G.B.N.GOVT.

POLYTECHNIC, NILOKHERI

Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering

AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROL

WITH HIGH ALERTING SYSTEM
Major Project Final Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the Diploma in
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted by:
UDIT GABA

13009100103

SHUBHAM KAMRA

13009100095

SURENDER RAJPUT

13009100102

SATPREET

13009100132

Guided By:

Submitted to:

MRS.SAVITA(Lect.)

MR.JWALA PRASAD

MRS.HARJEET KAUR(w/s Inst.)

(HOD ECE)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report entitled AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROL WITH
HIGH ALERTING SYSTEM is a bonafide record of the major project done by UDIT GABA
(Roll No.13009100103) , SHUBHAM KAMRA(Roll No.13009100095) , SURENDER
RAJPUT (Roll No.13009100102) ,SATPREET (Roll No.13009100132) under my supervision
and guidance, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Diploma in Electronics
and Communication Engineering from G.B.N. Govt.Polytechnic, Nilokheri for the year 2015-16.

MRS.SAVITA(Lect.)
MRS.HARJEET KAUR(W/s Inst.)

MR.JWALA PRASAD
(HOD ECE)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our guide, Mrs.Harjeet Kaur , Workshop
Instructor and Mrs.Savita, Lecturer, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
G.B.N. Govt. Polytechnic, Nilokheri for allowing us to undertake this project and for his valuable
suggestions, guidance and support during the course of work.
We also want to thank our evaluator Sh.Jwala Prasad, HOD-ECEDept. for giving us a chance to
carry out this project.
Finally, we thank God for enabling us to carry out our work without hassles.

ABSTRACT

This project work aims at the design, development and testing of working model entitled
Automatic Railway Gate Controller. This paper is to provide an automatic railway gate at a level
crossing replacing the gates operated by the gatekeeper. It is basically related to Radio
communication and signaling system. The points or places where the Railway track crosses the
road are called level crossings. Level crossings cannot be used simultaneously both by road
traffic and trains, as this result in accidents leading to loss of precious lives. This type of gates
can be employed in an unmanned level crossing where the chances of accidents are higher and
reliable operation is required. Since, the operation is automatic; error due to manual operation is
prevented. The model of railway track controller is designed by using Atmel 89S52
microcontroller, IR sensors and LDR to avoid railway accidents. By employing the automatic
railway gate control at the level crossing the arrival of the train is detected by the sensor placed
near to the gate. Hence, the time for which it is closed is less compared to the manually operated
gates and also reduces the human labour. Automatic railway gate control is highly economical
microcontroller based arrangement, designed for use in almost all the unmanned level crossings
in the country.
Keywords: LED, Atmel 89s52 Microcontroller, IR Transceiver, Automatic railway gate control
system, LDR.

INDEX
S.no

List of contents

page No

1) Introduction
i. Introduction
ii. Block diagram & Description

05
07

2) Introduction to microcontroller
i. Introduction to micro controller
ii. AT 89S52 Microcontroller

08-09
10-14

3) DC motor
i. Introduction to DC motor
ii. Types & applications.

15-17
18 -19

4) L293D IC
i. Introduction to L293D
ii. Pin description of L293D

20-21
22-24

5) LM 358 IC
i. LM 358 & Features

25-27

6) Infrared Sensors
i. Infrared sensors

34-35

7) Regulated Power Supply

I.

Regulated Power Supply & Features

36-38

8) Working of Project and Flow chart

i. Working of project
ii. Flow chart

39-40
41

9) Conclusion

42-43

10) Bibliography
11)

44-45

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1

INTRODUCTION

Aim of this project is to control the unmanned rail gate automatically using embedded platform.
Today often we see newspapers very often about the railway accidents happening at un- attended
railway gates. Present project is designed to avoid such accidents if implemented in spirit. This
project is developed in order to help the INDIAN RAILWAYS in making its present working
system a better one, by eliminating some of the loopholes existing in it. Based on the responses
and reports obtained as a result of the significant development in the working system of INDIAN
RAILWAYS, this project can be further extended to meet the demands according to situation.
This can be further implemented to have control room to regulate the working of the system.
Thus becomes the user friendliness.
This system is to manage the control system of railway gate using the microcontroller. The main
purpose of this system is about railway gate control system and level crossing between railroad
and highway for decreasing railroad-related accident and increasing safety. In addition, it also
provides safety road users by reducing the accidents that usually occur due to carelessness of
road users and errors made by the gatekeepers.
In this project AT89s52 Micro controller Integrated Chip plays the main role. The program for
this project is embedded in this Micro controller Integrated Chip and interfaced to all the
peripherals. The timer program is inside the Micro controller IC to maintain all the functions as
per the scheduled time. Keil compiler is used for the making of code and hex file.

1.2 Block diagram

CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER:

A computer-on-a-chip is a variation of a microprocessor, which combines the processor
core (CPU), some memory, and I/O (input/output) lines, all on one chip. The computer-on-a-chip
is called the microcomputer whose proper meaning is a computer using a (number of)
microprocessor(s) as its CPUs, while the concept of the microcomputer is known to be a
microcontroller. A microcontroller can be viewed as a set of digital logic circuits integrated on a
single silicon chip. This chip is used for only specific applications.

ADVANTAGES OF MICROCONTROLLER:
A designer will use a Microcontroller to
1. Gather input from various sensors
2. Process this input into a set of actions
3. Use the output mechanisms on the Microcontroller to do something useful
4. RAM and ROM are inbuilt in the MC.
5. Multi machine control is possible simultaneously.
6. ROM, EPROM, [EEPROM] or Flash memory for program and operating parameter
storage.

Examples:
8051, 89C51 (ATMAL), PIC (Microchip), Motorola (Motorola), ARM Processor.
Applications: Cell phones, Computers, Robots, Interfacing to two pcs.

2.2 AT89S52 MICTROCONTROLLER:

Description:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K
bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels
high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry-standard
80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.
2.2.1 Features

Compatible with MCS-51 Products

8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000

Write/Erase Cycles

4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

Three-level Program Memory Lock

256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

Eight Interrupt Sources

Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

Watchdog Timer

Dual Data Pointer

2.2.2 Architecture

Fig 2.1 Architecture of AT89S52

2.2.3 PIN Diagram of 89s52 Microcontroller

DIP

Fig 2.2 Pin diagram of 89S52

2.2.4 Pin Description

Pin ( 32 39 ) Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional port. As an open drain output
port, it can sink eight LS TTL loads. Port 0 pins that have 1s written to them float, and in that
state will function as high impedance inputs. Port 0 is also the multiplexed low-order address and
data bus during accesses to external memory. In this application it uses strong internal pull ups
when emitting 1s. Port 0 emits code bytes during program verification. In this application,
external pull ups are required.
Pin ( 1- 8 ) Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. Port 1 pins that
have 1s written to them are pulled high by the internal pull ups, and in that state can be used as
inputs. As inputs, port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current because of
the internal pull ups.
Alternate Functions of Port 1 used for In system Programmable
P.5

MOSI --------- Instruction Input

P.6

MISO ---------- Data Output

P.7

SCK ----------- Clk in

Pin ( 21 28 ) Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. Port 2
emits the high-order address byte during accesses to external memory that use 16-bit addresses.
In this application, it uses the strong internal pull ups when emitting 1s.
Pin (10 17) Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. It also serves
the functions of various special features of the 80C51 Family as follows:
Port Pin Alternate Function
P3.0- RxD (serial input port)
P3.1 -TxD (serial output port)
P3.2 -INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3- INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 -T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 -T1 (timer 1 external input)

P3.6 -WR (external data memory write strobe)

P3.7 -RD (external data memory read strobe)
Pin 40 VCC: -Supply voltage
Pin 20 VSS: -Circuit ground potential
Pin 29 PSEN: Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external Program Memory. When the
device is executing out of external Program Memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine
cycle (except that two PSEN activations are skipped during accesses to external Data Memory).
PSEN is not activated when the device is executing out of internal Program Memory.
Pin 30 ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during accesses to external memory. ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 of the oscillator
frequency, for external timing or clocking purposes, even when there are no accesses to external
memory. (However, one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.)
This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during EPROM programming.
Pin 31 EA/VPP: When EA is held high the CPU executes out of internal Program Memory.
Holding EA low forces the CPU to execute out of external memory regardless of the Program
Counter value. In the 80C31, EA must be externally wired low. In the EPROM devices, this pin
also receives the programming supply voltage (VPP) during EPROM programming.
Pin 18 XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Pin 19 XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

CHAPTER 3
DC MOTOR

DC Motor
3.1 Introduction to DC motor:
Almost every mechanical movement that we see around us is accomplished by an electric motor.
Motors take electrical energy and produce mechanical energy.
A direct current (DC) motor is a fairly simple electric motor that uses electricity and a
magnetic field to produce torque, which causes it to turn. At its most simple, it requires two
magnets of opposite polarity and an electric coil, which acts as an electromagnet. The repellent
and attractive electromagnetic forces of the magnets provide the torque that causes the motor to
turn.

3.2 Construction
DC motors consist of one set of coils, called armature winding, inside another set of coils or a
set of permanent magnets, called the stator. Applying a voltage to the coils produces a torque in
the armature, resulting in motion.
Stator

The stator is the stationary outside part of a motor.

The stator of a permanent magnet dc motor is composed of two or more permanent

magnet pole pieces.

The magnetic field can alternatively be created by an electromagnet. In this case, a DC

coil (field

winding) is wound around a magnetic material that forms part of the stator.

Rotor

The rotor is the inner part which rotates.

The rotor is composed of windings (called armature windings) which are connected to the
external

circuit through a mechanical commutator.

Both stator and rotor are made of ferromagnetic materials. The two are separated by airgap.

Winding
A winding is made up of series or parallel connection of coils.

Armature winding - The winding through which the voltage is applied or induced.

Field winding - The winding through which a current is passed to produce flux (for the
electromagnet)

Windings are usually made of copper.

3.3 Principle of operation

This DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a current carrying conductor
is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move. This is known
as motoring action. If the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also
reverses. When magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a mechanical force, and
based on that the working principle of dc motor established.

The direction of rotation of a this motor is given by Flemings left hand rule, which states that
if the index finger, middle finger and thumb of your left hand are extended mutually
perpendicular to each other and if the index finger represents the direction of magnetic field,
middle finger indicates the direction of current, then the thumb represents the direction in which
force is experienced by the shaft of the dc motor.
Structurally and construction wise a direct current motor is exactly similar to a DC generator,
but electrically it is just the opposite. Here we unlike a generator we supply electrical energy to
the input port and derive mechanical energy from the output port.

3.4 Types of DC motors

1. Shunt DC motor: The rotor and stator windings are connected in parallel.
2. Sparately Excited motor: The rotor and stator are each connected from a different
power supply, this gives another degree of freedom for controlling the motor over the
shunt.

3. Series motor: the stator and rotor windings are connected in series. Thus the torque is
proportional to I2 so it gives the highest torque per current ratio over all other dc motors.
It is therefore used in starter motors of cars and elevator motors (p. 563 Chapman, 4e,
2005 McGrow Hill).
4. Permanent Magnet (PMDC) motors: The stator is a permanent magnet, so the motor is
smaller in size.

5. Compouned motor: the stator is connected to the rotor through a compound

of shunt and series windings, if the shunt and series windings add up together, the motor
is called comulatively compounded. If they subtract from each other, then a differentially
compounded motor results, which is unsuitable for any application.

3.5 Motor used in project

DC High-speed Motor - RF-310TA-11400
Specifications:

Compact, efficient, lightweight, and powerful

No load condition:
a) 2800rpm
b) 0.017A current

Maximum efficiency condition:

a) 2200rpm
b) 0.06A current

Torque: 15g-cm torque @ 0.22A

OPERATING VOLTAGE = 2.5 volt

3.6 Applications:
1. The series DC motor is an industry workhorse for both high and low power, fixed and
variable

speed

electric

drives.

Applications range from cheap toys to automotive applications.

2. They are inexpensive to manufacture and are used in variable speed household appliances
such as sewing machines and power tools.
3. Its high starting torque makes it particularly suitable for a wide range of traction
applications.
4. Train and automotive traction applications.

CHAPTER 4
L293D MOTOR DRIVER

4.1 Introduction to L293D IC

L293D IC generally comes as a standard 16-pin DIP (dual-in line package). This motor
driver IC can simultaneously control two small motors in either direction; forward and reverse
with just 4 microcontroller pins (if you do not use enable pins). Some of the features (and
drawbacks) of this IC are:
1. Output current capability is limited to 600mA per channel with peak output current
limited to 1.2A (non-repetitive). This means you cannot drive bigger motors with this IC.
However, most small motors used in hobby robotics should work. If you are unsure
whether the IC can handle a particular motor, connect the IC to its circuit and run the
motor with your finger on the IC. If it gets really hot, then beware... Also note the words
"non-repetitive"; if the current output repeatedly reaches 1.2A, it might destroy the drive
transistors.
2. Supply voltage can be as large as 36 Volts. This means you do not have to worry much
about voltage regulation.
3. L293D has an enable facility which helps you enable the IC output pins. If an enable pin
is set to logic high, then state of the inputs match the state of the outputs. If you pull this
low, then the outputs will be turned off regardless of the input states

4. The datasheet also mentions an "over temperature protection" built into the IC. This
means an internal sensor senses its internal temperature and stops driving the motors if
the temperature crosses a set point
5. Another major feature of L293D is its internal clamp diodes. This flyback diode helps
protect the driver IC from voltage spikes that occur when the motor coil is turned on and
off (mostly when turned off)
6. The logical low in the IC is set to 1.5V. This means the pin is set high only if the voltage
across the pin crosses 1.5V which makes it suitable for use in high frequency applications
like switching applications (upto 5KHz)
7. Lastly, this integrated circuit not only drives DC motors, but can also be used to drive
relay solenoids, stepper motors etc.

4.2 Pin Diagram of L293D Motor Driver

Fig 4.1 Pin diagram of L293D

4.2.1 Pin Description:

Pin No

Function

Name

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Enable pin for Motor 1; active high

Input 1 for Motor 1
Output 1 for Motor 1
Ground (0V)
Ground (0V)
Output 2 for Motor 1
Input 2 for Motor 1
Supply voltage for Motors; 9-12V (up to 36V)
Enable pin for Motor 2; active high
Input 1 for Motor 1
Output 1 for Motor 1
Ground (0V)
Ground (0V)
Output 2 for Motor 1
Input2 for Motor 1
Supply voltage; 5V (up to 36V)

4.2 Block Diagram

Enable 1,2
Input 1
Output 1
Ground
Ground
Output 2
Input 2
Vcc 2
Enable 3,4
Input 3
Output 3
Ground
Ground
Output 4
Input 4

Vcc 1

4.4 L293D Connections

The circuit shown to the right is the most basic implementation of L293D IC.
There are 16 pins sticking out of this IC and we have to understand the
functionality of each pin before implementing this in a circuit
1. Pin1 and Pin9 are "Enable" pins. They should be connected to +5V for the
drivers to function. If they pulled low (GND), then the outputs will be turned
off regardless of the input states, stopping the motors. If you have two spare
pins in your microcontroller, connect these pins to the microcontroller, or
just connect them to regulated positive 5 Volts.

2. Pin4, Pin5, Pin12 and Pin13 are ground pins which should ideally be
connected to microcontroller's ground.

3. Pin2, Pin7, Pin10 and Pin15 are logic input pins. These are control pins
which should be connected to microcontroller pins. Pin2 and Pin7 control
the first motor (left); Pin10 and Pin15 control the second motor(right).

4. Pin3, Pin6, Pin11, and Pin14 are output pins. Tie Pin3 and Pin6 to the first
motor, Pin11 and Pin14 to second motor.

5. Pin16 powers the IC and it should be connected

to regulated +5Volts.

6. Pin8 powers the two motors and should be

connected to positive lead of a secondary battery.
As per the datasheet, supply voltage can be as
high as 36 Volts.

CHAPTER 5
LM 358 IC

LM 358:
5.1 Introduction:
LM 358:
These amplifiers are designed to specifically to operate from a solitary supply over a wide
range of voltages. Also can function when the difference between the two supplies is 3V to 30V
and VCC is at least 1.5V more positive than the input common mode voltage.

Block diagram of LM358

Pin Descriptions

V+ = Supply voltage
GND = Gnd (0V) connection for supply voltage
Input(s) = Input to Op-Amp

Output(s) = Output of Op-Amp

Features:

Supply voltage V + : +32VDC or +16VDC

Differential Input Voltage : 32VDC

Input Voltage : -0.3VDC to +32VDC

Power Dissipation : 570mW

Operating Temperature : 0 to 70C degree

Output Current Source : Typical 40mA

Output Current Source : Typical 40mA

Output Current Sink : Typical 20mA

Input Offset Voltage : Typical 2.0mVDC

Operates on a single supply over a range of voltages

Unique features:

In the linear mode, the input common-mode voltage range includes ground and the
output voltage can also swing to ground, even though operated from only a single power
supply voltage. The unity gain crossover frequency and the input bias current are
temperature-compensated.

Applications:

In Transducer amplifiers.

DC amplification blocks and conventional operations.

CHAPTER 7
INFRARED SENSORS

INFRARED SENSORS
Introduction

IR transceiver is used here for determining the arrival and departure of train. This is done by
using IR Transceiver in which presence of train is detected as logical zero.
A. Transmitter
The Infrared Emitting Diode (IR333/H0/L10) is a high intensity diode, molded in a blue
transparent package. The device is spectrally matched with phototransistor, photodiode and IR
receiver module. It finds applications in IR remote control units, smoke detectors, free air
transmission systems etc.
B. Receiver
The IR LED converts the incident IR radiations to an equivalent electric current which when
passed through a resistor results in a certain amount of voltage drop. This value of voltage will
depend upon the intensity of incident IR radiations or in other words, the distance between IR
transmitter and receiver. The receiver is connected in reverse bias n the circuit. The IR rays
emitted by the transmitter get reflected back after hitting the target. Receiver coverts this
received radiations to a corresponding electric current.

CHAPTER 8
REGULATED POWERSUPPLY

8.1 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:

A variable regulated power supply,also called a variable bench power supply,is one which
you can continuously adjust the output voltage to your requirements. Varying the output of the power
supply is recommended way to test a project after having double checked parts placement against
circuit drawings and the parts placement

This type of regulation is ideal for having a simple variable bench power supply.
Actually this is quite important because one of the first projects a hobbyist should
undertake is the construction of a variable regulated power supply. While a dedicated supply
is quite handy e.g 5V or 12V,its much handier to have a variable supply on hand, especially for
testing.
Most digital logic circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To use these parts we
need to build a regulated 5 volt source. Usually you start with an unregulated power to make a 5
volt power supply, we use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC (Integrated Circuit).

.
Fig: 8.1.1 LM 7805 block diagram

Fig: 8.1.2 Pin representation of LM 7805

The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated
DC power supply(anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to

the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the Output
pin.
Circuit features:

Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output
current capability of 100mA.
Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when
regulator IC gets too hot.
Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build.
Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation
Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic
components.
Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit
successfully as part of many electronic projects.
Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply

CHAPTER 9
WORKING OF PROJECT AND FLOW CHART

9.1 WORKING OF MODEL

It deals with two things. Firstly, it deals with the reduction of time for which the gate is
being kept closed. And secondly, to provide safety to the road users by reducing the accidents
that usually occur due to carelessness of road users and at times errors made by the gatekeepers.
By employing the automatic railway gate control at the level crossing the arrival of train is
detected by the sensor placed on either side of the gate at about 4km from the level crossing.
Once the arrival is sensed, the sensed signal is sent to the microcontroller and it checks for
possible presence of vehicle between the gates, again using sensors. Subsequently, buzzer
indication and light signals on either side are provided to the road users indicating the closure of
gates. Once, no vehicle is sensed in between the gate the motor is activated and the gates are
closed.
But, for the worst case if any obstacle is sensed, it is indicated to the train driver by signals
(RED) placed at about 2km, so as to bring it to halt well before the level crossing. When no
obstacle is sensed GREEN light is indicated, and the train is to free to move. The departure of the
train is detected by sensors placed at about 1km from the gate. The signal about the departure is
sent to the microcontroller, which in turn operates the motor and opens the gate. Thus, the time
for which the gate is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates.

9.2 FLOW CHARTSTART

Make the initial

settings for train &
road users

If arrival of
train in either
of directions

Buzzers & signal

warnings to road
users

If
obstacles

Stop warning & close

the gate
Set the signal for
train

If train
departure

Open the gate

CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION

10.1 CONCLUSION:
From the above discussion and information of this system we, upto now surely comes
to know that it is highly reliable effective and economical at dense traffic area, sub urban area
and the route where frequency of trains is more.
As it saves some auxiliary structure as well as the expenditure on attendant it is
more economical at above mentioned places than traditional railway crossing gate system. We
know that though it is very beneficial but it is also impossible to install such system at
each and every places, but it gives certainly a considerable benefit to us, thereby to our nation.

CHAPTER 11
BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCES:
i) Krishna,

ShashiYadav

Microcontroller,

and

Nidhi,

Automatic

Railway

Gate

Control

Using

Oriental Journal Of Computer Science & Technology, Vol.6, No.4,

December 2013.
ii) Ahmed Salih Mahdi. Al-Zuhairi,Automatic Railway Gate and Crossing Control based
Sensors &Microcontroller , in International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology
(IJCTT) Volume 4 Issue 7July 2013.
iii) J. Banuchandar, V. Kaliraj, P. Balasubramanian, S. Deepa, N. Thamilarasi, Automated
Unmanned Railway Level Crossing System, in International Journal of Modern
Engineering Research (IJMER)Volume.2, Issue.1, Jan-Feb 2012 .
iv) The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems By Muhammad Ali Mazidi
v) Fundamentals Of Embedded Software By Daniel W Lewis

vi) M. Kottalil1 ,Abhijith S2, Ajmal M M3, Abhilash L J.4,Ajith Babu, Automatic Railway
Gate Control System, in International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
vii) Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (IJAREEIE)- Vol. 3, Issue 2, February 2014.
viii)

Principles of Electronics by V.K.MEHTA.

ix) Let Us C -By Yashwant Kanetkar (Fifth Edition).