawberry. Golden tigers have thicker than usual light-gold
fur, pale legs, and faint orange stripes. Few golden tigers
are kept in captivity; they are invariably at least part Bengal. Some golden tigers carry the white tiger gene,* [70]
and when two such tigers are mated, they can produce
some stripeless white ospring. Although a pseudomelanistic" eectwide stripes that partially obscure the
orange backgroundhas been seen in some pelts, no true
black tigers have been authenticated, with the possible
exception of one dead specimen examined in Chittagong
in 1846. These wholly or partially melanistic tigers, if
they exist, are assumed to be intermittent mutations rather
than a distinct species.* [71]* [72] There are further unconrmed reports of a blueor slate-coloured variant,
the Maltese tiger. However, while some felids do exhibit
this colouration as a solid coat, there is no known genetic
conguration that would result in black stripes on a bluegray background.* [71]

3 Distribution and habitat

White tigers, this recessive colour variant is found only
in the Bengal subspecies and with regular stripes and
blue eyes. It is not albinism.

A golden tiger, another colour variant, results in thicker Historical distribution

light-gold fur, pale legs and faint orange stripes
A well-known allele found only in the Bengal subspecies
produces the white tiger, a colour variant rst recorded in
the early 19th century and found in an estimated one in
10,000 natural births. Genetically, whiteness is recessive:
a cub is white only when both parents carry the allele for
whiteness.* [67] It is not albinism, pigment being evident
in the white tiger's stripes and in their blue eyes.* [56]
The causative mutation changes a single amino acid in
the transporter protein SLC45A2.* [68]

In the past, tigers were found throughout Asia, from

the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea to Siberia and the
Indonesian islands of Java, Bali and Sumatra. Fossil remains indicate tigers were also present in Borneo and
Palawan in the Philippines during the late Pleistocene and
Holocene.* [73]* [74]

During the 20th century, tigers became extinct in western

Asia and were restricted to isolated pockets in the remaining parts of their range. They were extirpated on
the island of Bali in the 1940s, around the Caspian Sea in
White tigers are more frequently bred in captivity, where the 1970s, and on Java in the 1980s. This was the result
the comparatively small gene pool can lead to inbreeding. of habitat loss and the ongoing killing of tigers and tiger
This has given white tigers a greater likelihood of being prey. Today, their fragmented and partly degraded range

4.1

Social activity

extends from India in the west to China and Southeast

Asia. The northern limit of their range is close to the
Amur River in southeastern Siberia. The only large island they still inhabit is Sumatra.* [1] Since the beginning
of the 20th century, tigers' historical range has shrunk
by 93%. In the decade from 1997 to 2007, the estimated area known to be occupied by tigers has declined
by 41%.* [2]* [75]
Tigers can occupy a wide range of habitat types, but
will usually require sucient cover, proximity to water,
and an abundance of prey. Compared to the lion, the
tiger prefers denser vegetation, for which its camouage
colouring is ideally suited, and where a single predator
is not at a disadvantage compared with the multiple felines in a pride.* [56] A further habitat requirement is
the placement of suitably secluded den locations, which
may consist of caves, large hollow trees, or dense vegetation.* [61] Bengal tigers in particular live in many types of
forests, including wet, evergreen, and the semievergreen
of Assam and eastern Bengal; the swampy mangrove forest of the Ganges Delta; the deciduous forest of Nepal,
and the thorn forests of the Western Ghats. In various
parts of their range they inhabit or have inhabited additionally partially open grassland and savanna as well as
taiga forests and rocky habitats.

Biology and behaviour

4.1 Social activity

Adult tigers lead largely solitary lives. They establish and
maintain territories but have much wider home ranges
within which they roam. Resident adults of either sex
generally conne their movements to their home ranges,
within which they satisfy their needs and those of their
growing cubs. Individuals sharing the same area are
aware of each other's movements and activities.* [72] The
size of the home range mainly depends on prey abundance, and, in the case of males, on access to females. A
tigress may have a territory of 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi), while
the territories of males are much larger, covering 60 to
100 km2 (23 to 39 sq mi). The range of a male tends
to overlap those of several females, providing him with a
large eld of prospective mating partners.* [76]
Unlike many felids, tigers are strong swimmers and often
deliberately bathe in ponds, lakes and rivers as a means of
keeping cool in the heat of the day. Among the big cats,
only the jaguar shares a similar fondness for water.* [77]
They may cross rivers up to 7 km (4.3 mi) across and can
swim up to 29 km (18 mi) in a day.* [61] They are able to
carry prey through or capture it in the water.
Young female tigers establish their rst territories close
to their mother's. The overlap between the female and
her mother's territory reduces with time. Males, however,
migrate further than their female counterparts and set out
at a younger age to mark out their own area. A young
male acquires territory either by seeking out an area devoid of other male tigers, or by living as a transient in another male's territory until he is older and strong enough
to challenge the resident male. Young males seeking to
establish themselves thereby comprise the highest mortality rate (3035% per year) amongst adult tigers.* [78]

Male tiger marking his territory

Tigers are comfortable in water, and frequently bathe.

To identify his territory, the male marks trees by spraying

urine* [79]* [80] and anal gland secretions, as well as
marking trails with scat and marking trees or the ground
with their claws. Females also use these scrapes, as
well as urine and scat markings. Scent markings of this
type allow an individual to pick up information on another's identity, sex and reproductive status. Females in
oestrus will signal their availability by scent marking more

BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR

frequently and increasing their vocalisations.* [81]

Although for the most part avoiding each other, tigers are
not always territorial and relationships between individuals can be complex. An adult of either sex will sometimes
share its kill with others, even those who may not be related to them. George Schaller observed a male share
a kill with two females and four cubs. Unlike male lions, male tigers allow females and cubs to feed on the
kill before the male is nished with it; all involved generally seem to behave amicably, in contrast to the competitive behaviour shown by a lion pride.* [59] This quotation
is from Stephen Mills' book Tiger, describing an event
witnessed by Valmik Thapar and Fateh Singh Rathore in Young male showing ehmen response while sning urine markRanthambhore National Park:* [78]
ing
A dominant tigress they called Padmini
killed a 250 kg (550 lb) male nilgai a very
large antelope. They found her at the kill just
after dawn with her three 14-month-old cubs
and they watched uninterrupted for the next ten
hours. During this period the family was joined
by two adult females and one adult male, all
ospring from Padmini's previous litters, and
by two unrelated tigers, one female the other
unidentied. By three o'clock there were no
fewer than nine tigers round the kill.
Occasionally, male tigers participate in raising cubs, usually their own, but this is extremely rare and not always
well understood. In May 2015, Amur tigers were photographed by camera traps in the Sikhote-Alin Bioshpere
Reserve. The photos show a male Amur tiger pass by,
followed by a female and three cubs within the span of
about two minutes.* [82] In Ranthambore, a male Bengal
tiger raised and defended two orphaned female cubs after their mother had died of illness. The cubs remained
under his care, he supplied them with food, protected
them from his rival and sister, and apparently also trained
them.* [83]* [84]

Panthera, tigers roar, particularly in aggressive situations,

during the mating season or when making a kill. There
are two dierent roars: the trueroar is made using
the hyoid apparatus and forced through an open mouth as
it progressively closes, and the shorter, harsher coughingroar is made with the mouth open and teeth exposed. The trueroar can be heard at up to 3 km (1.9
mi) away and is sometimes emitted three or four times
in succession. When tense, tigers will moan, a sound
similar to a roar but more subdued and made when the
mouth is partially or completely closed. Moaning can be
heard 400 m (1,300 ft) away.* [21] Chung, soft, lowfrequency snorting similar to purring in smaller cats, is
heard in more friendly situations.* [86] Other vocal communications include grunts, woofs, snarls, miaows, hisses
and growls.* [21]

Tigers have been studied in the wild using a variety of

techniques. The populations of tigers have been estimated using plaster casts of their pugmarks, although this
method was criticised as being inaccurate.* [87] More recent attempts have been made using camera trapping and
studies on DNA from their scat, while radio collaring has
been used to track tigers in the wild.* [88] Tiger spray has
been found to be just as good, or better, as a source of
Male tigers are generally more intolerant of other males
DNA as scat.* [89]
within their territories than females are of other females.
Territory disputes are usually solved by displays of intimidation rather than outright aggression. Several such 4.2 Hunting and diet
incidents have been observed in which the subordinate
tiger yielded defeat by rolling onto its back and showing In the wild, tigers mostly feed on large and mediumits belly in a submissive posture.* [85] Once dominance sized animals, preferring native ungulates weighing at
has been established, a male may tolerate a subordinate least 90 kg (200 lb).* [90]* [91] They typically have little
within his range, as long as they do not live in too close or no deleterious eect on their prey populations.* [61]
quarters.* [78] The most aggressive disputes tend to occur Sambar deer, chital, barasingha, wild boar, gaur, nilgai
between two males when a female is in oestrus, and may and both water bualo and domestic bualo, in descendrarely result in the death of one of the males.* [78]* [85] ing order of preference, are the tiger's favoured prey in
Facial expressions include thedefense threat, where an
individual bares its teeth, attens its ears and its pupils enlarge. Both males and females show a ehmen response,
a characteristic grimace, when sning urine markings
but ehmen is more often associated with males detecting the markings made by tigresses in oestrus. Like other

Tamil Nadu, India,* [90] while gaur and sambar are the
preferred prey and constitute the main diet of tigers in
other parts of India.* [92]* [93] They also prey on other
predators, including dogs, leopards, pythons, sloth bears,
and crocodiles. In Siberia, the main prey species are
Manchurian wapiti and wild boar (the two species com-

4.2

Hunting and diet

A sub-adult tiger showing incisors, canines and part of the premolars and molars, while yawning.

Tiger standing over a recently killed antelope

Bengal tiger devouring a pangolin

wild prey, can become man-eaters; this pattern has recurred frequently across India. An exception is in the
Tiger dentition (above) and Asian black bear (below). The large Sundarbans, where healthy tigers prey upon shermen
and villagers in search of forest produce, humans thereby
canines make the killing bite; the carnassials tear esh.
forming a minor part of the tiger's diet.* [105] Although
almost exclusively carnivorous, tigers will occasionally
prising nearly 80% of the prey selected) followed by eat vegetation for dietary bre such as fruit of the slow
sika deer, moose, roe deer, and musk deer.* [94] Asiatic match tree.* [104]
black bears and Ussuri brown bears may also fall prey Tigers are thought to be mainly nocturnal predato tigers,* [43]* [95]* [96] and they constitute up to 40.7% tors,* [106] but in areas where humans are typically abof the diet of Siberian tigers depending on local condi- sent, they have been observed via remote-controlled, hidtions and the bear populations.* [97] In Sumatra, prey in- den cameras, hunting in daylight.* [107] They generally
clude sambar deer, muntjac, wild boar, Malayan tapir and hunt alone and ambush their prey as most other cats do,
orangutan.* [98]* [99] In the former Caspian tiger's range, overpowering them from any angle, using their body size
prey included saiga antelope, camels, Caucasian wisent, and strength to knock the prey o balance. Successful
yak, and wild horses. Like many predators, tigers are hunts usually require the tiger to almost simultaneously
opportunistic and may eat much smaller prey, such as leap onto its quarry, knock it over, and grab the throat
monkeys, peafowl and other ground-based birds, hares, or nape with its teeth.* [61] Despite their large size, tigers
porcupines, and sh.* [90]
can reach speeds of about 4965 km/h (3040 mph) but
Tigers generally do not prey on fully grown adult Asian
elephants and Indian rhinoceros but incidents have been
reported.* [100]* [101] More often, it is the more vulnerable small calves that are taken.* [102] Tigers have been
reported attacking and killing elephants ridden by humans during tiger hunts in the 19th century.* [103] When
in close proximity to humans, tigers will also sometimes
prey on such domestic livestock as cattle, horses, and
donkeys.* [104] Old or wounded tigers, unable to catch

only in short bursts; consequently, tigers must be close to

their prey before they break cover. If the prey catches
wind of the tiger's presence before this, the tiger usually abandons the hunt rather than chase prey or battle it head-on. Horizontal leaps of up to 10 m (33 ft)
have been reported, although leaps of around half this
distance are more typical. One in 2 to 20 hunts, including stalking near potential prey, ends in a successful
kill.* [61]* [108]* [109]

When hunting larger animals, tigers prefer to bite the

throat and use their powerful forelimbs to hold onto the
prey, often simultaneously wrestling it to the ground. The
tiger remains latched onto the neck until its target dies
of strangulation.* [59] By this method, gaurs and water
bualoes weighing over a ton have been killed by tigers
weighing about a sixth as much.* [110] Although they
can kill healthy adults, tigers often select the calves or
inrm of very large species.* [111] Healthy adult prey
of this type can be dangerous to tackle, as long, strong
horns, legs and tusks are all potentially fatal to the tiger.
No other extant land predator routinely takes on prey
this large on their own.* [112]* [113] Whilst hunting sambars, which comprise up to 60% of their prey in India,
tigers have reportedly made a passable impersonation of
the male sambar's rutting call to attract them.* [90]* [104]
With smaller prey, such as monkeys and hares, the tiger
bites the nape, often breaking the spinal cord, piercing the
windpipe, or severing the jugular vein or common carotid
artery.* [114] Though rarely observed, some tigers have
been recorded to kill prey by swiping with their paws,
which are powerful enough to smash the skulls of domestic cattle,* [104] and break the backs of sloth bears.* [115]
During the 1980s, a tiger named Genghisin
Ranthambhore National Park was observed frequently
hunting prey through deep lake water, a pattern of behaviour that had not previously been witnessed in over
200 years of observations. Moreover, he appeared to
be unusually successful, with 20% of hunts ending in a
kill.* [116]

Tiger hunted by wild dogs (dholes) as illustrated in Samuel

Howett & Edward Orme, Hand Coloured, Aquatint Engravings,
1807

large packs of dholes may win conicts against tigers and

in some cases even kill them.* [43]* [121]* [122]* [123]
The considerably smaller leopard avoids competition
from tigers by hunting at dierent times of the day and
hunting dierent prey.* [124] In India's Nagarhole National Park, most prey selected by leopards were from 30
to 175 kg (66 to 386 lb) against a preference for prey
weighing over 176 kg (388 lb) in the tigers. The average
prey weight in the two respective big cats in India was
37.6 kg (83 lb) against 91.5 kg (202 lb).* [125] With relatively abundant prey, tigers and leopards were seen to
successfully coexist without competitive exclusion or interspecies dominance hierarchies that may be more common to the African savanna (where the leopard may coexist with the lion).* [125] Lone golden jackals expelled
from their pack have been known to form commensal relationships with tigers. These solitary jackals, known as
kol-bahl, will attach themselves to a particular tiger, trailing it at a safe distance to feed on the big cat's kills.* [126]

After killing their prey, tigers sometimes drag it to conceal it in vegetative cover, usually pulling it by grasping
with their mouths at the site of the killing bite. This, too,
can require great physical strength. In one case, after it
had killed an adult gaur, a tiger was observed to drag the
massive carcass over a distance of 12 m (39 ft). When 13
men simultaneously tried to drag the same carcass later,
they were unable to move it.* [61] An adult tiger can go
for up to two weeks without eating, then gorge on 34 kg 4.4
(75 lb) of esh at one time. In captivity, adult tigers are
fed 3 to 6 kg (6.6 to 13.2 lb) of meat a day.* [61]

4.3

BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR

Reproduction

Interaction with other predators

Tigers usually prefer to eat prey they have caught themselves, but are not above eating carrion in times of
scarcity and may even pirate prey from other large carnivores. Although predators typically avoid one another,
if a prey item is under dispute or a serious competitor is encountered, displays of aggression are common.
If these are not sucient, the conicts may turn violent; tigers may kill competitors as leopards, dholes,
striped hyenas, wolves, bears, pythons and crocodiles
on occasion. Tigers may also prey on these competi- Tigress with her cub
tors.* [43]* [115]* [117]* [118]* [119]* [120] Attacks on
smaller predators, such as badgers, lynxes, and foxes, are Mating can occur all year round, but is more common bealmost certainly predatory.* [90] Crocodiles, bears and tween November and April.* [61] A female is only recep-

9
tive for three to six days. Mating is frequent and noisy
during that time. Gestation can range from 93 to 112
days, the average being 105 days.* [61] The litter is usually two or three cubs, occasionally as few as one or as
many as six. Cubs weigh from 680 to 1,400 g (1.50
to 3.09 lb) each at birth, and are born blind and helpless.* [61] The females rear them alone, with the birth
site and maternal den in a sheltered location such as a
thicket, cave or rocky crevice. The father generally takes
no part in rearing them. Unrelated wandering male tigers
may kill cubs to make the female receptive, since the tigress may give birth to another litter within ve months if
the cubs of the previous litter are lost.* [61] The mortality
rate of tiger cubs is about 50% in the rst two years.* [61]
Few other predators attack tiger cubs due to the diligence
and ferocity of the mother tiger. Apart from humans and
other tigers, common causes of cub mortality are starvation, freezing, and accidents.* [113]

that this was the rst increase in a century.* [132]* [133]

The exact number of wild tigers is unknown, as many estimates are outdated or are educated guesses; few estimates are based on reliable scientic censuses. The table shows estimates per country according to IUCN and
range country governments.* [127] The Wildlife Conservation Society and Panthera Corporation formed the collaboration Tigers Forever, with eld sites including the
world's largest tiger reserve, the 21,756 km2 (8,400 sq
mi) Hukaung Valley in Myanmar. Other reserves were in
the Western Ghats in India, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia,
the Russian Far East covering in total about 260,000 km2
(100,000 sq mi).* [134]
India is home to the world's largest population of
wild tigers* [135] but only 11% of the original Indian tiger habitat remains, and it has become fragmented.* [136]* [137] From 1973, India's Project Tiger,
started by Indira Gandhi, established over 25 tiger reserves in reclaimed land, where human development was
forbidden. The project was credited with tripling the
number of wild Bengal tigers from some 1,200 in 1973
to over 3,500 in the 1990s, but a 2007 census showed
that numbers had dropped back to about 1,400 tigers because of poaching.* [138] Following the report, the Indian
government pledged $153 million to the initiative, set up
measures to combat poaching, promised funds to relocate up to 200,000 villagers in order to reduce humantiger interactions,* [139] and set up eight new tiger reserves.* [140] India also reintroduced tigers to the Sariska
Tiger Reserve* [141] and by 2009 it was claimed that
poaching had been eectively countered at Ranthambore
National Park.* [142] A 2014 census estimated a population of 2,226, a 30% increase since 2011.* [19]

A dominant cub emerges in most litters, usually a

male.* [116] This cub is more active than its siblings and
takes the lead in their play, eventually leaving its mother
and becoming independent earlier. The cubs open their
eyes at six to fourteen days old. By eight weeks, the cubs
make short ventures outside the den with their mother,
although they do not travel with her as she roams her
territory until they are older. The cubs are nursed for
three to six months. Around the time they are weaned,
they start to accompany their mother on territorial walks
and they are taught how to hunt. The cubs often become
capable (and nearly adult size) hunters at eleven months
old.* [61] The cubs become independent around eighteen
months of age, but it is not until they are around two to
two and a half years old that they fully separate from their
mother. Females reach sexual maturity at three to four
In the 1940s, the Siberian tiger was on the brink of exyears, whereas males do so at four to ve years.* [61]
tinction with only about 40 animals remaining in the wild
in Russia. As a result, anti-poaching controls were put
in place by the Soviet Union and a network of protected
5 Conservation eorts
zones (zapovedniks) were instituted, leading to a rise in
the population to several hundred. Poaching again became a problem in the 1990s, when the economy of
Main article: Tiger conservation
Russia collapsed. The major obstacle in preserving the
species is the enormous territory individual tigers require
The tiger is an endangered species.* [127] Poaching for (up to 450 km2 needed by a single female and more for a
fur and body parts and destruction of habitat have simul- single male).* [143] Current conservation eorts are led
taneously greatly reduced tiger populations in the wild. by local governments and NGO's in concert with interAt the start of the 20th century, it is estimated there national organisations, such as the World Wide Fund for
were over 100,000 tigers in the wild, but the population Nature and the Wildlife Conservation Society.* [144] The
has dwindled outside of captivity to between 1,500 and competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used
3,500.* [128]* [129] Major reasons for population decline by Russian conservationists to convince hunters to tolerinclude habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and ate the big cats. Tigers have less impact on ungulate poppoaching.* [1] Demand for tiger parts for use in traditional ulations than do wolves, and are eective in controlling
Chinese medicine has also been cited as a major threat the latter's numbers.* [145] In 2005, there were thought to
to tiger populations.* [130]* [131] Some estimates suggest be about 360 animals in Russia, though these exhibited
that there are fewer than 2,500 mature breeding individu- little genetic diversity.* [33] However, in a decade later,
als, with no subpopulation containing more than 250 ma- the Siberian tiger census was estimated from 480 to 540
ture breeding individuals.* [1] The global wild tiger pop- individuals.
ulation was estimated by the World Wide Fund for Nature at 3,200 in 2011 and 3,890 in 2015Vox reported Having earlier rejected the Western-led environmentalist

10

6 RELATION WITH HUMANS

A rewilded South China tiger hunting blesbok in South Africa.

Camera trap image of wild Sumatran tiger

movement, China changed its stance in the 1980s and became a party to the CITES treaty. By 1993 it had banned
the trade in tiger parts, and this diminished the use of
tiger bones in traditional Chinese medicine.* [146] After
this, the Tibetan people's trade in tiger skins became a
relatively more important threat to tigers. The pelts were
used in clothing, tiger-skin chuba being worn by singers
and participants in horse racing festivals, and had become
status symbols. In 2004, international conservation organizations launched successful environmental propaganda
campaigns in China against the Tibetan tiger skin trade.
There was outrage in India, where many Tibetans live,
and the 14th Dalai Lama was persuaded to take up the issue. Since then there has been a change of attitude, with
some Tibetans publicly burning their chubas.* [147]

was the captive-bred tigress Tara.* [151] Soon after the

release, numerous people were killed and eaten by a tigress that was subsequently shot. Government ocials
claimed it was Tara, though Singh disputed this. Further
controversy broke out with the discovery that Tara was
partly Siberian tiger.* [152]* [153]* [154]* [155]
The organisation Save China's Tigers has attempted to
rewild the South China tigers, with a breeding and training programme in a South African reserve known as
Laohu Valley Reserve (LVR) and eventually reintroduce
them to the wild of China.* [156]* [157]

A future rewilding project was proposed for Siberian

tigers set to be reintroduced to northern Russia's
Pleistocene park. The Siberian tigers sent to Iran for a
captive breeding project in Tehran are set to be rewilded
and reintroduced to the Miankaleh peninsula to replace
In 1994, the Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Conservation the now extinct Caspian tigers.* [158]* [159]* [160]
Strategy addressed the potential crisis that tigers faced in
Sumatra. The Sumatran Tiger Project (STP) was initiated in June 1995 in and around the Way Kambas National Park in order to ensure the long-term viability of 6 Relation with humans
wild Sumatran tigers and to accumulate data on tiger lifehistory characteristics vital for the management of wild 6.1 Tiger as prey
populations.* [148] By August 1999, the teams of the
STP had evaluated 52 sites of potential tiger habitat in Main article: Tiger hunting
Lampung Province, of which only 15 these were intact The tiger has been one of the big ve game animals of
enough to contain tigers.* [149] In the framework of the
STP a community-based conservation programme was
initiated to document the tiger-human dimension in the
park in order to enable conservation authorities to resolve
tiger-human conicts based on a comprehensive database
rather than anecdotes and opinions.* [150]

5.1

Rewilding and reintroducing

Further information: Rewilding (conservation biology)

and Save China's Tigers
Further information: Reintroduction and Siberian Tiger
Re-population Project
Tiger hunting on elephant-back, India, 1808.

In 1978, the Indian conservationist Billy Arjan Singh attempted to rewild a tiger in Dudhwa National Park; this Asia. Tiger hunting took place on a large scale in the

6.3

Commercial hunting and traditional medicine

11

early 19th and 20th centuries, being a recognised and admired sport by the British in colonial India as well as the
maharajas and aristocratic class of the erstwhile princely
states of pre-independence India. A single maharaja or
English hunter could claim to kill over a hundred tigers
in their hunting career.* [61] Tiger hunting was done by
some hunters on foot; others sat up on machans with a
goat or bualo tied out as bait; yet others on elephantback.* [161]

Bengal, where some healthy tigers have hunted humans.

Because of rapid habitat loss attributed to climate change,
tiger attacks have increased in the Sundarbans.* [167] The
Sundarbans area had 129 human deaths from tigers from
1969 to 1971. In the 10 years prior to that period, about
100 attacks per year in the Sundarbans, with a high of
around 430 in some years of the 1960s.* [61] Unusually,
in some years in the Sundarbans, more humans are killed
by tigers than vice versa.* [61] In 1972, India's production
of honey and beeswax dropped by 50% when at least 29
people who gathered these materials were devoured.* [61]
In 1986 in the Sundarbans, since tigers almost always at6.2 Man-eating tigers
tack from the rear, masks with human faces were worn
on the back of the head, on the theory that tigers usuMain article: Tiger attack
ally do not attack if seen by their prey. This decreased
the number of attacks only temporarily. All other means
Wild tigers that have had no prior contact with humans
to prevent attacks, such as providing more prey or using
actively avoid interactions with humans. However, tigers
electried human dummies, worked less well.* [168]
cause more human deaths through direct attack than any
other wild mammal.* [61] Attacks are occasionally pro- At least 27 people were killed or seriously injured
voked, as tigers lash out after being injured while they by captive tigers in the United States from 1998 to
*
*
themselves are hunted. Attacks can be provoked acciden- 2001. [169] [169]
tally, as when a human surprises a tiger or inadvertently In some cases, rather than being predatory, tiger attacks
comes between a mother and her young,* [162] or as in a on human seem to be territorial in nature. At least in one
case in rural India when a postman startled a tiger, used case, a tigress with cubs killed eight people entering her
to seeing him on foot, by riding a bicycle.* [163] Occa- territory without consuming them at all.* [170]
sionally tigers come to view people as prey. Such attacks
are most common in areas where population growth, logging, and farming have put pressure on tiger habitats and 6.3 Commercial hunting and traditional
reduced their wild prey. Most man-eating tigers are old,
medicine
are missing teeth, and are unable to capture their preferred prey.* [56] For example, the Champawat Tiger, a See also: Tiger penis
tigress found in Nepal and then India, had two broken ca- Historically, tigers have been hunted at a large scale so
nines. She was responsible for an estimated 430 human
deaths, the most attacks known to be perpetrated by a single wild animal, by the time she was shot in 1907 by Jim
Corbett.* [63] According to Corbett, tiger attacks on humans are normally in daytime, when people are working
outdoors and are not keeping watch.* [164] Early writings
tend to describe man-eating tigers as cowardly because of
their ambush tactics.* [165]

A hunting party poses with a killed Javan tiger, 1941.

their famous striped skins could be collected. The trade in

tiger skins peaked in the 1960s, just before international
conservation eorts took eect. By 1977, a tiger skin in
Stereographic photograph (1903), captioned 'Famous manmarket was considered to be worth $4,250 US
eaterat Calcutta devoured 200 men, women and children an English
*
*
dollars.
[61]
before captureIndia' [166]
Many people in China and other parts of Asia have a
Man-eaters have been a particular problem in recent belief that various tiger parts have medicinal properties,
decades in India and Bangladesh, especially in Kumaon, including as pain killers and aphrodisiacs.* [171] There
Garhwal and the Sundarbans mangrove swamps of is no scientic evidence to support these beliefs. The

12

7 CULTURAL DEPICTIONS

use of tiger parts in pharmaceutical drugs in China is already banned, and the government has made some offences in connection with tiger poaching punishable by
death. Furthermore, all trade in tiger parts is illegal under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and a domestic trade
ban has been in place in China since 1993.* [172]
However, the trading of tiger parts in Asia has become
a major black market industry and governmental and
conservation attempts to stop it have been ineective
to date.* [61] Almost all black marketers engaged in the
trade are based in China and have either been shipped and
sold within in their own country or into Taiwan, South
Korea or Japan.* [61] The Chinese subspecies was almost
completely decimated by killing for commerce due to
both the parts and skin trades in the 1950s through the
1970s.* [61] Contributing to the illegal trade, there are
a number of tiger farms in the country specialising in
breeding the cats for prot. It is estimated that between
5,000 and 10,000 captive-bred, semi-tame animals live
in these farms today.* [173]* [174]* [175] However, many
tigers for traditional medicine black market are wild ones
shot or snared by poachers and may be caught anywhere
in the tiger's remaining range (from Siberia to India to the
Malay Peninsula to Sumatra). In the Asian black market,
a tiger penis can be worth the equivalent of around $300
U.S. dollars. In the years of 1990 through 1992, 27 million products with tiger derivatives were found.* [61] In
July 2014 at an international convention on endangered
species in Geneva, Switzerland, a Chinese representative
admitted for the rst time his government was aware trading in tiger skins was occurring in China.* [176]

6.4

Tigers became central zoo and circus exhibits in the 18th

century: a tiger could cost up to 4,000 francs in France
(for comparison, a professor of the Beaux-Arts at Lyons
earned only 3,000 francs a year),* [180] or up to $3,500
in the United States where a lion cost no more than
$1,000.* [181]
China (2007) had over 4,000 captive tigers, of which
3,000 were held by about twenty larger facilities, with the
rest held by some 200 smaller facilities.* [182] The USA
(2011) had 2,884 tigers in 468 facilities.* [183] Nineteen states have banned private ownership of tigers, fteen require a license, and sixteen states have no regulation.* [184] Genetic ancestry of 105 captive tigers from
fourteen countries and regions showed that forty-nine animals belonged distinctly to ve subspecies; fty-two animals had mixed subspecies origins.* [185]
The Tiger Species Survival Plan has condemned the
breeding of white tigers, alleging they are of mixed ancestry and of unknown lineage. The genes responsible for
white colouration are represented by 0.001% of the population. The disproportionate growth in numbers of white
tigers points to inbreeding among homozygous recessive
individuals. This would lead to inbreeding depression and
loss of genetic variability.* [186]

7 Cultural depictions

In captivity

Tiger by Augustus Aaron Wilson, 1931. When the Ringling

Brothers circus came to town in 1931, Wilson was inspired by
Emyr, said to be the largest tiger in captivity, to carve these tigers
from salvaged railroad ties and telephone poles that he kept in
his barn. Brooklyn Museum
Tigers performing at Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey
Circus

In Ancient Roman times, tigers were kept in menageries

and amphitheatres to be exhibited, trained and paraded,
and were often provoked to ght humans and exotic
beasts.* [177]* [178] Since the 17th century, tigers, being rare and ferocious, were sought after to keep at European castles as symbols of their owners' power.* [179]

Tigers and their superlative qualities have been a source

of fascination for mankind since ancient times, and they
are routinely visible as important cultural and media motifs. They are also considered one of the charismatic
megafauna, and are used as the face of conservation campaigns worldwide. In a 2004 online poll conducted by cable television channel Animal Planet, involving more than
50,000 viewers from 73 countries, the tiger was voted the
world's favourite animal with 21% of the vote, narrowly

7.1

In myth and legend

13

Chinese headrest with tiger from the 12th century. Hallwyl Museum

beating the dog.* [187]

The Hindu goddess Durga riding a tiger. Guler school, early 18th
century

7.1

In myth and legend

19th-century painting of a tiger by Kuniyoshi Utagawa

See also: Tiger worship

In Chinese myth and culture, the tiger is one of the 12
animals of the Chinese zodiac. In Chinese art, the tiger is
depicted as an earth symbol and equal rival of the Chinese
dragon the two representing matter and spirit respectively. The Southern Chinese martial art Hung Ga is

based on the movements of the tiger and the crane. In

Imperial China, a tiger was the personication of war and
often represented the highest army general (or present
day defense secretary),* [188] while the emperor and em-

14

7 CULTURAL DEPICTIONS

press were represented by a dragon and phoenix, respectively. The White Tiger (Chinese: ; pinyin: Bi H)
is one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations.
It is sometimes called the White Tiger of the West (
), and it represents the west and the autumn season.* [188]
The tiger's tail appears in stories from countries including
China and Korea, it being generally inadvisable to grasp
a tiger by the tail.* [189]* [190]
In Buddhism, the tiger is one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolising anger, with the monkey representing greed and the deer lovesickness.* [188] The Tungusic
peoples considered the Siberian tiger a near-deity and often referred to it as Grandfatheror Old man.
The Udege and Nanai called it Amba. The Manchu
considered the Siberian tiger as Hu Lin, the king.* [66]
In Hinduism, the god Shiva wears and sits on tiger
skin.* [191] The ten-armed warrior goddess Durga rides
the tigress (or lioness) Damon into battle. In southern India the god Ayyappan was associated with a tiger.* [192]
The weretiger replaces the werewolf in shapeshifting
folklore in Asia;* [193] in India they were evil sorcerers, while in Indonesia and Malaysia they were somewhat
more benign.* [194]

7.2

In literature and lm

In William Blake's poem in the Songs of Experience, titled "The Tyger,the tiger is a menacing and fearful animal. In Yann Martel's 2001 Man Booker Prize winning novel Life of Pi, the protagonist, surviving shipwreck
for months in a small boat, somehow avoids being eaten
by the other survivor, a large Bengal tiger. The story
was adapted in Ang Lee's 2012 feature lm of the same
name. Jim Corbett's 1944 Man-Eaters of Kumaon tells
ten true stories of his tiger-hunting exploits in what is now
the northern Uttarakhand region of India. The book has
sold over four million copies,* [195] and has been the basis of both ctional and documentary lms. In Rudyard
Kipling's 1894 The Jungle Book, the tiger, Shere Khan,
is the mortal enemy of the human protagonist, Mowgli;
the book has formed the basis of both live-action and animated lms. Other tiger characters aimed at children
tend to be more benign, as for instance Tigger in A. A.
Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh and Hobbes of the comic strip
Calvin and Hobbes, both of whom are represented as simply stued animals come to life.

William Blake's rst printing of The Tyger, c. 1795

An early silver coin of king Uttama Chola found in Sri Lanka

shows the Chola Tiger sitting between the emblems of Pandyan
and Chera.

the Chera emblem bow, indicating that the Cholas had

achieved political supremacy over the latter two dynasties. Gold coins found in Kavilayadavalli in the Nellore
district of Andhra Pradesh have motifs of the tiger, bow
and some indistinct marks.* [197] The tiger symbol of
7.3 As a symbol
Chola Empire was later adopted by the Liberation Tigers
The tiger is one of the animals displayed on the Pashupati of Tamil Eelam and the tiger became a symbol of the unseal of the Indus Valley Civilisation. The tiger was the recognised *state of Tamil Eelam and Tamil independence
emblem of the Chola Dynasty and was depicted on coins, movement. [198]
seals and banners.* [196] The seals of several Chola cop- The Bengal tiger is the national animal of India and
per coins show the tiger, the Pandyan emblem sh and Bangladesh.* [199] The Malaysian tiger is the national an-

15
imal of Malaysia.* [200] The Siberian tiger is the national
animal of South Korea. Since the successful economies
of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore were
described as the Four Asian Tigers, a tiger economy is
a metaphor for a nation in rapid development. Tiger are
also mascots for various sports teams around the world.
Tony the Tiger is a famous mascot for Kellogg's breakfast
cereal Frosted Flakes. The Esso (Exxon) brand of petrol
was advertised from 1969 onwards with the slogan 'put a
tiger in your tank', and a tiger mascot; more than 2.5 million synthetic tiger tails were sold to motorists, who tied
them to their petrol tank caps.* [201]

[6] John R. Platt. Big News: Wild Tiger Populations are

Increasing for the First Time in a Century. Scientic
American Blog Network.
[7] Katy Daigle (10 April 2016). World's wild tiger count
rising for rst time in a century. Phys Org. Retrieved
17 April 2016.
[8] Pocock, R.I. (1939) "Panthera tigris". In The Fauna of
British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia:
Volume 1. Taylor and Francis, Ltd., London. pp. 197
210.
[9] Harper, D. (20012011). Panther. Online Etymology
Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved 24 October 2011.

The tiger appears in heraldry but is distinct from the

heraldic beast tyger, a wolike, snouted creature which [10] tiger. The Free Dictionary. Farlex. Retrieved 6 April
2014.
has its roots in European Medieval bestiaries.

See also
21st Century Tiger, information about tigers and
conservation projects
Animal track
List of solitary animals
Siegfried & Roy, two famous tamers of tigers
Tiger in Chinese culture
Tiger Temple, a Buddhist temple in Thailand famous for its tame tigers
Tiger versus lion

References

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Dictionary. Etymonline.com. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
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doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146.
[13] Davis, B. W.; Li G.; Murphy W. J. (2010).Supermatrix
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[14] Mazk, Ji H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A.
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natural diversity.

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16

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[186] Xavier, N. (2010). A new conservation policy needed

for reintroduction of Bengal tiger-white. Current Science
99 (7): 894895.
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popular beast. The Independent. 6 December 2004.
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[188] Cooper, JC (1992). Symbolic and Mythological Animals.
London: Aquarian Press. pp. 16162. ISBN 1-85538118-4.

Sankhala, Kailash (1997). Indian Tiger. Roli Books

Pvt Limited, India. ISBN 978-81-7437-088-4.

11 External links
: India's tiger population increases by 30% in past
three years
Species portrait Tiger; IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist
Group

[189] Tiger's Tail. Cultural China. Retrieved 29 March

2014.

21st Century Tiger: information about tigers and

conservation projects

[190] Chan-eung, Par (1999). A Tiger by the tail and other Stories from the heart of Korea. Libraries Unlimited.

Tiger Genome Project: the rst tiger genome sequenced and analyzed.

[191] SIVKISHEN (17.07.2014) Kingdom of Shiva, PartridgeIndia, p. 301.

Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography for Panthera tigris

22
Truth about Tigers: Website with a lot of answers to
the conservation issues faced by tigers
Save The Tiger Fund: Program of the National Fish
and Wildlife Foundation
Tiger Canyons Homepage: information about tigers
and the Crossbred Tiger Rewilding project
Tigers in Crisis: Information about Earth's Endangered Tigers
Tiger Stamps: Tiger images on postage stamps from
many dierent countries
Explore T.I.G.E.R.S: The Institute of Greatly Endangered and Rare Species
Tale of the Cat; 1 Mar 2010; By Andrew Marshall;
TIME Magazine (in partnership with CNN)
BBC Year of the tiger video collection highlighting
the plight of the Tiger. Produced in celebration of
the 2010 Year of the Tiger.
Watch more tiger (Panthera tigris) video clips from
the BBC archive on Wildlife Finder
Dr. Pralad Yonzon: Is this the last chance to save
the tiger? Feature regarding tiger conservation published by The Kathmandu Post, 19 November 2010.

11

EXTERNAL LINKS

23

12
12.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Tiger Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger?oldid=717632502 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Matthew Woodcraft, Vicki Rosenzweig,

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24

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NickelKnowledge, RibotBOT, Nick&naka, Philip72, Aurola, KennethHan, AmbaDarla, Radiantenergy, Shadowjams, Pragvansh, Hornymanatee, PM800, Grinofwales, Chanhee920, Belsavis, Redaloes, FrescoBot, Tobby72, Fberghella, Lothar von Richthofen, Sky Attacker,
Falsebadger101, Yanajin33, SonCR, Leptosome, Citation bot 1, Dorval28, Killerbites, ZooPro, JIK1975, Taeyebaar, Elockid, Edderso,
Jonathandeamer, Coekon, King Zebu, Freelolita101, WhoaThereTiger, Jim Fitzgerald, Tea with toast, Reconsider the static, SkyMachine,
FoxBot, Trappist the monk, Jpcoles, Shanerobins, Derivadow, Corvettecrazy262, Lotje, Vrenator, Ak2431989, Enviro2009, Pbrower2a,
ZhBot, Swfc94, Lkjhgfdsa 0, Tbhotch, Reach Out to the Truth, The Utahraptor, RjwilmsiBot, Chipmunkdavis, TjBot, Mzsabusayeed,
Beyond My Ken, Kkevinn6, Billare, LcawteHuggle, Karin127, EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Katherine, Skitut Master, Jfcarrots, Njsg, Sharry99, P. S. F. Freitas, KampferXeon, John Cline, Josve05a, Catalaalatac, Troodon58, Lateg, Sweller2, Battoe19, H3llBot,
Wiooiw, Rails, Burbridge92, Rcsprinter123, Elijahwengl1101, Onilturtle, Mesohorny6901, Kurakuraku, Brandmeister, Coasterlover1994,
ScoBrit, Sam786123, Lambos4, Oranjecrush, Morgankevinj, Ihaveabigpen15, Aayush gupta07, Lairweb, Shrigley, ChuispastonBot, JanetteDoe, Chandraguptamaurya, Vinodtiwari2608, Orin04, Sharry2000, Will Beback Auto, ClueBot NG, Cwmhiraeth, Onano, Creeper10,
Stupidpersonisstupid, Amritsingh3aa, LittleJerry, S3lv4t1c0, Kasirbot, Mstrojny, Chris65536, Pie1011399, Pettiger, DrChrissy, Helpful
Pixie Bot, Arianna.h.lee, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Keivan.f, MKar, Ketih King, Hadez47, Nath.hermosa, Navhus, Wiki13, Cornea
Scratcher, Frze, AvocatoBot, Zipzip50, Marcocapelle, Solomon7968, Tangerinehistry, Jeancey, Sebastian80, Dustinlull, Tctronix, Mandeep7540, Snowcream, Gug01, Tyrael123, Kimelea, Klilidiplomus, Quigley, BattyBot, Factsearch, Darorcilmir, Jayendra Chiplunkar, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Comatmebro, Nick.mon, Khazar2, Flutoo, VaughnWilson, Annieawesomegirl, Dexbot, Magentic Manifestations,
Mogism, Makecat-bot, Akdulj, Epicbobman10, Nichollas Harrison, Rudra john cena, SixBaltar, Fatbuu1000, Sumeetmoghe, Saberrex,
FamAD123, EG SOS, Matthew.stoltz, Hattie.salzman, Star767, DrumstickJuggler, SamX, BigCat82, Wikiuser13, Ugog Nizdast, Dibyendu
Ash, Kohelet, Vatasura, Tracield, BlackArrow, D Eaketts, Wumam322, Yoonadue, UcAndy, UY Scuti, Snowsuit Wearer, Marchoctober,
Lyttle-Wight, SarahRMadden, SomanathY, Monkbot, Papyrus-winged ninja Akil, SWASTIK 25, Chatwithmahesh, FierceJake754, Elinor
Rajka, Lord Marcellus, James343e, Editor abcdef, Rubbish computer, Christina1969, NightXenon999, Fergusonloot, Robuer, Joseph2302,
Elmidae, Azan204, KasparBot, Coolidon, Sher-e-mewat, Maxman123, MCEllis, Bennyben1998, Force awakens, FATHER, RickyRolling,
and Anonymous: 1292

12.2

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Images

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Images

File:037tiger.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/037tiger.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon Original artist: Robert Armitage Sterndale
File:2012_Suedchinesischer_Tiger.JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/2012_Suedchinesischer_
Tiger.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: J. Patrick Fischer
File:A_Bengal_Tiger_(Panthera_tigris_tigris)_with_Indian_Pangolin(Manis_crassicaudata)_Tadoba_Tiger_Reserve_
Maharastra.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/A_Bengal_Tiger_%28Panthera_tigris_tigris%
29_with_Indian_Pangolin%28Manis_crassicaudata%29_Tadoba_Tiger_Reserve_Maharastra.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
This event(tiger with pangolin in the wild) has been documented on the event of tiger safari at Tadoba Tiger Reserve, Maharastra, India
for the rst time ever. This image gives the behavioral characteristics of Bengal Tiger(Panthera tigris tigris).
Previously published: Yes by WildBaby123 Original artist: Dibyendu Ash
File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_
projection%29.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Map by Ssolbergj
Aquarius.geomar.de
Original artist:Koyos + Ssolbergj (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ssolbergj' title='User talk:Ssolbergj'>talk</a>)
File:Augustus_Aaron_Wilson._Tiger,_1931.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Augustus_Aaron_
Wilson._Tiger%2C_1931.jpg License: No restrictions Contributors: Brooklyn Museum Original artist: Augustus Aaron Wilson
File:BaronOscarVojnich3Nov1911Ti.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/
BaronOscarVojnich3Nov1911Ti.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The East Indian Archipelago, Budapest 1913. Uploaded on
en.wikipedia by LeonisRugitur Original artist: Oskar Vojnich
File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_mannen_en_kinderen_poseert_bij_een_pas_geschoten_tijger_te_
Malingping_in_Bantam_West-Java_TMnr_10006636.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/
COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_mannen_en_kinderen_poseert_bij_een_pas_geschoten_tijger_te_Malingping_in_
Bantam_West-Java_TMnr_10006636.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Tropenmuseum Original artist: H. Bartels (Fotograaf/photographer).
File:Cat03.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Cat03.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors: Own work
Original artist: Fir0002
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG
License: Public domain Contributors: picture of the Guler School, Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/
wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/
ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:ElephantbackTigerHunt.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/ElephantbackTigerHunt.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Oriental Field Sports, Vol. I, by Thomas Williamson, 1808. Drawn by Thomas Williamson & Samuel Howitt.
Original artist: Samuel Howitt
File:ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: (anonymous artwork ; facsimile of 1626 painting by Roelant Savery)
File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.dcaa.com.bd/Modules/CountryProfile/BangladeshFlag.aspx Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Bhutan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Originally from the Open Clip Art website, then replaced with an improved version. Original artist: w:en:User:Nightstallion
(original uploader), the author of xrmap (improved version)
File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg License: CC0 Contributors: File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg Original artist: Draw new ag by User:
_
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Laos.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License:
domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version)
Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

Public

File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg License:
Open Clip Art Original artist:
Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:
CC0 Contributors:
Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.
svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/
40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>

26

12

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Constitution of The Kingdom of Nepal, Article 5, Schedule 1 [1] Original artist: Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_North_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/law/vi/1951_to_1960/1955/195511/195511300001 http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/
Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=820 Original artist: Lu Ly v li theo ngun trn
File:Flag_of_the_People'{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flehmen_Response_in_a_Sub_Adult_Tiger.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Flehmen_
Response_in_a_Sub_Adult_Tiger.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sumeet Moghe
File:Golden_tiger_1_-_Buffalo_Zoo.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Golden_tiger_1_-_Buffalo_
Zoo.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dave Pape
File:Haifa_White_Tigers-9129-13.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Haifa_White_Tigers-9129-13.
jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Haifa Municipality - The Spokesperson, Publicity and Advertising Division Original artist: Zvi Roger
File:Historical_tiger_distribution_PLoS_2009.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Historical_tiger_
distribution_PLoS_2009.png License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Driscoll CA, Yamaguchi N, Bar-Gal GK, Roca AL, Luo S, et al. (2009)
Mitochondrial Phylogeography Illuminates the Origin of the Extinct Caspian Tiger and Its Relationship to the Amur Tiger. PLoS ONE
4(1): e4125. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004125 (http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004125) Original artist:
Driscoll CA, Yamaguchi N, Bar-Gal GK, Roca AL, Luo S, et al.
File:Hunting_Tiger_Ranthambore.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Hunting_Tiger_Ranthambore.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rhaessner
File:Huvudstd_(kudde),_Cizhou_yao_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_96218.tif Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/6/65/Huvudst%C3%B6d_%28kudde%29%2C_Cizhou_yao_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_96218.tif License:
Public domain
Contributors: Jens Mohr - LSH 96218 (hm_dig12288) Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:JenB_Marking_Territory.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/JenB_Marking_Territory.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: China's Tiger
File:Kuniyoshi_Utagawa,_Tiger.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Kuniyoshi_Utagawa%2C_Tiger.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://visipix.com/search/search.php?userid=1616934267&q=%272aAuthors/K/Kuniyoshi%
201797-1861%2C%20Utagawa%2C%20Japan%27&s=15&l=en&u=2&ub=1&k=1 Original artist: Utagawa Kuniyoshi
File:Longdan_tiger.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Longdan_tiger.png License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Fig. 7 of Mazk JH, Christiansen P, Kitchener AC (2011) Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger. PLoS
ONE 6(10): e25483. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 Original artist: Drawn by Velizar Simeonovski (Field Museum of Natural History,
Chicago)
File:Maneater_calcutta1903_stereoscopic.jpg
stereoscopic.jpg License: PD-US Contributors:

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Maneater_calcutta1903_

http://ogimages.bl.uk/images/019/019PHO000000181U00050000%5BSVC2%5D.jpg (Underwood Travel Library: Stereoscopic Views

of India. British Library.) Original artist:
Ricalton, James
File:Okapi2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Okapi2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Raul654
File:Panther_tigris_&_Panthera_leo_skulls.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Panther_tigris_%26_
Panthera_leo_skulls.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mariomassone
File:Panthera_tigris_altaica_13_-_Buffalo_Zoo.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Panthera_tigris_
altaica_13_-_Buffalo_Zoo.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dave Pape
File:Panthera_tigris_corbetti_(Tierpark_Berlin)_832-714-(118).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/
d8/Panthera_tigris_corbetti_%28Tierpark_Berlin%29_832-714-%28118%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lotse
File:Panthera_tigris_sondaica_01.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Panthera_tigris_sondaica_01.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/images/javant3.gif Original artist: Andries Hoogerwerf (29 August 1906 5 February 1977)
File:Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Panthera_tigris_
sumatran_subspecies.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: photo taken by Monika Betley Original artist: Monika Betley

12.3

Content license

27

File:Panthera_tigris_virgata.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Panthera_tigris_virgata.jpg
License:
Public domain Contributors:
http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/animals.htm and http://animalvsanimal.yuku.com/
topic/119/Extinct-Cats-Tribute#.TrFBu7K9adB Original artist:
Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Ringling_brothers_over_the_top_tiger.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Ringling_brothers_
over_the_top_tiger.JPG License: GFDL Contributors: chensiyuan Original artist: chensiyuan
File:Siberian_Tiger_by_Malene_Th.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Siberian_Tiger_by_Malene_
Th.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Malene Thyssen
File:Siberian_Tiger_sf.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Siberian_Tiger_sf.jpg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Brocken Inaglory
File:The_Tyger_BM_a_1794.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/The_Tyger_BM_a_1794.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: William Blake Archive Original artist: William Blake
File:Tiger_dentition_Sultan(T72)_Ranthambhore_India_12.10.2014.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
3/32/Tiger_dentition_Sultan%28T72%29_Ranthambhore_India_12.10.2014.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This image of tiger
dentition has been captured during the tiger safari at Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India on 12.10.2014. This is an image of the
subadult tiger Sultanor T72.
Previously published: Yes, this le has been previously published in my Facebook prole and also present in other social networking sites
and in other zoology portals and websites. Original artist: Dibyendu Ash
File:Tiger_in_the_water.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Tiger_in_the_water.jpg License: CC BY
2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Tiger in the water Original artist: B_cool from SIN, Singapore
File:Tiger_phylogenetic_relationships.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Tiger_phylogenetic_
relationships.png License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Driscoll CA, Yamaguchi N, Bar-Gal GK, Roca AL, Luo S, et al. (2009) Mitochondrial
Phylogeography Illuminates the Origin of the Extinct Caspian Tiger and Its Relationship to the Amur Tiger. PLoS ONE 4(1): e4125.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004125 Original artist: Driscoll CA, Yamaguchi N, Bar-Gal GK, Roca AL, Luo S, et al.
File:Tigerdholes.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Tigerdholes.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Samuel Howett & Edward Orme, Hand Coloured, Aquatint Engravings, Published London 1807 Original artist: Samuel Howett &
Edward Orme
File:Tigerramki.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Tigerramki.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Ramakrishnan Original artist: Anant
File:Tigerwater_edit2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Tigerwater_edit2.jpg License: CC BY 2.0
Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bobjagendorf/511345895/sizes/l/ Original artist: Bob Jagendorf
File:Tigerwoods_chasing_blesbucks.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Tigerwoods_chasing_
blesbucks.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Save China's Tiger, http://english.savechinastigers.org/v/Tigers+in+action/283+
TigerWoods+chasing+the+blesbok.jpg.html Original artist: Save China's Tiger
File:Uttama_coin.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Uttama_coin.png License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikispecies-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Image:Wikispecies-logo.jpg Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi File:Wild_Sumatran_tiger.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Wild_Sumatran_tiger.jpg License: CC
BY 2.0 Contributors: Friday Original artist: Arddu

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