0 Bewertungen0% fanden dieses Dokument nützlich (0 Abstimmungen)
37 Ansichten5 Seiten
The document provides equations and requirements for determining the effective reinforcement area and designing dished heads on pressure vessels. Key points include:
- The effective reinforcement area can be determined using the given formula. Any additional required area is added accordingly.
- Cone to cylinder junctions without a knuckle may be used for half-apex angles over 30 degrees, based on special analysis. Calculated localized stresses must not exceed specified values.
- Dished heads are to be designed according to the provided equations, with symbols defined. Head thickness and flange requirements vary depending on pressure location.
The document provides equations and requirements for determining the effective reinforcement area and designing dished heads on pressure vessels. Key points include:
- The effective reinforcement area can be determined using the given formula. Any additional required area is added accordingly.
- Cone to cylinder junctions without a knuckle may be used for half-apex angles over 30 degrees, based on special analysis. Calculated localized stresses must not exceed specified values.
- Dished heads are to be designed according to the provided equations, with symbols defined. Head thickness and flange requirements vary depending on pressure location.
The document provides equations and requirements for determining the effective reinforcement area and designing dished heads on pressure vessels. Key points include:
- The effective reinforcement area can be determined using the given formula. Any additional required area is added accordingly.
- Cone to cylinder junctions without a knuckle may be used for half-apex angles over 30 degrees, based on special analysis. Calculated localized stresses must not exceed specified values.
- Dished heads are to be designed according to the provided equations, with symbols defined. Head thickness and flange requirements vary depending on pressure location.
required shall be added to the come. (f) reducers not described in UG-36(5), such as those made upof two or more conical frustums having different slopes, may be designed in accordance with (g). (g) when the half-apex angle (alfha) is greater than 30 deg (0.52 rad) , cone-to-cylinder junctions without a knuckle may be used, with or without reinforcing rings, if the design is based on especial analysis, such as the beamon-elastic-foundation analysis of Timoshenko, Hetenyi, or Watts and Lang. See U-2(g). When such an analysis is made, the calculate localized stresses at the discontinuity shall not exceed the following values: (1) Membrane hoop stress plus average discontinuity hoop stress shall not be greater than 1.5S, where the average discontinuity hoop stress is the average hoop stress across the wall thickness due to the discontinuity at the junction, disregarding the effect of Poisson s ratio times the longitudinal stress at the surfaces. (2) Membrane longitudinal stress plus discontinuity longitudinal stress due to bending shall not be greater than Sps (sec UG-23). The angle joint (see 3-2) between the cone and cylinder shall be designed equivalent to a double butt-welded joint, and because of the high bending stress, there shall be no weak zones around the angle joint. The thickness of the cylinder may have to be increased to limit the difference in thickness so that the angle joint has smooth contour. 1-6 DISHED COVERS (BOLTED HEADS) (a) Dished heads with bolting flanges, both concave and convex to the pressure and conforming to the several types illustrated in Figure 1-6 shall be designed in accordance with the equations which follow. (b) The symbols used in the equations of this paragraph are defined as follows. A= outside diameter of flange El rea efectiva de refuerzo se puede determinar de acuerdo con la siguiente frmula:
Cualquier rea adicional de refuerzo que
requiere, se aade a la por venir. (F) no reductores descritos en UG-36 (5), tales como los compuestos de dos o ms troncos cnicos que tienen diferentes pendientes, puede ser diseado de acuerdo con (g). (G) cuando el ngulo de media pice (alfa) es mayor de 30 grados (0.52 rad), uniones de cono y el cilindro sin un nudillo se puede utilizar, con o sin aros de refuerzo, si el diseo se basa en un anlisis especial, tales como el anlisis de haceson-elstico-fundacin de Timoshenko, Hetnyi, o Watts y Lang. Ver T-2 (g). Cuando se realiza un anlisis de este tipo, las tensiones calcular localizada en la discontinuidad no superarn los siguientes valores: (1) El estrs de membrana aro, ms tensin media discontinuidad aro no debe ser superior al 1,5 S, donde la "discontinuidad promedio aro de estrs" es la tensin media aro a travs del espesor de la pared debido a la discontinuidad en la unin, sin tener en cuenta el efecto de Poisson' Relacin de s veces la tensin longitudinal en las superficies. 2) Membrana esfuerzo longitudinal ms discontinuidad tensin longitudinal debido a la flexin no deber ser mayor que Sps (seg UG-23 ). La junta angular (ver 3-2) entre el cono y el cilindro debe estar diseado equivalente a una doble junta soldada a tope, y debido a la alta carga de flexin, no se establecern zonas dbiles alrededor de la articulacin de ngulo. El grosor del cilindro puede tener que aumentarse para limitar la diferencia de espesor de modo que la junta angular tiene contorno liso. 1-6 CUBIERTAS Forma plana (cabezas atornilladas) (A) cncavo cabezas con pernos bridas, tanto cncava y convexa a la presin y que se ajuste a los varios tipos ilustrados en la Figura 1-6 estarn diseados de acuerdo con las ecuaciones que siguen. (B) Los smbolos utilizados en las ecuaciones de este prrafo se definen de la siguiente manera. A = dimetro exterior de la brida B= inside diameter of flange C= bolt circle, diameter L= inside spherical or crown radius Mo= the total moment determined as in 2-6 for heads concave to pressure and 2-11 for
heads convex to pressure; except that for
heads of the type shown in Figure 1-6 sketch (d), Hd and hp shall be as defined below, and additional moment H, h (which may add or subtract) shall be included where : HD= axial component of the membrane load I the spherical segment acting at the inside of the flange ring. = 0.785B2P hD= radial distance from the bolt circle to the inside of the flange ring Hr= radial component of the membrane load in the spherical segment acting at the intersection of the inside cover thickness =HDcotB1 hr= lever arm of force Hr about centroid of flange ring B1= angle formed by the tangent to the centerline of the dished cover thickness at its point of intersections with the flange ring, and a line perpendicular to the axis of the dished cover. = arc.sin() NOTE: since Hrhr, in some cases will subtract from the total moment, the moment in the flange ring when the internal pressure is zero may be the determining loading for flange design. P= internal pressure (see UG-21) for the pressure on concave side, and external pressure for the pressure on convex side (see UG-28(f)) r=inside knuckle radius S=maximum allowable stress value (see UG-23) T=flange thickness t=minimum required thickness of head plate after forming (c) It is important to note that the actual value of the total moment Mo may calculate to pressure and the heads convex to pressure. However, for use in all of the equations that follow, the absolute values for both P ad Mo are used. (d) Heads of the type shown in Figure 1-6 sketch (a): (1)the thickness of the of the head t shall be determined by the appropriate formula in UG-32 for pressure on concave side, and UG-33 for pressure on convex side; B = dimetro interior de la brida C = circunferencia del perno, dimetro L = radio interior esfrica o corona Mo = el momento total determinado como en el 2-6 para los jefes de cncavos a presin y 2-11 para las cabezas convexa a la presin; excepto que para los jefes de tipo que se muestra en la Figura 1-6
boceto (d), HD y CV sern como se define
a continuacin, y momento adicional H, h (que puede sumar o restar) Se incluir: componente axial = HD de la carga de la membrana que el segmento esfrico que acta en el interior del anillo de brida. = 0.785B2P HD = distancia radial desde el crculo de pernos a la parte interior del anillo de brida Hr = componente radial de la carga de la membrana en el segmento esfrico que acta en la interseccin de la cubierta interior espesor = B1 HDCD h = brazo de palanca de la fuerza Hr sobre centroide del anillo de brida B1 = ngulo formado por la tangente a la lnea central del espesor de la cubierta en forma de plato en su punto de intersecciones con el anillo de brida, y una lnea perpendicular al eje de la cubierta en forma de plato. = Arc.sin () NOTA: desde RHIS, en algunos casos se reste desde el momento en total, el momento en el anillo de brida cuando la presin interna es cero puede ser la carga determinante para el diseo de la brida. P = presin interna (ver UG-21) para la presin en el lado cncavo, y la presin externa para que la presin en el lado convexo (ver UG-28 (f)) r = radio interior del nudillo S = valor mximo esfuerzo admisible (ver UG-23) T = espesor de la brida t = espesor mnimo requerido de la placa de cabeza despus de la formacin. (C) Es importante tener en cuenta que el valor real del momento total de Mo puede calcular a la presin y las cabezas convexa a la presin. Sin embargo, para su uso en todas las ecuaciones que siguen, se utilizan los valores absolutos para ambos P ad Mo. (D) Los jefes de tipo que se muestra en la Figura 1-6 boceto (a): (1) el espesor de la cabeza de la t se determinar por la frmula apropiada en UG-32 para la presin en el lado cncavo, y UG-33 para la presin en el lado convexo; B = dimetro interior de la brida C = circunferencia del perno, dimetro L = radio interior esfrica o corona the thickness of the skirt shall be determined by the formula for cylindrical shell in UG-27 for pressure on concave side and UG-28 for pressure on convex side:
(2) the head radius L or the knuckle radius
r shall comply with the limitations given in UG-32. (3) the flange shall comply at least with the requirements of Figure 2-4 and shall be designed in accordance with the provisions of 2-1 through 2-8 for pressure on concave side, and 2-11 for pressure on convex side. When a slip-on flange conforming to the standards listed in Table u-3 is used, design calculations per Mandatory Appendix 2 need not be done provided the design pressure-temperature is within the pressure-temperature rating permitted in the flange standard.
el espesor de la falda ser determinada
por la frmula de la carcasa cilndrica en UG-27 para la presin en el lado cncavo y UG-28 para la presin en el lado convexo: (2) la cabeza de radio de L o el nudillo radio r debern cumplir con las limitaciones establecidas en la GU-32.
(3) la brida deber cumplir al menos con
los requisitos de la Figura 2-4 y ser diseado de acuerdo con las disposiciones de 2-1 a la 2-8 de la presin en el lado cncavo, y 2-11 para la presin en el lado convexo. Cuando un deslizamiento en la brida conforme a las normas que figuran en la Tabla T-3 se utiliza, los clculos de diseo por el Apndice 2 obligatoria no ser necesario siempre que el diseo de presin-temperatura est dentro del rango de presin-temperatura permitido en la norma de la brida.
Er= modulus of elasticity of stiffening ring
material Es= modulus of elasticity ofshell material Ex= EoEr or Es NOTE : the modulus of elasticity shall be taken from the applicable Table TM in Section II, Part D. when a material is not listed in the TM tables, the requirements of U-2(g) shall be applied.
F1= axial load per unit circumference at
large end due to wind, dead load, etc., excluding pressure F2= axial load per unit circumference at small end due to wind, dead, load, etc., excluding pressure. I= available moment of inertia of the stiffening ring cross section about its neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell. I= available moment of inertia of combined shell-cone or ring-shell-cone cross section about its neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell. The nominal shell thickness, ts, shall be used, and the width of the shell which is taken as contributing to the moment of inertia of the combined section shall not be greater than 1.10Dts and shakk be taken as lying one-half on each side of the cone-to-cylinder junction or of the centroid of the ring. Portions of the shell plate shall not be considered as contributing area to more than one stiffening ring. CAUTION:Stiffening ring may be subject to lateral buckling. This should be considered in addition to the requerements for I, and I, (see u-28g))
debido al viento, carga muerta, etc.,
con exclusin de la presin F2 = carga axial por unidad de circunferencia en extremo pequeo debido al viento, muerto, carga, etc., con exclusin de presin. I = disponible momento de inercia de la seccin transversal anillo de refuerzo alrededor de su eje neutral paralelo al eje de la carcasa. I "= disponible momento de inercia de la seccin transversal del anillo-shellcono de concha cono o combinado alrededor de su eje neutral paralelo al eje de la carcasa. El espesor nominal de la cscara, ts, se utilizar, y la anchura de la carcasa que se toma como una contribucin al momento de inercia de la seccin combinada no ser mayor que 1.10Dts y agitar ser tomada como la mentira de la mitad de cada lado de la unin de cono y el cilindro o del centroide del anillo. Las porciones de la chapa de la carcasa no se considerarn como una contribucin zona a ms de un anillo de refuerzo.
Is= required moment of inertia of the
stiffening ring cross section about is neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell. Is= required moment of inertia of the combined shell-cone or ring-shell-cone cross section about its neutral axis parae to the axis of the shell. K= 1 when additional area of reinforcement is not required. = y/SrEr when stiffening ring is required, but k is not less than 1.0 L= axial length of cone Lc= length of cone between stiffening rings measured along surface of cone, in, (mm). for cones without intermediate stiffeners. = raiz Ll= design length of a vessel section taken as the largest of the following: (a) The center-to-center distance between the cone-to-large-shell junction and an
Precaucin: La rigidez del anillo
puede estar sujeto a pandeo lateral. Esto debe considerarse en adicin a los requisitos de I, y I ", (ver u28g)) Es = momento requerido de inercia de la seccin transversal anillo de refuerzo sobre es neutral eje paralelo al eje de la carcasa. I "s = momento requerido de inercia de la seccin transversal del anillo-shellcono de concha cono o combinado alrededor de su eje neutral parae al eje de la carcasa. K = 1 cuando no se requiere un rea adicional de refuerzo. = Por / servidor cuando la rigidez del anillo es necesario, pero k no sea inferior a 1,0 adjacent stiffening ring on the large shell;
Er = mdulo de elasticidad del material
del anillo de refuerzo Es = mdulo de elasticidad del material de la cscara Ex = ERES o ES NOTA: el mdulo de elasticidad ser quitado de la tabla TM aplicable en la Seccin II, Parte D cuando un material no aparece en las tablas de TM, se aplicar los requisitos de la T-2 (g). F1 = carga axial por unidad de circunferencia en extremo grande
L = longitud axial del cono
Lc = longitud de cono entre rigidizacin anillos medidos a lo largo de la superficie de cono, en, (mm). de conos sin rigidizadores intermedios. = Raiz Ll = longitud del diseo de una seccin de navegacin tomada como el mayor de los siguientes: (A) La distancia de centro a centro entre la unin de cono a gran concha y un anillo de refuerzo adyacente a la gran concha