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Electric Circuits and Ohm's Law : Concepts

BASIC DATA ABOUT ATOM :

Mass of electron = 9.11 x 10-31 kg
Mass of proton = 1.67 x 10-27 kg
Mass of neutron = mass of proton
Mass of electron = 1/1840 mass of proton
Diameter of nucleus is of the order of 10-14 m
Diameter of orbits = 104 times dia of molecule
Diameter of electron = 10-15 m
Charge on electron = - 1.602 x 10-19 coulomb
Charge on proton = + 1.602 x 10-19 coulomb.

UNIT OF CURRENT :
The charge on an electron is measured in terms of coulomb. The unit of current is coulomb per second and is called
ampere.Thus

I (Ampere) = coulomb/second = q / t
One coulomb is equivalent to the charge of 6.28 x 1018 electrons.
1 emu of current = 3 x 1010 esu of current.

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE :
Electromotive force or potential of a body is the work done in joules to bring a unit electric charge from innity to the
body. It is expressed in terms of
The

volts (V).

potential dierence is dened as that which causes current to ow in the closed circuit.

RESISTANCE :

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RESISTANCE :
Resistance is the property of a substance due to which it opposes the ow of electrons (i.e., electric current) through it.

).

The unit of resistance is ohm (

Metals, acids and salt solutions are good conductors of electricity. Silver, copper and aluminium oer least resistance
to ow of current and are called very good conductor of electricity. The electrons while owing through the molecules
or the atoms of the conductor, collide with other atoms and electrons, thereby producing heat.
Some substances oer relatively greater diculty or hindrance to the passage of these electrons. Such substances are
called poor conductors or insulators of electricity. Some of the insulators are glass, bakelite, mica, rubber, polyvinyl
chloride (P.V.C.), dry wood, etc.

The resistance of a conductor depends on:

1. Length of conductor- it varies directly with the length

2. Cross-sectional area of the conductor - it varies inversely with the cross-sectional area
3. Its resistivity i.e. the nature of composition, etc., of the material of which the conductor is made up
4. Temperature of the conductor - it almost varies directly with the temperature. Thus R, the resistance of a
conductor is given by

R=l/A

where

= specic resistance or resistivity of the material,

l = length of the conductors,
A = cross-sectional area of conductor.

Ohm's Law :
If the temperature and other conditions remain constant, the current through a conductor is proportional to the
applied potential dierence and it remains constant. Thus

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Current = Applied Voltage / Resistance of the circuit

Resistance = Applied voltage / Current in the circuit

Potential across resistance = Current x Resistance.

Conditions for Ohm's Law :

1. Ohm's law can be applied either to the entire circuit or a part of a circuit.
2. When ohm's law is applied to a part circuit, part resistance and the potential across the part resistance should be
used.

3. The Ohm's law can be applied to DC as well as AC circuits. However, in case of AC circuits impedance Z, is used in
place of resistance. Thus

I = E / Z = Applied voltage / Impedance in the circuit

Conductance (G ) :
Conductance is the reciprocal of ( R ) and is measure of the ease with which the current will ow through a substance.
Thus

G= 1 / R

The unit of conductance is mho.

ELECTRICAL POWER :
Electrical power is expressed in terms of watts (W) and is given by

W= E x I = I2 x R = E2 / R
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Power is also expressed in terms of

kW ( kilowatt ) ( =1000 W ) or
MW ( megawatt ) which is 1000 kW or 1000,000 W.

Electrical Energy :
Electrical energy is expressed in terms of kilowatt hours (kWh). Thus

1 kWh = 1 kW x 1 hour = 1000 watt-hours = 1000 x 60 x 60

watt-sec.

RESISTANCE COMBINATIONS :
Resistances in series :

When resistances are connected in series, same current ows through all resistances, and overall resistance R, is given
by

R = R1 + R2 + R3

Also,

V = V1 + V2 + V3 = IR1+ IR2 + IR3 .

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