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Retrospective Theses and Dissertations

1966

Numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations

for the entrance region of suddenly accelerated
parallel plates
Jerry Dean Pearson
Iowa State University

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Recommended Citation
Pearson, Jerry Dean, "Numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for the entrance region of suddenly accelerated parallel plates
" (1966). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3117.

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67-5611

PEARSON,Jerry Dean, 1939NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE NAVIER-STOKES

EQUATIONS FOR THE ENTRANCE REGION OF SUD
DENLY ACCELERATED PARALLEL PLATES.
Iowa State University of Science and Technology,
Ph.D., 1966
Engineering, mechanical

University Microfilms, I n c . , Ann Arbor, Michigan

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

FOR THE ENTRANCE REGION OF SUDDENLY ACCELERATED PARALLEL PLATES
by
Jerry Dean Pearson
A Dissertation Submitted to the
Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Major Subjects:

Mechanical Engineering
Computer Science

Approved:

Signature was redacted for privacy.

In Charge of Major Work

Signature was redacted for privacy.

Heads of Major Departments

Signature was redacted for privacy.

Dean

Graduate pollege '

Iowa State University
Of Science and Technology
Ames, Iowa
1966

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SYMBOLS

iii

INTRODUCTION

NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

FLOW PAST SPHERES AND CYLINDERS

22

FLOW IN A CHANNEL INLET

30

NUMERICAL METHOD

33

Initial and Boundary Conditions

37

Difference Equations

43

Successive Block Overrelaxation

47

Alternating Direction Implicit Method

57

Difference Initial and Boundary Conditions

60

Numerical Algorithm

63

DISCUSSION AND RESULTS

70

LITERATURE CITED

101

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

106

APPENDIX

107

Tensor Notation

107

Program Listings

111

Computer Output

132

Other Programs

189

iii

SYMBOLS
a

Radius

a^

Acceleration vector

A..
Xj
B

General tensor

B..

General tensor

Distance between plates

Drag

ij

Block Jacobi matrix

D..

Rate of deformation tensor

f^

General vector

ij

Specific body force

g

Body force potential function

g^

General vector

Distance increment

Node number in the x-direction

Identity matrix

Node number in the y-direction

Jacobian

Entrance length parameter (see Equation 56)

M+1

Number of nodes in x-direction

Time plane number

n^^

External normal vector

N+1

Number of nodes in y-direction

Order of

Pressure

iv

Relaxation factor or radial coordinate

Reynolds number

Distance

Surface area

Time

Difference matrix
Stress tensor

"^ij
u

Dimensionless velocity in x--direction

Characteristic velocity

^i

Velocity vector

Dimensionless velocity in y--direction

Volume

^i
X
^i
^i

Velocity vector
Dimensionless coordinate
Spatial coordinate
Material coordinate

Dimensionless coordinate

oc

h^/AT

ii

Kronecker delta tensor

Ax

Central difference operator

Ay

Central difference operator

A^x

Second difference operator

A^y

Second difference operator

Spherical coordinate or ADI parameter

0'

ADI parameter

0"

ADI parameter

e
^m,n

ADI parameter
Eigenvalue
Stream function convergence parameter
Vorticity convergence parameter

:iik

Epsilon tensor

Viscosity

Kinematic viscosity

Density

Spectral radius

Dimensionless time

<l>

Dimensionless stream function

Stream function vector
Stream function

Dimensionless vorticity

COi

Vorticity vector
Vorticity vector

"ij

Vorticity tensor

d
dt

Material derivative
Tensor del operator,

V2

Laplacian operator,
Laplacian operator,

g
a2

32

g2
32
2

INTRODUCTION
The difficulties associated with the mathematical solu
tion of the hydrodynamic equations for a viscous fluid are
such that in the two hundred fifty years since these equations
were first derived, only a very small number of particular
cases have been solved exactly.

This is true despite the fact

that many great mathematicians have studied the problem.

Two forms of the viscous hydrodynamic equations have been
derived. The most common is that form derived considering
spatial, or what are commonly called Eulerian, coordinates.
This form utilizes the velocity field as a function of posi
tion in space and time, u^(Xj,t), as the object of
investigation. The Navier-Stokes equations are a set of
equations of this form derived using particular assumptions as
to the forces within the fluid.

In principle, the Navier-

Stokes equations along with the continuity equation and a

knowledge of fluid properties allow the velocity field to be
determined for any time t > tg where an initial velocity field
is known, u^(Xj,to).
The second form of the hydrodynamic equations is that
derived by considering material, or Lagrangian, coordinates.
The object of investigation of the Lagrangian method is the
position of a particle of fluid at a given time, x^(Xj,t),
where X. is a label associated with the particle.
J

X. is often
3

the spatial coordinate of the particle at a particular time, tg.

The Eulerian and Lagrangian forms of the hydrodynamic

equations are related by
9x.(X.,t)
J

11.(v

4-^

Each of these forms of the hydrodynamic equations is a

set of nonlinear partial differential equations. For the
Eulerian or Navier-Stokes equations, the ratio of the charac
teristic magnitude of the nonlinear terms to the linear terms
is equal to the ratio of the inertial forces to the viscous
forces, that is, the Reynolds number. For the Lagrangian
equations, the ratio of the nonlinear terms to the linear
terms is the reciprocal of the Reynolds number. Thus the
linear terms are dominant for small Reynolds numbers in the
Navier-Stokes equations while the linear terms are dominant
for large Reynolds numbers in the Lagrangian equations.
In problems where the Reynolds number is large, it is
often most convenient to use the Lagrangian equations, even
though they are more cumbersome.

An example of this is pre

sented in the paper by Monin (30) on turbulent motion of an

incompressible viscous fluid. For low Reynolds numbers the
Navier-Stokes equations are the most convenient.
As was previously noted, many years elapsed with only
moderate success in the solution of the equations for flow of
viscous fluids. The most notable advancements of a practical
nature have been the boundary layer theory of Prandtl,

presented thoroughly by Schlichting (39), and various numeri

cal techniques, the first of which was given by Thom (45) in
1933. The development of fast digital computers in the middle
1950's made the numerical methods much more feasible and a
number of studies have been reported. This dissertation
reviews several of these investigations and describes a new
study of the time dependent Navier-Stokes equations by
numerical techniques. The particular example considered is
the unsteady laminar flow of a viscous fluid in the inlet
section between two semi-infinite parallel plates.
are compared with other available data.

Results

NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS
Cartesian coordinate systems are used throughout this
dissertation so that Cartesian tensor analysis is employed.
A few of the basic notations are presented in the Appendix.
A Cartesian coordinate system is set up in a region such
that the spatial coordinates of each point in the region are
given by

At a given time, t = tg, each particle of fluid

in the region is identified or labeled with its spatial

coordinate at that time.

This material coordinate is desig

nated by X^. Since the fluid is to be treated as a continuum,

the term particle of fluid is used here in the.same sense as
a point in a region, not in the sense of a molecule of fluid.
The position of a particle of fluid at time t > tg is then
given by
x^

X^(Xj,t)

Xj

Xj(x^,t)

The inverse relation,

is assumed to exist.

This assumption is physically justifi

able since the fluid particles are distinct and maintain their
identity. A given particle cannot be in two positions, nor
can there be two particles at the same position. Mathemati
cally, this implies that the Jacobian,

a(XifXzfXg)

a(Xi,X2,X3)
and its inverse exist.
A tensor variable, A..
, may be a function of either
1j
the spatial coordinates,

or the material coordinates,

^ij... " ^ij...(%%,t) .
Which argument is meant will be clear from the context.
Define
SA
ax.

9a(Xi,t)
axj

3A
3t

8a(x.,t)

dA

3a(X.,t)

at

3t

3t

and

9A
In the physical sense, yg is the change of the variable A with
time at a given position, while ^
dt is the change of A with
time for a given particle of fluid. ^ is often called the

material derivative with respect to time, as opposed to the

spatial derivative with respect to time.
The velocity of a particle of fluid is the rate of change
of position of that particle,

Vi

dx.
= -T- =

3x.(X.,t)
3t^

'

and the acceleration of a particle is similarly given by

dv.
^i " ~dt~" "

3 2x.(X.,t)
3t^

For any tensor A,

aa

dt

3t

3A(x.,t)
_
3t

,,
rJE_ +
dt

3A(x.,t)
i
9Xj

In particular.
dv.
^i

-diT

3v.
3t

+ V.3.V.

]: 1

dx,
1.
dt

The material derivative of the Jacobian, J, can also be

written in terms of spatial derivatives. Since

3(Xi ,X2,X3)
3(XI,X2,X3)

3x^
=

det

'W7

3xi
^ijk^ 3X.
1

3x9
8x3
3X. H 3X, ) '
J
K

then.

dJ
dt

e
ijk

Sx,

3Xi

dt (tv-)
3Xj^

3Xj

3Xi

ijki ax.

dt

3X'
jk*- 3X^ )-'>( 3Xj

3x3

3X.

3x3
(tx-)

3X3

3Xi

-)

at

9Vi
Cijk( ax.

9X2
3X3
9X. K 9X, )

9Xi
"* ^ijk^ 9X.

9V2
9X3
9X. ) 9X, )

9x2
9V3
9X. ) 9X, )

dXi

*" ^ijk^ 9X.

1

9Vi

9X.

9X1
^ijk^ 9X^

JI 9Xj
ax JI 9X, '

9V2
9X_
9X^ )( 9Xj

9Xi
9X2
^ijk^ 9X. )^ 9Xj
AY

9Vi
m

9v.

using Equation 58.

Therefore

9V2
9x,m

9X3
9X^ ^

9V3
9X

)(

9x_
m
9X,

9V3
9x.m

J9.V.
i i

dxidx2dx3

JdXidX2dX3

dV

JdVo

dt

1)

Since
,

or
,

where dV is an incremental volume in spatial coordinates and

dVo is an incremental volume referred to the initial coordi
nate system at time tg, J is a measure of the expansion or
contraction of the fluid and is called the dilatation.

From

Equation 1, it is seen that the divergence of the velocity is

the relative rate of expansion of the volume following a
particle.

For a constant density fluid there is no expansion

of the fluid so that J is a constant. Therefore dJ/dt = 0, or

from Equation 1

^i^i ~

for a constant density fluid.

The preceding paragraph developed a continuity equation
for a constant density fluid, but in the more general case the
following development is used.

Let V* be an arbitrary

material volume, that is, a volume whose boundaries move with

the fluid particles. Since there is no mass crossing the

10

boundaries, the mass of fluid within the volume is a constant,

so that

pdV

dt
V*

pJdVg

dt
V*

vS

+ p3.v.)jav

V*
Since the volume V* and thus V* is arbitrary, this results in
the equation of continuity

|- + p3iV.

2a)

or

at

v .9.p

+ p3.V.
^ X X

which gives

a .

9,(pv.)
"i'^'i'

0 .

2b)

11

These, of course, reduce to the previous result when p is a

constant.
9^v^

2c)

Let the stress tensor acting on a particle of fluid be

T.. and let the specific body force be F..
1J

Then the law of

conservation of momentum applied to a material volume V* with

surface S* and external normal n. results in

pv\dV

dt

T..n.dS +
]

pF^dV
V'

Upon applying Equation 59,

pv^dV

dt

BjTj^dV +

V"

V'

pv^JdVo

dt

pP^dV

V5

dv.
pj-^ + V.

+ pF^lJdVo

Vo

+ p-f) dVr

V*

From Equations 1 and 2a,

[ajTji + pF\]JdVo
V*

12

Therefore
dv.
dt - BjTji - PF.|jdVo

=
=

v:

Since V* is an arbitrary volume, this results in the general

equation of motion for a fluid.
dVi
dt

3a)

pp. + 3.Tj.

or

r ^^i

pp. +

3b)

Consider, now, a point P separated from a point 0 by the

vector dx\. The velocity of the fluid at P is then
9v

V? + S.v.dx. + Ofdx?]
1
]1 ]
^ i-*

The tensor SjV^ may be split into its symmetric and anti
symmetric parts by defining the tensors D j a n d

3jVi

i(3 .v.

3.V.) + |(3.Vj^

- S.v.) =

by

Dji +

13

Thus, to terms of order dx^.

V.
1

V.
1

+$2..dx.+D..dx.
ji

ji

4)

An antisymmetric tensor of second order such as Oj

has

only three independent terms. These terms can be associated

with the three components of a first order tensor by defining
U)i f

"i

^ijk^jk

ijk^2^

^ijk^j^k " ^ijk^k"il

.^ijk^j^k

^ikj^k^j

or

^i " ^ijk^j^k

In vector notation this is written

->
w

_
->
V X V

- ->
curl V

Upon inverting this relationship using Equation 57,

14

2 ^imn^ijk^jk

T'^mn - "nml '

or

^mn

2 ^imn'^i

Therefore

OjidXj = I Skii^k**]

= I =ikj*k3*i

= (j u) X dx

in vector notation.
Therefore the second term of Equation 4 can be inter
preted as a local rotation of the fluid about the point 0 with
an angular velocity of

Because of this, the vector

is

called the vorticity vector or simply the vorticity, and

is called the vorticity tensor.
The distance between the points 0 and P, ds, is given by

ds

= /dx.dx.
Y
11

15

The material derivative of this distance with respect to time

will then be the rate of change of the distance between two
particles of fluid.

dt

-(ds)

2ds

ds

dx.dv.
i i

ds dx.3.(v.)dx.
i"]t'i'

^[i 3 .V. ax.ax. + 1 3 .V.ax.axJ

^[|(3iV.ax.ax. + a.v.dx.ax.)]

D..dx.dx
ds "ijij

A locally rigid body movement of the fluid at 0 results if the

distance between particles is constant, that is, if

dt

(ds) =

Thus a sufficient condition that the instantaneous motion of

the fluid at a point is one which a rigid body could undergo
is that

= 0.

This is also necessary since the point P and

thus dXj^ is arbitrary.

is therefore called the rate of

deformation tensor as it determines the amount of local

deformation of the fluid.

16

The local instantaneous motion of the fluid at a point is

made up of the three parts shown in Equation 4.

The first

term is a translation, the second is a rotation, and the third

is a deformation of the fluid.

The first two are motions

which a rigid body could undergo, but the third is not.

Stokes (42, p. 80) assumes the following principle as to
the behavior of a fluid:
"The difference between the pressure on a plane
in a given direction passing through any point P of
a fluid in motion and the pressure which would exist
in all directions about P if the fluid in its
neighborhood were in a state of relative equilibrium
depends only on the relative motion of the fluid
immediately about P; and that the relative motion due
to any motion of rotation may be eliminated without
affecting the differences of the pressures above
mentioned."
Serrin (41) reduces this principle to four statements
regarding T.. and D...
Ij
Ij
(1) T.. is a continuous function of D.. and independent
1]
1J
of all other kinematic quantities.
(2) T^j does not depend explicitly on x^.
(3) There is no preferred direction in space.
(4) When D.. = 0, T.. reduces to -pa...
13
Ij
Ij
These statements express the intuitive idea that if a
portion of fluid is moving as a rigid body, the surface
stresses within the fluid should not differ from the case of
the fluid in equilibrium.
To the four statements of Serrin, a fifth is added to
linearize the resulting equations and arrive at the

17

Navier-Stokes equations.
(5) The continuous function of statement (1) is linear
in the terms of D...
1]

This is often called the Newtonian hypothesis.

Statement (5), along with statements (1) and (2), imply
that

may be written

^ij " ^ij

where

and

ijklkl '

are tensors whose terms depend only upon

the thermodynamic state of the fluid. Statement (4) implies

that
Ai^

-P'.j

while statement (3) implies that

Jeffreys and Swirles

(21,

is an isotropic tensor.

p. 87) show that the most general

isotropic tensor of the fourth order is of the form

Xij^ki +
where

X,

+ T(*ik*il - *il*ik) '

y and y depend only on the state of the fluid. Since

is symmetric and the last term above is antisymmetric with

respect to k and 1, the double contraction of these tensors
will be zero from Equation 58.

Tij

Therefore

+ ^^ij\Ai + ^^^ik^jl

+ 2%DLj

can be written

^il^jk^^kl

6)

18

By using the constitutive Equation 6, Equation 3 becomes

dVi
"-dt =

+ 'j - p5.. +

This results in the Navier-Stokes equations

dv.
7)
where y is the viscosity and

is the bulk viscosity of the

fluid.
For the case of constant density,

p ,

\k '
=

from Equation 2c.

Also assuming a constant viscosity, y, and

that the specific body forces can be written as the negative

gradient of a potential, g. Equation 7 can be written
dVj^
"dt~

3^(g + -^) + v3.

I .V. + 3.V.

]1

ID.

The last term is zero from the continuity Equation 2c so that

dv.
dt

- 9i(g +

+ v3j3jVj_

8a)

19

or
- 3i(9 + -f-) +

8b)

where v is the kinematic viscosity defined by

V
P

Equation 8 is the same equation given by Stokes (42,

p. 93).

ouse and Ince (37, pp. 193 ff.) state that essen

tially the same equation was derived by Navier in 1822 and

Poisson in 1829.

Both men derived the equation by considering

the forces between molecules. Saint-Venant in 1843 and Stokes

in 1845 derived Equation 8 on the basis of continuum mechanics.
The method used here is primarily from Serrin (41) and Aris
(3), but is much like that of Stokes in his paper "On the
theories of the internal friction of fluids in motion, and the
equilibrium and motion of elastic solids" (42, pp. 75 ff.),
updated by tensor notation.

Stokes also discusses the

theories of his predecessors in this paper.

The validity of the Navier-Stokes equations has been
studied both experimentally and theoretically. From a theo
retical study, Coleman and Noll (6) report that the NavierStokes equations are a complete first-order correction to the
theory of perfect fluids in the limit of slow motions. On the
question of speed, Truesdell (48) states that for water at one
atmosphere pressure, the rate of deformation of the fluid must

20

be on the order of 7x10^ sec~^ before the nonlinear terms need

be retained.

For gases at low speeds and most common liquids,

the validity of the assumption of constant density and vis

cosity has been experimentally verified where there are no
large thermal gradients.

This is discussed in Dryden,

Murnaghan and Bateman (12, pp. 89 ff.). For viscous liquids,

in particular, the viscosity is dependent upon the temperature
and large variations in temperature must be avoided.

McAdams

(28, p. 229) and Kays (25, pp. 102 ff.) both discuss nonisothermal flow.
Milne-Thomson (29) notes that in the flow of a continuous
medium practically all experimental evidence points to the
fact that on solid boundaries, the fluid adheres to the
boundary. The boundary conditions used with the Navier-Stokes
equations are, therefore, that the fluid velocity is the
velocity of the boundary at all solid boundaries.
It is often convenient to write the Navier-Stokes equa
tions in terms of the vorticity, to^.

By operating on Equation

8b with E^j%9j( )j^

9t

9)

Using the continuity Equation 2c and the relation

21
=

derived from Equation 58, the third term of Equation 9 can be

written

^ijk^j^m^m^k

^ijk

^ijk^^pm^qk ~ ^pk^qm^^j^m^p'^q

^ijk^npq^nmk^i^m^p^q

^npq^'^in'^jm ~ ^im^jn^^j^m^p^q

^ipq^j^j^p^q " ^jpq^j^i^p^q

- :ipg*i"i*p"q '

10)

Since

"i

"ijk^fk '

5)

using Equations 58, 2c, and 10, Equation 9 becomes

3(1).
3t

+v.3.a). =
]]1

a).3.v. +v9.3.U). .
]]1
]] 1

11)

22

FLOW PAST SPHERES AND CYLINDERS

It is instructive to look at one of the classical
problems of fluid mechanics, the flow of a viscous fluid past
a sphere or infinite circular cylinder. This is one of the
earliest and most studied problems in viscous hydrodynamics,
and illustrates the transition from the exact solutions
formerly used to the numerical solutions which are becoming
more popular.
The first solution was given by Stokes in his paper of
1850, "On the effect of the internal friction of fluids on the
motion of pendulums" (43, pp. 1 ff.). He made the assumption
that the velocities are so small that it is justifiable to
neglect the teirms in the Navier-Stokes equations involving the
square of the velocity.

This is equivalent to assuming that

the viscous forces completely dominate the inertial forces at

all positions of the region studied.

For the case of steady

motion, this assumption reduces Equation 8 to

0 =

- 3j|^(g + + v 3 j 9 j v %

12)

This linearization of the Navier-Stokes equations is often

called the equation for creeping flow.
Stokes solved Equation 12, together with the continuity
Equation 2c, for flow around a sphere with the boundary condi
tions of zero velocity on the surface of the sphere and a
constant velocity, D, in the x-direction at an infinite

23

distance from the sphere.

In spherical coordinates. Stokes obtained

2(|)' + 3(|) - (|)]sin2e

for the stream function. This results in velocities in the

r-direction and in the 9-direction given by

V.

where a is the radius of the sphere and U is the free stream

velocity.
By replacing

by

II-6

in the equation for the stream

function, it can be seen that the stream function upstream of

the sphere has the same form as the stream function downstream
of the sphere, that is. Stokes' solution does not predict a
wake downstream of the sphere.
By integrating the pressure over the surface. Stokes
obtained the equation for the drag on a sphere known as Stokes'
Law,
D

enyau .

13)

Schlichting (39, p. 16) plots this equation along with experi

mental results, and Dryden, et al. (12, p. 9) reports that

24

it holds up to Reynolds numbers of 0.5.

When Stokes applied Equation 12 to flow perpendicular to
an infinite circular cylinder, he found that the resulting
solution could not satisfy all the necessary boundary condi
tions. Langlois (27, p. 142) notes that the best solution
possible is one with a logarithmic singularity at infinity.
Stokes reasoned that the difficulty was due to physical,
rather than mathematical, phenomena. He argued that as a
cylinder is moved in a fluid, the quantity of fluid carried
with the cylinder continually increases so that a steady state
is never reached, while for a sphere the quantity of fluid
does eventually reach a maximum. The viscous forces tending
to carry more fluid with the sphere are eventually cancelled
out by the frictional forces of the fluid at a distance trying
to strip the fluid from the sphere.

This is known as Stokes*

Paradox.
Oseen in 1910, as reported by Lamb (26, p. 609) and
Langlois (27, p. 139), resolved Stokes' Paradox by criticizing
the assumption that viscous forces dominate inertia forces at
all points in the region.

He pointed out that at regions far

from the sphere, the reverse is actually the case.

suggested writing the velocity as

where

Oseen

25

Ui

U2

U2

and then neglecting terms of second order in

rather than

as was done by Stokes. For steady motion. Equation 8 then

reduces to
- 9^(g +
which is again linear.

+ vSjBjU^

14)

Oseen rationalized that Equation 14

is a much better approximation to Equation 8 at regions far

from the sphere, and at regions near the sphere the viscous
terms become dominant so that the left hand side of Equation
14 is negligible. Langlois (27, p. 144) shows that Oseen's
solution for the stream function is the same as Stokes' for
regions close to the sphere, differing only in terms of the
order of Rr/a, where R is the Reynolds number.

The drag on the sphere to one higher order of approximation

than Equation 13 is given by Goldstein (16) as
D

6nyaU 1 + |r + 0(r2)

The experimental results given by Schlichting fall between

this equation and Equation 13.
Lamb (26, p. 614) has solved Equation 14 for the case of

26

a circular cylinder.

As was previously noted, this solution

for the creeping flow equation of Stokes is not possible, but

when the inertia effects are partially taken into account, a
solution is possible.
No significant mathematical solutions were found for
these two problems until 1957 when Proudman and Pearson (35)
combined the equations of Stokes, Equation 12 and of Oseen,
Equation 14. They reasoned that Stokes' equation was valid
near the sphere and Oseen*s equation was valid far from the
sphere, so that a combination of the two equations would
result in a more accurate solution.

Thus, Proudman and

Pearson use two expansions; an expansion near the sphere which

satisfies Equation 12 and no-slip boundary conditions on the
sphere, and a second expansion far from the sphere which
satisfies Equation 14 and the boundary condition of a constant
velocity at an infinite distance from the sphere.

These two

expansions are determined in such a way that their terms match

at an intermediate distance from the sphere. Proudman and
Pearson give the drag on the sphere as
enuaU 1 + ^R +

R^lnR + 0

which is seen to match Goldstein's solution through the first

two terms.
They also utilize this technique for the flow past a
circular cylinder.
This brief history of a classical problem shows that even

27

for a hydrodynamic problem involving a rather simple geometry

the mathematical solution is not simple. Rather stringent
assumptions were made and the resulting equations were still
difficult to solve.

The approximations used limited the range

of Reynolds number for which the solutions were valid. Of the

solutions presented here, none are applicable for Reynolds
numbers greater than five.
Prandtl's boundary layer theory has also been used to
determine the flow field around cylinders and spheres as
reported by Schlichting (39). The results are accurate for
large Reynolds numbers up to the point of separation of the
fluid from the body.
In general, no analytical, as opposed to numeric, solu
tion exists for the flow around spheres and cylinders at
intermediate Reynolds numbers. In 1933 Thom (45) developed a
numerical technique which he used to solve for the steady
state velocity field around a circular cylinder at Reynolds
numbers of 10 and 20. In the solution at a Reynolds number of
20, two weak symmetrical vorticies resulted downstream of the
cylinder. These have been determined experimentally as
reported in Dryden, et al. (12, p. 11). At Reynolds numbers
of 35 to 45 according to Birkhoff (4, p. 80), and Happel and
Brenner (17, p. 40) the two vortices attached to cylinders
become unsteady and are alternately shed from the cylinder
into the wake.
Due to this phenomenon, a number of numerical studies

28

have been attempted for a circular cylinder with a Reynolds

number of approximately 40.

The most successful of these

appears to be Kawaguti (24) for R = 40, and Apelt (2) for

R = 40 and 44. The data of these solutions compare favorably
with each other and with experimental results.
Jenson (22) has solved the problem for flow past a sphere
at Reynolds numbers varying from 5 to 40, and notes that
separation, or vorticity formation, occurs at R = 17.
In all of these results no indication of shedding of
vorticies is noted.
Allen and Southwell (1) attempted the numerical study of
the flow past circular cylinders at Reynolds numbers of 10,
100, and 1000.

Their data do not correlate with experimental

data nor with other numerical studies as was noted by Kawaguti

(23) and Apelt (2).
Payne (31) has numerically solved the problem of a
suddenly accelerated circular cylinder at Reynolds numbers of
40 and 100.

He noticed no shedding of the vorticies at either

Reynolds number.
Fromm and Harlow in a number of papers (14, 15, 18, 19)
have discussed a method of solving the unsteady flow around
a rectangular cylinder.

The results compare, at least quali

tatively, with experimental vortex street measurements for

cylinders. The boundary conditions used for their earlier
results are rather artificial and would be difficult to
duplicate experimentally.

The 1964 paper (19) utilizes

29

different boundary conditions at the inlet and exit of the

channel and probably gives a closer approximation to experi
mental results.
The papers of Fromm and Harlow clearly show the develop
ment of the vortices and their shedding from the downstream
edge of the cylinder.

Asymmetric boundary conditions were

introduced upstream of the cylinder to aid in the development

of the vortex shedding. The 1964 paper also determines the
heat transfer from the cylinder.
The NASA publication of Trulio, Carr, Niles, and Rentfrow
(49) reports the study of the compressible flow around circu
lar cylinders at a variety of Reynolds numbers. The authors
also study the formation and shedding of vortices as did Fromm
and Harlow.

30

FLOW IN A CHANNEL INLET

This study is primarily concerned with the time dependent,
laminar flow of a viscous fluid in the inlet section between
two suddenly accelerated parallel plates.
The first solution of this problem, for the case of
steady motion, was that of Schlichting (40) in 1934. He made
the usual boundary layer assumptions of negligible second
partial derivatives in the direction of flow and of a negli
gible first derivative of the pressure perpendicular to the
flow. For boundary conditions, Schlichting assumed a constant
velocity at the inlet of the channel and a parabolic distribu
tion an infinite distance downstream, along with zero velocity
at the walls.

Two series solutions were used; the upstream

solution being a perturbation of the constant inlet velocity,

and the downstream solution being a perturbation of the para
bolic downstream velocity distribution. By matching the two
series at an intermediate point, Schlichting determined the
velocity field in the inlet region.
Collins and Schowalter (7) have determined more accurate
numerical data for the Schlichting solution by extending the
series to a greater number of terms.
Numerical solutions of the boundary layer equations have
been done by a number of people. Two, in particular, have
published results for inlet regions.

Hornbeck (20) solved the

boundary layer equations for the entrance region of a circular

31

pipe. Bodoia and Osterle (5) solved the boundary layer equa
tions for the inlet region of a channel and compared their
results to those of Schlichting. The comparison was not as
good as was expected, due to the matching technique used by
Schlichting, according to Bodoia and Osterle. Their data
compare much better with the data of Collins and Schowalter,
as might be expected.
Dix (8) solved the Navier-Stokes equations for the steady
state flow of a conducting fluid between non-conducting
parallel plates in the presence of a transverse magnetic
field.
Wang and Longwell (51) published a steady state solution
of the Navier-Stokes equations for the inlet region of a
channel. They reported the results of two cases. The first
is the classic case of a constant velocity at the inlet of the
channel, while the second is an attempt to make the inlet
boundary conditions more closely approximate experimental
results. They assumed a constant velocity profile some dis
tance upstream of the inlet and then calculated what the
velocity profile at the inlet should be.
With the use of digital computers, it appears that there
is a tendency of replacement of analytical methods of solving
complex differential equations by numerical methods.
Analytical methods have required restrictive conditions on the
equations of hydrodynamics to allow them to be solved.
Numerical methods allow the solution of the complete set of

32

Navier-Stokes equations, at least in two dimensions.

Some

methods are available for even the solution of the unsteady

Navier-Stokes equations.
It was proposed, therefore, to attempt the solution of
the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations for the case of a
suddenly accelerated channel by numerical methods.

Thorn (44),

Thom and Apelt (46, 47), and Russell (38) discuss techniques
of solving the two dimensional steady state Navier-Stokes
equations by numerical means.

The method used in this

dissertation is an amalgamation of these steady state methods

and Fromm's unsteady state method, together with newer
techniques of solving the resulting difference equations.
The numerical technique used to solve the difference equations
was a combination of a successive block overrelaxation method
for solving elliptic equations and an alternating direction
implicit method for solving parabolic equations. This tech
nique results in fewer calculations and in more stable
equations, so that less computer time is needed to achieve
steady state convergence.

33

NUMERICAL METHOD
The equations to be solved by numerical techniques are
Equations 2c, 5, and 11.

For two semi-infinite parallel

plates, the flow is two dimensional.

Therefore, Equation 11

can be simplified by noting that,

V3

and
33 (

These relations with Equation 5 establish that

w2

(1)2

~ 0 .

Let
(I)

)3

Equation 11 reduces to

ot

+ V.9.W
J J

V9.3.W
J ]

j = 1,2.

15)

Let the stream function, il>, be defined by

Vi

Operating on this equation with 3

-16)

34

*1?! =

SsiiSi]*

=
from Equation 58.

i,i = 1,2

Thus the introduction of the stream

function, iji, defined by Equation 16 means that the continuity

equation 2c is identically satisfied as long as the second
derivatives of the stream function are continuous.
Also
0)3
^Sij^i^j
^sij^if^sjk^k''')
= (*3k*i3 - *33*ik)3i3k*

i 1/2 .

17)

Equation 16 used in Equation 15 results in

^ + E
9t
"3ik"ir"k"

V9 .9 . u)
" D 3

j,k 1,2

18)

Equations 17 and 18 are two partial differential equations to

be solved for the vorticity field, to, and the stream function
field, iji.

In vector notation they become

35

and
Vji|) =

- w

20)

where

9xi

SXg

The velocities as given by Equation 16 are

V, = -|L

Va

21a)

21b)

If U is a characteristic velocity of a set of solutions

of Equations 17 and 18 with given boundary conditions, d is a
characteristic length, and v is the kinematic viscosity, let

vi
"IT

V2
"ir

Xl
/

and
X2

36

Then using Equations 21

u

vi

U
1

3$

3(1)
3y

22a)

'

where

- 1m~

Similarly
V

22b)

Transforming Equation 19 and 20 to this nondimensional form

results in

and
V^(p

oj

where
if_ +
3x^

3^
3y2

24)

37

and
R

_Ea_
v

R is, of course, the Reynolds number. In the pages to follow,

(j), the nondiitiensional stream function, will be called simply
the stream function. Similarly w will be called the vorticity,
and

t,

the time.

Initial and Boundary Conditions

Two different sets of initial and boundary conditions
were used to solve Equations 23 and 24.
The first set, case I, was the classical problem of a
constant velocity across the inlet of the channel after the
plates were accelerated at time

t =

0.

If d is the distance between the parallel plates, the

flow will be symmetric about the line.
y

= i .

Using this condition, the initial conditions for a suddenly

accelerated channel are

38

0 <

< L

0 < y 1 r
V

25)

where L is a large distance downstream of the inlet. The

boundary conditions are
u

0 < y < IV

T > 0

3u
9x

0 < y <1
V

T > 0

0 < X < L
y

26a)

26b)

T > 0

0 < X < L

26c)

and
3u
^
3y

y
V

T > 0

From Equation 5, using the nondimensional variables,

26d)

39

3u
3y

3V

3X

27)

At the inlet, from Equations 26a and 27,

w(0,y)

3v
3x

It is assumed that w is continuous at the inlet and that the

velocity of the fluid before it enters the channel has a
constant velocity of U in the x-direction with no velocity
component in the y-direction.
3v
3x

Therefore,
=

x=0'

or
w(0,y)

With this comment, the initial and boundary conditions

can be easily written in terms of the stream function and the
vorticity. If c is an arbitrary constant.
=

y + c

0 < X < L
0 < y < ^

28)

40

(j)

y + c

29a)

0 < y < Y
T > G

9 (j)
~

dX

29b)

0 < y < j
9 u)
9x

T > 0

0 <
>

ii
3y

<t>

b)

+ C

<

> 0

G <

> G

< L
0

29c)
f

< L
29d)

The second set of initial and boundary conditions to be

used, case II, is the same as that used by Wang and Longwell
(51) for the steady state.

The channel studied is imagined as

two interior plates in a cascade of similar plates.

The

velocity at a large distance upstream of the plates, L', is a

constant value D parallel to the plates after the cascade is
accelerated at time T = 0.

With a coordinate system attached

to the leading edge of a plate, the initial and boundary

conditions are

41

-L' <

< L

0 < y < r
V

-L'

0 < y < r
V

> 0

3u
9x

0 1 y < i
V

3u
3y

> 0

-L' < X < 0

y

> 0

0 < X < L
>

3u
3y

<

T > 0

and
-L* <
>

<

> 0

< L

1
r

In terms of the vorticity and the stream function, the

42

boundary conditions for case II are

(j)

y + c

-L* <

<

0 < y < 7

(j)

y + c

-L'

>
=

9 (j)
9x

0 < y < Y

T > 0

(t>

T > 0

-L'
y

0)

4)

3 <f>
9y

(J)

< L

T > 0

-5- + c

-L' <

31c)

T > 0

3Id)
f

< L

0)

< 0

T > 0

31b)

< X

0 <

31a)

0 < y < J

9 <i)
9x

30)

31e)

43

Difference Equations
If a function f(z) is expanded about the point

zq

in a

Taylor series

f(zo + h)

f(zo) + hf'(zo) + ^f"(zo) + x^"*(2o) + 0(h4)

f(zo) - gf'(zo) + ^f"(2o) - ^f'"(zo) + ofh^)

Similarly,

f(zo - g)

Adding these two equations and setting g equal to h results in

f(zo + h) - 2f(zo) + f(zo - h)
f"(Zg) =

+ 0(h2)
hZ

Also, upon subtracting the equations and rearranging,

f(zo+h) - f(zo-g)
f'(zo)

+ -12_Sl-f"(zo) + 0(h2 + g2)

h + g

If g is equal to h in this equation,

f(zo + h) - f(zo - h)
f'(zo)

+ 0(h2)

2h
With these results Equation 23 can be written

44

_L w(x,y,t + A t ) At
R

t o (x,y, t )j

+ 0(At )

w (x,y+h, t ) - w (x,y- h , t )

w(x+h,y,T) -

h2

w (x-h,y, t )

0 (x+h,y, t )

- 0(x-h,y,T)

(f)(x,y+h,t) - (j)(x,y-h, t )

+ 0(h2)

w (x+h,y, t ) + w (x-h,y, t ) + w (x,y+h, t )

w (x,y-h, t )

- 4w(x,y, t )

+ 0(h2)

32)

and Equation 24 can be written

[(j)(x+h,y, t ) + (j)(x-h,y, t )

(i)(x,y+h,T)

+ 4(x,y-h,T) - 4*(x,y, t )

33)

- w(x,y,T)

Let
=

nAt

- iAx

ih

jh .

and
Yj

jAy

+ 0(h2)

45

Also use the notation

and

*i,i

*(Xi,y

j'V

Then Equations 23 and 24 are approximated by neglecting the

higher order terms in Equations 32 and 33.
numerical method of order (h^ + AT).

This results in a

Douglas (9) has reported

a method utilizing an equation very similar to Equation 32

which is of order (h^ +

At^).

This method was tried but the

difference equations with the boundary conditions used were

not stable for large AT.

Thus the extra accuracy gained by

the method was not utilized due to the small AT necessary for
stability. Equation 32 was modified somewhat to allow for
derivation of the alternating direction method used in this
study.
Equation 33 is approximated by

*1+1,i + i-l.j + i.j+l +

" 4*i,i

and Equation 32 is approximated by

= "

46

n+0

n
R c n+0'
4h?

GAt

f n+0'

n+0' w n+0'

n+0' \r,n+0'

,n+0' >

.n+0' \

^ n+0'" , n+0'"
T n+0'"
^
^ "lo-l "

n+0"

hJ ?:r, +

35a)

Define the operators

62(f")

^Ij+i - ^Li-i '

fR
- 2f? . + f?
i+lrj
1-1,]
If]

and

+ "li-.

Then Equation 35a can be written

47

n+e

- 0)n
6AT

R
4h2

Ax(w*+*')Ay(*"+')

1 A2(w*+9") + A
h2

35b)

Successive Block Overrelaxation

Let it be assumed that Equation 34 is to be solved in the
rectangular region,
0 < i < M + 1

0 < j < N + 1

,n . given on the
with w? . given throughout the region and (jjV
1f J

^f J

boundary. Further, let the (Nxl) vectors

the (NxN) matrix T be defined by
n
i/l
n
i,2
Oi

,n
*i,M

$ 9 , and 0 and

48

*if 0
0

.n

*i,N+i

n
'i,i
n
"i,2
=

n
"i,N

and
4 - 1 0
-1

4 -1

0 - 1 4
T

where 1 < i < M. Then Equation 34 can be written

T. - i+t -

J^i + $i

1 < i < M

36)

49

Equation 36 can be solved in a number of ways, the best of

them outlined in Varga (50) and in Forsythe and Wasow (13).
The method used was the successive block or line overrelaxation (SBOR) iterative method described in both Varga (p. 194)
and Forsythe and Wasow (p. 266). This method was chosen as
it has a better asymptotic rate of convergence than the more
common successive point overrelaxation.

Also, due to the

simple form of T, it does not require much additional computa

tion. SBOR can be written as

37a)

37b)

1 < i < M

where the superscript [m] is the iteration parameter, and r

is the relaxation factor.
The tridiagonal matrix T of Equation 37a is easily
inverted to solve for

by Gaussian elimination as des-

cribed in the following algorithm.

Let Equation 37a be

written in the form

A X
where X and

are

(Nxl)

vectors and A is an (N x N ) matrix

38a)

50

-1

-1

0-1

Define the components of the vector f by

= I '

2 < j < N

a - fJ

38b)

Then X may be determined from the following algorithm.

9i

g^

fiKi

2 < i

fj[Kj + gj_i]

< N

38c)

and

N '
X. = Sj + fjXj+,

1 < j < N-1

38d)

With a = 4, this algorithm can be used to solve Equation 37a.

The value of r was chosen such that the asymptotic rate
of convergence was a maximum.

Varga (50) and Forsythe and

Wasow (13) show that this value of r is given by

51

39)

1 + /l - o2
where o is the spectral radius of the block Jacobi matrix or
the matrix of the method of simultaneous displacement by
lines. This value of r minimizes the spectral radius of the
SBOR matrix associated with Equation 37.
The block Jacobi matrix is the matrix of the method
described by

-i + (i +
4:1 + 4"!

1 < i < M

or
T

[m+i]

0 10
I

[m+i]

0 10

$0

*1

0
+

0
4

[m]'

52

where I is the (NxN) identity matrix.

The block Jacobi matrix,

B, is then

-1

'0

1 0

1 0

.- .

II
'

T-

"0

T-1 0

T-1 0
0

...

d"

T~1

T-1 0

. . .

Let X. be an (Nxl) vector with components X. .. Then

1
1y J

53

the eigenvalues of B are given by the solutions,

of the

equation
X,

X.

X,

X,

X,M'

m,n

XM'

When B is replaced by its equivalent and the equation put in

difference notation, it becomes

T-1X. . J . +

>^0.

1 i i ; M,

= ^M+1. =

Premultiplying fay T results in

%i-i.

%i+i.

^m,n^^i'

or

%i-i,i

^i+i,j

^m,n

^i,j+i " ^i,j-i]

40a)

Therefore the solution of the eigenvalue problem for B is

equivalent to the solution of the difference Equation 40a with

54

the boundary conditions

X o,j

X.
1,0

X.
i,N+l

X,

1 < i < M
1 < j < N

40b)

Since the boundary conditions imply that the solution

must reduce to zero at all boundaries, try a solution of the
form
X. .

sin pi sin qj

When this is placed in Equation 40a,

sin p(i+l) sin qj

+

sin p(i-l) sin qj

xj^sin pi sin q(j+l) + sin pi sin q(j-l) - 4sin pi sin qj

=

On applying the identity,

sin(a + b) =

sin a cos b + cos a sin b

this becomes
2sin pi sin qj cos p

2X^ ^ sin pi sin qj cos q

-4X_
sin pi sin qj =
m,n
f

55

Solving for

gives
m,n
X

cos P
2 - cos q

m,n

The first two boundary conditions of 40b are already satisfied

due to the form chosen for X. ..

To satisfy the third and

IfJ

fourth boundary conditions it is necessary that

sin p(M + 1)

sin q(N + 1)

This implies
P

m"" 1

'

1 i m

< M

'

1 i n < N .

Therefore

cosj^

\1 < m < K

2 - cos^^

11 < n < N .

This determines the MN eigenvalues of the matrix, B. Since

the spectral radius, a, is the maximum of the absolute values
of the eigenvalues.

56

= :::ivn

cosM+l_
^
n
2 -

or

2 [iM+lJ

r-i-v
iN+lJ

41)

Since both M and N will be greater than 10, the approximation

is within about 1 percent.

57

Alternating Direction Implicit tfethod

The solution of the numerical approximation of the para
bolic partial differential Equation 23 can also be accomplished
in a number of ways. Douglas (10) has described a number of
ways to solve parabolic equations.
The method used was an alternating direction implicit
(ADI) method described by Douglas (9). This is a further
modification of the method first used by Peaceman and Rachford
(32) and modified by Douglas and Rachford (11).
The ADI method results upon applying Equation 35 twice
per time step with two sets of values for 0, 0', 0", and 0"'.
The first half-step is taken with
0

0"

1
2
0

1
2

and
0

That is,
n+i/2
'ir j

42)

58

The second half-step is taken with

e

1
2

0'

'

1
- i
2

I"

'

and
1
2 '

and with n replaced by n+y.

n+i
n+i/2
jj)
- (1)

4h2 Ay(w^)A^(4*) -

At/2

43)

Subtracting Equation 43 from 42 results in

n+1 , n
"ifi
"i,i

o n+i/2

2"i,i

A t .2 c n+1
A^ f a ,
2h2"y

n\

- Ci)

When this equation is used in either Equation 42 or 43, the

resulting equation is that for the total time step.
n+1
n
"ifi " "i,i
4h2

At

2h2 . X

+ A'

yj

0)

^Ay(w*)Ax(*K) - Ax(w*)Ay(**)

n+1 +, 0 )n

59

Douglas (9) notes that the final term is of order (Ax)^.

When Equations 42 and 43 are written in matrix notation
rather than finite difference notation, they both require the
inversion of a tridiagonal matrix.

This is easily accomplished

by the algorithm defined by Equations 38.

However the method described by Douglas results in
simpler equations to

solve and

gives the same final Equation

44. Let oit

. be defined by
I/ J

- 4E?{Ay(w*)&%(**) - Ax(w*)Ay(+*)

AT

A^(a)* + 0)^) +

and let

1/1

n+i
w.

45)

be defined by
(Un
.
If3

- Ax(w*)Ay(**)

1 .2, *
. .
^A^(a)
+ 0)n)
+

46)

Subtracting Equation 46 from 45 gives

47)

Replacing this equation for u* in either Equation 45 or 46

results in Equation 44, so that the two methods are equivalent

60

for the total time step.

Let
cc

AT

Then Equations 45 and 47 can be put in the form

- 2=)w*

+ 2A^ + 2=)w*

+ I Ay(w*)Ax(**) - Ax(w*)Ay(**)

(Ay - 2=)w**^

A^Xw*) - 2= w*

48a)

48b)

These equations are both tridiagonal in form and can be solved

with Equations 38 for the values of the vorticity at time
(n+1) given the vorticity and the stream function at time n,
and the boundary values of the vorticity at time (n+1).

Difference Initial and Boundary Conditions

The initial and boundary conditions to be used with
Equations 37 and 48 are derived from the initial and boundary
conditions for the partial differential equations which the
difference equations approximate.
Expanding the stream function.

+*

61

From Equation 24,

-m

=
9x2

3y2

SO that

(j,n

|2 n
3X2 J
1,3-1

hi n
2

n
hi 3^())
6 9y3
1,3-1

Along the wall of the channel, j = 0,

9*1*

9*1*

0 < X < L

from Equation 29c or 31d. Therefore

,i

*2,0 - ir;,.+ 0(h:|

Solving for the vorticity and neglecting higher order terms.

n
*i,o

_
-

2(*i,o - 4i,i)
^2
h2

'

J 0 < i < M
1n > 0

With this relation, the initial and boundary conditions

for the finite difference approximations can be determined
from Equations 28, 29, 30, and 31.

62

For case I, with c = 0, M+1 = L/h, and N+1 = l/2h,

*1:

0 < i < M + 1

jh
>

*i,i

<

49)

0 < j < N + 1

0 < j < N + 1
50a)
n > 0

n
M+l,j

n
w'M+l,i

0 < j < N + 1
50b)

+S,0

n > 0

0 < i < M + 1
50c)

0)n
i,o

+,N+1

n > 0

'W

= (K+l)h

0 < i < M + 1
50d)

n
"i,N+i

For case II with M' =

<!>, ^

L'/h,

jh

n > 0

and M+1 = (L+L')/h,

0 < i < M + 1
51)

If]

0 < j < N + 1

63
,n

o'.j " 3"

0 < j < N + 1
52a)
n > 0

n
1,j

4),n
M,j

n
w'M,j

n > 0

0 < i < M'

0 < j < N + 1
52b)

*i,o

52c)
=

n > 0

M' < i < M + 1

>lc

52d)
n
'i,o

n > 0

h2

,n
i,N+l

= (K+llh

0 < i < M + 1
52e)

n
^i,N+l

n > 0

Numerical Algorithm
The method of solution of Equations 37 and 48 with
boundary conditions 49 and 50 or 51 and 52 is as follows.
Assume values are known for (ji" . and w?
0<i<M+l,
IfJ
IfJ

0<j<N+l, for a given value of n. Equation 48 could be solved
for 0)^^^ if the boundary values of the vorticity were known,
but Equations 49c and 5Id show that these boundary values are

64

a function of

which is in turn a function of

1f J
an iterative technique must be used.

. Hence
1f J

As a first approximation, the boundary values of the

vorticity at time n are used for the boundary values at time
(n+l). Therefore Equation 48 can be solved for an approxima
tion of the vorticity field at time (n+l). The solution is
only approximate due to the approximate boundary values used.
Equation 37 is then iteratively solved for the stream function
field corresponding to the approximate vorticity field.

At

each iteration, the downstream boundary values of the stream

function are changed to correspond with Equation 50b or 52b.
This new stream function is then used in either Equation 50c
or 52d to obtain a better approximation to the boundary values
of the vorticity on the channel wall, and the downstream
boundary values are changed as indicated by Equation 50b or
52b. Equation 48 is then solved with these better boundary
values and the process repeated until it converges.
This scheme is modified somewhat in practice so that
convergence of the iterative method is achieved.

Thom and

Apelt (46, 47) have reported, and it has been verified by

others, that changing the boundary values of the vorticity at
a solid boundary by the total amount indicated by the new
stream function can result in nonconvergence. Therefore, it
is common practice to change the boundary values by only a
certain fraction of the indicated change. That is, for the
(k+l)th iterate.

65

n+i,[k]
if 0

^n+1f[k+i]

0 < i < M + 1
or
M* < i < M + 1

53)

In this study a value of g of 0.5 was used following Thorn's

example. Other values may result in faster convergence, but
this type of optimization was not attempted.
The process is more easily visualized by means of a flow
chart. Let i, j, and n indicate the same variables as
previously. Let (k) be the counter for the number of itera
tions of the vorticity, or the outer iteration loop, and let
(m) be the counter for the iterations of the stream function,
or the inner iteration loop,

. and
J

. without the super-

If J

script iteration indicators are the values of the vorticity

and stream function when convergence has been achieved.

Upon

entering the flow chart, the values of w? . and (|)^ . are known
1f J

for 0<i<M+l and 0<j<N+l.

1f J

The boundary values which remain

constant will not be referred to in the flow chart.

The chart

is presented in Figure 1.
Once the stream function field at a given time plane has
been determined, the velocity components are easily found from
finite difference approximations to Equation 22,

,n
_
"i,j -

1 r.n

.n

66

-1

2h

,i
i+ifj ~

1 < i < M
1 i i 1 N
n > 0

54)

On the boundaries, the velocities are given by the boundary

conditions except for

un
i,N+i

h ['^i,N+i " *i,%J

'

1 < i < M + 1
n > 0

55a)

1 < i < N
n > 0 f

55b)

1 r.n
,n
2h[/M+l,j+l ~

n
u,m+I,D

and for case II

" ,0

1 < i < M'

n > 0

55c)

The tests for convergence of the iterative procedures are that

max
if j

n,[k],[m+i]

*1,]

,n,[k],[m]
If]

^ "s

and

max
if j G boundary

n,[k+i]

"i,j

n,[k]

~ ^ifj

^S

67

Since the maximum value of the stream function was known a

priori, it was not thought necessary to place a limit on the
relative change of the stream function, but only on the
absolute change.

Only the changing boundary values of the

vorticity were examined for convergence criteria since these

were the critical values which varied from one iteration to
the next.
The SBOR and the ADI methods were chosen to solve the
difference equations since they are two of the more powerful
methods.

Theoretically the ADI method is stable for all

values of

At,

but it was found necessary to limit

At

case, probably due to the boundary conditions used.

a large enough

At

in this
However,

could be used to achieve steady state in

less than 200 time planes with less than 20 minutes of

calculation time on an IBM 360/50.

Although not directly

comparable, Fromm and Harlow and Trulio, et al., required

thousands of time planes and hours of IBM 7094 time.

Figure 1.

Flow chart

MAIN

INITIALIZE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

[k] - X
_
n+1,[k] _
t,o
n+1,[k]
nri-l.J
n+l,Ck],[l]
n+l.J

l.o
V-i.j
9.ttri-l.J

f
APPROXIMATE
[k] - [k+1]

n+1

by

APPROXIMATE
solving Eg. 37) for

solving Eq. 48) for

by

.n+1,[k],[ja]
V

VORT

CORRECT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

on 9 and #

YES
by solving Eq. 53) for
n+l.tkfl]

",1

CONVERD

CONVERGED

n+l.[kfl].[l]_ n+l,[
W.J
*m,J

BCV

FINAL VALUES OF cp AND w

CORRECT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

on q)

n+1,[kj,[mj
n+1 ,Lk] ,[m+l] _ n+l ,[k] ,[m]

n+1,[k]

W.j

m.j

[m][nrt-l]
SF

70

DISCUSSION AND RESULTS

Equations 39 and 41 were used to determine the relaxation
factor for the method of successive block overrelaxation.
These equations are correct if the boundary conditions on the
stream function remain constant between iterations.

However,

boundary condition 50b or 52b was used in a manner such that

the stream function vector,

j f varied between iterations.

Therefore, rather than the block Jacobi matrix previously

defined, B, the block Jacobi matrix for this method becomes

10 0

0 I

0 10

0 T

0 10

'

0 10

0 I

71

The spectral radius of B, o(B), can be found by solving the

difference Equation 40a with the boundary conditions

%o,i

"

%i,o

- %i,N+i

^M+l,j

1 < i < M

1 < j < N .

^M,j

Using the same technique as was used to develop Equation 41,

sin pi sin q] ,
cos p
2 - cos q

m,n

1 - 1 p2 + q

As previously
q

nn
N + 1

1 < n < N

However, the fourth boundary condition results in a different

value of p.

This boundary condition gives

^M+l,j

p(M+l) sin qj

j
=

sin p M sin qj

or
sin p{M+l)

sin p(M)

72

A glance at a graph of the sine function shown in Figure 2

demonstrates that this relation can be satisfied around the
points (2m-l)II/2, l<m<M, if
P(M + j) = |(2m - l)n
P

(2m - l)n
2M + 1

Sin X
pM p(M+l)

jtt

^X
pM
Figure 2.

p(M + l)
Sine function

since the matrix B has been augmented by N rows and columns,

instead of the MN eigenvalues found for B, B has (M+1)N
eigenvalues.

The extra N eigenvalues are all zero and do not

increase the spectral radius of the matrix. Therefore the

spectral radius of B is given by

a(B)

1 -

n- flV +
Im+lJ

For the problem reported in this dissertation N+1 was 10, and
M+1 was greater than or equal to 60.

With these values, the

difference between the spectral radius of B and of B is about

one part in a thousand. Thus the use of Equation 44 is
justified.

73

The directed graph of B is not strongly connected so that

B itself is not irreducible although B was.

Therefore,

Equation 39 cannot be rigorously applied as the irreducibility

of B was used to derive it in Varga (50) and Forsythe and
Wasow (13). However, both Varga and Forsythe and Wasow con
jecture that this equation is a good estimate of r even though
it cannot be theoretically justified at the present time.
A Reynolds number of 50 was assumed in all the results
presented. This value is the result of a compromise.

Experi

mental results usually appear with larger values of the

Reynolds number.

However, as the Reynolds number increases,

the fluid requires a longer length of channel to achieve one

dimensional flow. This results in a larger number of mesh
points to calculate and more calculation to achieve conver
gence. The numerical equations also appear to become less
stable at larger Reynolds numbers so that more care must
be taken in the manner in which boundary conditions are
incorporated into the solution and in the size of the time and
distance increments.
The parameters for the convergence criteria and the time
and distance increments were chosen in a trial and error
fashion.

Reasonable values were first picked and then these

values were decreased until the solution did not change

significantly with the decrease.

The meaning of a nonsignifi

cant change was, generally, that the digit in the second

decimal place of the velocity, u or v, did not change.

The

74

final values used to calculate the results presented were

Eg

0.0001

0.001

At

0.05
0.001

h^/At

,
,

,
,

2.5

The value of was found to affect the stability of the

solution. With = = 1.25, the solution was almost, but not
quite, stable. The low order digits of the velocity field for
T > 0.10 were found to vary in a random fashion.
increased, however, the variation damped out.

As was

For a value of

= = 0.5 the solution diverged.

Since the velocity fields asymptotically approach the
steady s t a t e s o l u t i o n , i t w a s t h o u g h t t h a t a s m a l l v a l u e o f

At

could be used initially and then increased as the change of

the velocity field between time planes became small.

It was

found, however, that any value of = < 1.25 was unstable so

that larger time increments could not be used, even when
steady state was nearly reached.
From considerations of the change of the solution with a
change in the values of the convergence parameters and the
time and distance increments, it was estimated that the
velocities presented are within iO.Ol of the true value except

75

very near the channel entrance where the error may be as much
as 0.03 for case I at the early time planes.
This indicates that the use of two values of h might have
been beneficial, a smaller h near the entrance with a larger
h downstream.

A second possibility along this line which was

considered was the use of a transformation so that the value

of h would vary continuously from the entrance to the exit of
the channel.

Wang and Longwell (51) used the transformation

"

1 - 1 + cx

This idea was not used since the simplicity of the difference
matrix T depends on a constant value of h. It was decided
that an increase in accuracy could be achieved more cheaply by
decreasing h all over the net than by using a transformation
which increased the complexity.
Case II does not result in as sudden a change in the
derivative of the velocity as the fluid enters the channel as
does case I, and so the accuracy is not greatly affected by
the channel entrance.
Figures 3 and 4 present the steady state dimensionless
velocity in the x-direction for cases I and II. The arrows at
the right side indicate the parabolic profile to which the
solution should converge. It can be seen that solution near
the middle of the channel has not quite achieved this para
bolic profile, but is converging towards it. If the value of
M were increased the solution would, of course, more closely

76

approximate the parabolic profile.

However, it was found that

an increase in M did not alter significantly the velocities

calculated with M = 60 for case I and M = 75 with M' = 20 for
case II.
Figure 3 compares very well with a similar figure given
in Bodoia and Osterle (5). To the accuracy of the curve
presented in Bodoia and Osterle, the comparison is exact.
The steady-state velocity distributions calculated com
pare very favorably with other results available for
comparison. For example, Figure 5 presents the velocity in
the x-direction for case I.

Values of the velocity according

to Schlichting (40) are also given. It can be seen that after

the fluid has traveled about half a channel width downstream,
the comparison between Schlichting's results and those pre
sented here is very good. The variance near the entrance of
the channel is probably due to two causes.

In the first

place, Schlichting's results are based upon a boundary layer

solution which neglects the second derivative of the velocities
in the x-direction.

Although this is a valid assumption down

stream of the entrance, it becomes less valid near the

entrance. Secondly, Schlichting's results are not accurate.
Collins and Schowalter (7), as was previously noted, found
that the number of terms of the series solution used by
Schlichting was not sufficient to accurately compute the
velocities.
Unfortunately Collins and Schowalter present very little

77

data. They do mention, however, that their results very

closely match the numerical results of Bodoia and Osterle (5).
In their paper, Bodoia and Osterle present a curve comparing
the center-line velocity from their results with the centerline velocity of Schlichting.

This curve indicates the

Schlichting's dimensionless velocities are as much as 0.04

higher than the velocities of Bodoia and Osterle, and hence
of Collins and Schowalter.

This is approximately what is

shown in Figure 5.
Figure 6 presents a similar graph for case II.
Wang and Longwell (51) present the results of the steady
state solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for both case I
and case II. Their results are presented for a Reynolds
number of 300 so a direct comparison of the results is not
possible, but a general comparison gives very good correlation.
Wang and Longwell compare their data with Schlichting and
find that Schlichting's velocities are as much as 0.03 higher
than theirs for case I as was noted by Bodoia and Osterle, and
also noted in Figure 5.
A point of inflection in the profiles of u versus y was
noted by Wang and Longwell which was not found in Schlichting's
results, nor in the results of Bodoia and Osterle.

This

phenomenon is also found in the results presented here for

case I, but as can be seen from Figure 5 it is not as evident
as in Wang and Longwell.

Wang and Longwell also report a

point of inflection for case II which the results presented

78

here do not show.

value of h and

When tests were being run to determine the

to be used in this investigation, it was

At

found that large values of h or

At

resulted in very distinct

points of inflection for case I. As the values were decreased,

the peaks at the edge of the channel became less distinct
until the height of the peaks for the results presented here
is less than the predicted error.

It is, therefore, thought

that the points of inflection reported by Wang and Longwell,

and shown in Figure 5 to a lesser extent, are due to the
effect of the sudden change of the derivative of the velocity
at the entrance of the channel on the numerical method.
Figures 7 and 8 present the velocity profiles for cases
I and II at time

= 0.02.

As would be expected, the profiles

are flatter than for the fully developed case as the effect
of the walls has not been completely carried throughout the
channel.
The transverse or y-velocity, v, is shown in Figures 9
and 10.

The value of v is larger for case I due to the sudden

effect of the channel wall, rather than a more gradual effect

experienced in case II.
The entrance or development length compares very favor
ably with values reported by Schlichting, Bodoia and Osterle,
and Wang and Longwell.

Arbitrarily defining entrance length

as the distance from the inlet at which the center-line

velocity reaches 98 percent of its asymptotic value, the
results can be expressed in the form

79

=
where

IR

56)

is the entrance length divided by the channel width

and R is the Reynolds number based on the channel width. The

following values for 1 have been reported.

Table 1.

Entrance length

Reference

Schlichting (40)

0.034

Bodoia and Osterle (5)

0.034

Wang and Longwell (51)

Case I
Case II

0.0335
0.034

Pearson
Case I
Case II

0.034
0.036

All of these comparisons with existing data are for the

steady state case.

There was no data available to directly

compare the time dependent solution.

A one dimensional, time

dependent solution of the constant pressure gradient problem

is given in Rouse (36, pp. 221 ff.). The boundary conditions
for this problem and the problems presented here are different;
Rouse using a constant pressure gradient, and the solutions
presented here having a constant flow rate.

However, a quali

tative comparison shows similar time constants and similar

80

shaped curves as shown in Figure 11.

Figures 11 and 12 show the downstream velocities as a
function of time for both cases I and II.

As would be

expected, the effect of the entrance boundary conditions is

damped out so that there is no significant difference between
the two cases for x greater than 1.7 or 1.8.

Figure 12 shows

that steady state has been achieved for any time x > 0.14.
The numerical data from which these graphs were drawn is
presented in the Appendix.
The method of solution used here is applicable to a wider
variety of problems than those presented.

Using this tech

nique, the laminar velocity field for many two-dimensional

rectangular regions can be determined if only the velocities
on the boundaries of the regions are known. If, as is the
case in the problem presented here, the velocities on some
portion of the boundary are not known, but the derivatives are,
the problem can probably still be solved, but the determina
tion of the relaxation parameter becomes more difficult.
It is also felt that the solution of the Navier-Stokes
equations for regions other than rectangular could be accom
plished with some thought as to possible transformations of
the region and as to the meaning of the vorticity at sharp
projections into the region. Thom and Apelt (46) have dis
cussed these problems for the steady state case.

As was

previously noted, the use of transformations results in a more

complex set of equations to be solved.

Whether the extra com

plexity is worth while will depend upon the problem to be

solved.

I
\

Figure 3.

u as a function of x and y for case I, steady state

y =0.50
0.40
<-

0.30
0.25

1.0
<

0.20

0.8

0.15

0.6

0.10
0.4
-6- 0.05

0.2

0.0

OO

CASE

0.4

08

R = 50

1.6

2.0

2.4

2.8

3.2

Figure 4.

u as a function of x and y for case II, steady state

$-

0.40
0.30

CO

0.05
CASE IC

-Q8

-0.4

50

2.0

2.4

2.8

Figure 5.

u as a function of y and x for case I, steady state

O - Schlichtings data (40)

y
Ol

K)

ro
Ol

OO

0.50
U

VELOCITY PROFILE T =0.18

Case I Reynolds Number = 50.

1.00

1.50

Figure 6.

u as a function of y and x for case II, steady state

CO
00

u
VELOCITY PROFILE T =0.18
Case IE Reynolds Number = 50.

Figure 7.

u as a function of y and x for case

o
o
p
N

Ol

Ol

OJ

Ol

Ol

ro
Ol

ro
Id

Ol

0.50

80

VELOCITY PROFILE
t = 0.02
Case I
Reynolds Number = 50

1.00

1.50

Figure 8.

u as a function of y and x for case II, x = 0.02

b
o

5
Ol

ro

O)
O

en

Ol

Ol

Ol

Ol

p
ro

Ol

Oo

0.50
U

VELOCITY PROFILE T = 0.02

Case n Reynolds Number = 50.

t.OO

1.50

Figure 9.

v as a function of y and x for case I, steady state

94

0.4
0.05
CASE I
0.3

0.10

R = 50
T = 0.18

0.15
V

0.2

0.20
X

=0.25
X

0.0

00

0.2

= 0.4

03

0.4

0.5

Figure 10.

v as a function of y and x for case II, steady

State

96

X = 0.00
0.2

-0.0
V 0.1

-0.10
-0.20

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.4

05

CASE H
R =50.
T =0.18

005
0.10

V 0.1

0.20
X = 0.40

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.3

0.2
y

0.4

05

Figure 11.

u as a function of y and

for x = 2.75

98

0.18

1.0

0.5

0.06

0.04
U

0.02

T = 0.01

CASES

I^H

R = 50
X = 2.75

00

02

04

06

08

Figure 12.

u as a function of

and y for x = 2.75

y = 0.50
0.40

1.4

0.30
0.25

1.0

0.20

0.8

0.15

0.6

O.IO

0.4
0.05

0.2

0.0
QO

CASES
R = 50

0.02

0.04

2.75
0.06

0.08 .r 0.10

012

0.14

0.16

0.18

101

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a circular cylinder. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 4:
81-86. 1958.
32. Peaceman, D. W. and Rachford, H. H., Jr. The numerical
solution of parabolic and elliptic differential equations.
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Journal 3:
27-41. 1955.
33. Prager, William. Introduction to mechanics of continua.
Chicago, Illinois, Ginn and Company. 1961.
34. Prandtl, L. and Tietjens, 0. G. Fundamentals of hydroand aeromechanics. New York, New York, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc. 1934.

104

35. Proudman, Ian and Pearson, J. R. Expansions at small

Reynolds numbers for the flow past a sphere and a
circular cylinder. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 2: 237-262.
1957.
36.

Rouse, Hunter, editor. Advanced mechanics of fluids.

New York, New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1959.

37.

Rouse, Hunter and Ince, Simon. History of hydraulics.

Iowa City, Iowa, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research,
State University of Iowa. 1957.

38.

Russell, D. B. On obtaining solutions to the NavierStokes equations with automatic digital computers. Great
Britain Aeronautical Research Council Reports and
Memoranda No. 3331. 1963.

39. Schlichting, Hermann. Boundary layer theory.

New York, Pergamon Press. 1955.

New York,

40. Schlichting, Hermann. Laminare Kanaleinlaufstromung.

Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 14:
368-372. 1934.
41. Serrin, James. Mathematical principles of classical
fluid mechanics. In Flugge, S., editor. Encyclopedia of
Physics. Vol. 8/1. pp. 125-263. Berlin, Germany,
Springer-Verlag. 1959.
42. Stokes, George Gabriel. Mathematical and physical papers.
Vol. 1. Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press.
1880.

43. Stokes, George Gabriel. Mathematical and physical papers.

Vol. 3. Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press.
1901.
44. Thom, A. The arithmetic of field equations.
Quarterly 4: 205-230. 1953.

Aeronautical

45. Thom, A. The flow past circular cylinders at low speeds.

Royal Society of London Proceedings A141: 651-669. 1933.
46. Thom, A. and Apelt, C. J. Field computations in
engineering and physics. New York, New York, D. Van
Nostrand Company, Inc. 1961.
47. Thom, A. and Apelt, C. J. Note on the convergence of
numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations.
Great Britain Aeronautical Research Council Reports and
Memoranda No. 3061. 1958.

105

48. Truesdell, C. The mechanical foundations of elasticity

and fluid dynamics. Journal of Rational Mechanics and
Analysis 1; 125-300. 1952.
49. Trulio, John G., Carr, William E., Niles, William J.,
and Rentfrow, Richard L. Calculation of two-dimensional
turbulent flow fields. National Aeronautics and Space
Administration Contractor Report NASA CR-430. 1966.
50.

Varga, Richard S. Matrix iterative analysis.

Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1962.

Englewood

51. Wang, Y. L. and Longwell, P. A. Laminar flow in the

inlet section of parallel plates. American Institute of
Chemical Engineering Journal 10; 323-329. 1964.

106

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am, of course, particularly indebted to Dr. George K.
Serovy for his guidance and criticism during the preparation
of this dissertation.

Also a certain amount of financial

freedom was afforded by a traineeship from the National

Aeronautics and Space Administration for which I am thankful.
Finally, the computer time used in the project was given by
the Computer Center at Iowa State University. For this, I am
also appreciative.

107

APPENDIX
Tensor Notation
Since the geometry of the inlet of parallel plates is
most naturally described by a Cartesian coordinate system,
Cartesian tensor analysis was used.
The equations of hydrodynamics were derived in three
dimensions so that all tensor subscripts ranged over the
values of 1, 2 and 3 unless specifically noted otherwise.
A convenient notational convention usually employed with
tensor analysis is the summation convention.

If a particular

subscript appears twice in any term of an expression, that

term actually stands for the sum of three terms obtained by
giving the subscript the values 1, 2 and 3. For example

^ii'"'

^1 1 ^ ^22'^

or

^ij...

..

^ii

^ ^i2''' ^2k'

+ ^13... 3k... '

~ 1,2,3.

When two subscripts of a tensor are made the same so that the
summation convention is brought into use, the operation is
called contraction with respect to the two subscripts.
Two useful tensors are the Kronecker delta,
epsilon tensor,

and the

The Kronecker delta tensor is defined by

108

i = j
i 7^ j

and the epsilon tensor is defined by

"

Cijk

= <

'

if ijk form an even

permutation of 123,

'

if any two of ijk

are alike,

'

if ijk form an odd

permutation of 123.

It is easy, but tedious, to show that

^ijk^imn

^jm^kn

^jn'^km

'

by taking all possible values of j, k, m, and n.

This

relation is proved in Jeffreys and Swirles (21, p. 73).

A tensor is called symmetric with respect to two sub
scripts if

^ij

~ '^ji '

and antisymmetric if

^ij

^ji

A useful result of tensor analysis is that the double con

traction of any symmetric tensor with an antisymmetric tensor
results in a null tensor. That is, if

109

and
=

-Bji

then

^ij... ij... ~

2(^1]...

j. ^

... ij...
=

j )
ij... )

iC&ij... ij... ~ Aji... Bji,,, )

... ij... ~

58)

In particular

^ijk^jk... -
The operator 8^( ) is defined by

3.A.
i jk*

3x^

This operator is the same as the del operator in vector

notation.
Occasion will also be found for use of Gauss' theorem, or
the divergence theorem. This theorem is proved in many texts
such as Prager (33, p. 28) and Jeffreys and Swirles (21,
p. 193). In tensor notation as given by Prager it takes the
form

110

:iAik...dv

59)

where V is a volume, bounded by the surface S consisting of a

finite number of parts with the continuously turning, external
normal, n^^.

This equation can be put in a variety of forms by

selective contraction or by choosing various forms for the

tensor A.,
]k'''
Cartesian tensor notation is related to vector notation
by results such as
? * g

fiSi
^ijk^j^k
3^8

= 1X g
=

78

grad 6

V ? =

div ? ,

V X =

curl ? .

and
^ijk^j^k

Ill

Program Listings
The flow chart presented in Figure 1 gives the essential
details of the method of solution so that a flow chart of the
main program and each subprogram will not be presented. How
ever, a complete listing of each routine for case I is given
in Figures 13 to 20.
Two changes from the notation given in body of the
dissertation should be noted.

The x and y directions are

reversed so that x is the direction perpendicular to the flow

and y is the direction parallel to the flow. The second
change is that the program is not written using the nondimensional variables.

The time, as used in the program, is

actually vt as given in the previous description.

MAIN routine
MAIN functions as the executive routine for the program,
besides initializing the boundary conditions of the vorticity
each time VORT is entered as shown in Figure 1.

The two

matrices, VORTA and VORTB, as defined in MAIN are alternately

the new and old vorticity matrices. STRFN is the stream
function matrix at the present time plane. The other vari
ables are housekeeping variables to control such things as
output, change of time increment and completion of the program.
MAIN is composed of

two

separate sections which are

identical in logical structure. The first section consists of

the lines from statement 1 through statement 6+1. This

112

section is used to calculate the new vorticity, VORTB, from

the old vorticity, VORTA. The second section, statement 7
through statement 12+2, is used to calculate the new vorticity,
VORTA, from the old vorticity, VORTB.
Statements 1 through 3 and statements 7 through 9
initialize the boundary conditions of the vorticity as shown
in Figure 1. Other statements update parameters and call
routines as required.
Subprogram INIT
INIT is the initialization routine.

It is used to input

parameters, output a heading, initialize parameters, and to

input the initial conditions for the vorticity and the stream
function.
The important variables are described as follows;
VORT(I,J)

Initial vorticity matrix

STRFN(I,J)

Stream function matrix

Number of nodes in the x-direction

Number of nodes in the y-direction

Distance increment

DELT

Time increment

VIS

Kinematic viscosity

VEL

Inlet velocity

RELAX

Relaxation parameter

Statements 1-1 through 2 are used to calculate the

113

vectors f of Equation 38b for the SBOR and ADI methods.

Statements 2+5 through 3 set the initial conditions for the
vorticity and the stream function.
Subroutine PRNT
PENT is the routine used to output data.

Each time PRNT

is called the matrices STRFN and VORT are output onto a peri
pheral tape.

Also at specified intervals the values of u and

V, the velocity fields, are calculated from Equations 54 and

55 and output on the printer.

The subroutine as listed is for

case I. For case II some of the boundary values of the

velocities must be changed.
Subroutine VORT
VORT is the subroutine which calculates the new value of
the vorticity, VORTB, from the old, VORTA. This is done by
the ADI method of Equation 48. Figure 1 presents a simplified
flow chart of VORT. As can be seen from the flow chart, VORT
calls subroutine SF to calculate the stream function matrix
associated with VORTB and calls the subroutine BCV to calcu
late the corrected boundary values of the vorticity from this
stream function matrix.
The temporary storage matrix AMAT is used for two pur
poses. The interior locations are used to store the right
hand side of Equation 48a. This is calculated by statement 1.
Also the first column and the first row of AMAT are used to
store the vector g of Equation 38c for the solution of

114

Equations 48a and 48b.

Equation 48a is solved by statements

2 through 4 using the algorithm of Equation 38.

0)* is temporarily stored in the matrix VORTB.

The value of

Then Equation

48b is solved by statements 4+1 through 6, These statements

put the values of

into the matrix VORTB.

Subroutine SF
Subroutine SF is called by VORT to calculate the new
stream function matrix, STRFN, associated with the vorticity
matrix, VORT. It does this by means of the SBOR technique
described by Equations 37.

A simplified flow chart is shown

in Figure 1.
TMAT in STRFN is used in the same manner as was AIIAT in
subroutine VORT.

Statements 1 through 2 place the right hand

side of Equation 37a into the interior locations of TMAT.

Then the first column of TMAT is used to store the vector g
of Equation 38c.
through 4.
^^|m+l] _

Vector g is calculated by statements 3+3

Statements 4+1 through 5+2 calculate

and store this vector in the first column of

TMAT. The maximum value is then determined. Statement 6

calculates

from Equation 37b, and the downstream

boundary conditions are changed according to Equation 50b or

52b by statement 7. Statement 7+1 then checks the maximum
change of the stream function between iterations to determine
whether or not another iteration is required.

115

Subroutine BCV
Subroutine BCV calculates the corrected boundary values
of the vorticity from the stream function.

It also checks the

difference between the old and new boundary values to deter

mine whether the vorticity field has converged. The listing
of BCV is for case I. For case II, the boundary values are
calculated only along the actual wall of the channel.
Subroutine DTCHAN
Subroutine DTCHAN is the routine used to change the value
of the time increment, BELT, or to change the number of time
planes calculated before the data is output. DT(I) is a
vector of eight time increments which may be used, NT(I) is
the number of times the time increment DT(I) is to be used,
and MTAP(I) is the number of time planes to be calculated
before the data is output onto tape. When DT(I) is zero, this
routine completes the program.

Figure 13.

MAIN routine

117

C ( . W ' M 0N r . O N A , C O N P t C n .VC , O F L T , F R $ , h i f t V , F R S M A X , f a V 4 A X , H , H . S Q ,
1 f K O O C V , M , % I . , 2 , h 3 1 M A X 1' r S M A X I T V ^ M A X P R N , M A K ' T A P , N , N 1 / N 2 ,
2 N : 3 : , . \ I I S , M r v ' . N P H N , M A P , M C i - A K , t y T ; ! M E ,R E L A X H , R I I S O ,
3 VV.I , V ] S , 0 i ( 8 ) , M A P I 3 ) , N T ( 8 ) , S T R ' F ; N ( 1 5 , 1 0 0 ) , V F C S F ( 1 5

/, v'FiCVf 100 ) ; !
V C R T A ( 1 5 , I O C , V C R T B ( 1 5 ^ 1 0 0 )
:
!

OliXPNSinN
p a us f

M:'.VT N O
10
: ;
L A L l I M I T (VQRTA)
. !
D f i ; i2 I - I,

VnRTB(1,1)

=: :VCRTA( I

vl:rt8 ( i , ni =1 i V C R l A ( I , \
ni!! % J = 2 , M l ;
i
V O R T l M I , J I = ; i V O K T A ( 1, J
VHR'TP ( y . J ) =; iVOKTAIN't J
C A L L vcrt(V
"I 1 M ' E = T I f ' F ; + : D F L T
NTIME = KTIYE; - 1
M'a'P = f-iTAP H 1

dklTA, V0PT3);

1 Fi ;(N TAP ) 1
mti'p
C /-'L:L

,y

= , i ax tap
PPM

( vriRTti)

l f '(>iTIFr: ) 13,;6,7
CAlL UTCHAK i ;
ntap

O f

I = 1,M|

'axta'p

t 1;

y r i R T A ( 1 , 1 ) = MV G K T C (I
V r ' R T A ( 1 , N ) = M VD R T 3 ( I , K )
D C :0 J - 2,Vi;
^
V C R T A ( 1 , J ) = ivCRTB( 1 , J 5
V C K T A ( M , J ) =' i v C R T O 1 M , J )
C A L L V O i a C V O P T B , V C R T A )'
llr'F = T 1 Mi- + C f - L T
IT
c - 1
-N T A P = N T A C - !.
ir' '(NT AP ) i 3 , 1 0 , 1 1
N f A ' P ^ M A X : Ap',

10

1-iCALL PPM (V CRT A)

11 1 I - ( , M T I M F ) I 3 , ' 1 2 , 1
1 2 C A L L D I E HAT: M '
NT^P = M AX TAP;
OF' ; T 0 1
: i

13 CA LL RUN (10): |
WR:ITE( 1 5 , ] 0 I ) ;
SLUP 1
' :
1 0 1 FGPMA r ( ' R E M Q V E A M ) S A V E T A P E U5 2 7 ' )
E r..bi

Figure 14. Subroutine INIT

119

SUHkdJTINE rVIT (VCkT)-:

ji
| I
M
C nlMis UN C CiN A , Cb K h , CflNC , DE L T, F K S , C PV , FR S M A X,:FR V -lA X, H , HSp ,
r i Nb D C V , H , 1 ,M 2, 3 1 a x .i :T s , M a x I r v i , M A X P R N , M a I x T A P , N , N 1 . N f
? Nil:, i \i ts.iml TV:,NPRW ,nta ?i, n t c h a n ,NTil m e , r e l axi, k h , RHSO,t!imF,
3 VEL,VIS,01 ( 3') , X T A P ( B ) i , N T ( 8 ) , S T R F ; N ( 1 5 , 1 0 0 ) i , V E C S F ( 1 5 ) ! , ! '

4 vucvi rcc)
i :
' ;
DiMNSinN vnkT( I5,icc)i ;

M
! i

M
r:

R E'Ah ( 1 , 1 0 0 )
N,PAXITV,MAXITS, w AXPRN
RFAul 1 , 1 0 1 ) : H V I S , V R L , F R V y A X , r R S M A X

i i
j i

RE'AO( 1 , 1 0 2 ) h:T
r f a h ( 1 , 1 0 3 ) MT
READ ( 1 , 1 0 3 ) IMTAP
REAb( 1, 104) : ;

Rf'Ab( 1,105) i
w R i i : T F ( 3 , 104): ;

!
j

; :

I !

'
:
; ^

:
! !
i i

j I
| :
! ;

i "
i
:

!!
I;

! :

i :

j:

i
! i

WR'1;TF( 3 , 1 0 5 ) ' :
' i
I ! '
i i
i
WR:I:TF(10) >^'i\!,MA>ITV,MA'xiTS,H,V[;S;,VEL,ERVM|A;X,ERSMAX j
KTCMAM
i
M
i i
I i
I
REIAX = ? . / ( i l : . + SQRT('l!.
'!

= 1 ;

1 (ir.

'

|
j

i
i '

- (1. -! 0.5*3.i4^f*2.*' '

+ll./N*2.) )**Z.)l ii
i!
I!

"nt I K E "= n t ( l i ) : ' '

; ;

i '

i i

DEI T = i)T( I ) ;
i :
I!
:
II _
MA 'X TAP = XTAP ( 1 )
; ;
j ;
j I
II
wk'itfi 3, l o ^ r :',N,M,VI S,'vt-1 , ER VMAk', ER s VA X, R'ei AX, m AXPRN;
w rite ( 3,107): ^DT(I) ,I=:1>8), ( NT (I | )!, I = 1 , 8 ) , ( nT AP { I ) , 1=^1:, r )
HSO: = H *i l
RK
.) . S / H i i
PHSO = 1 ./ESQ:
[-'] - V -I
; :
1^2 = xr- 1
1 ;
f''i3 = MZ- 1
; 1
!%1 = is-1
i :
MZ - h l - r
N3 = N?- ]
^ i
CC\A = 4 .*HSQ;/DEI.T
C r \ ' H = 6. - t l G N A
c n \ c = 2. + :cicNA
V E C S P ( ? ) = 0^125

Figure 14.

Subroutine INIT (continued)

121

on; i l 1 = 3,Ml:
vtc'sFd) =
(/+.vrc:v(2) = l.y:CnNC

L.7

vecsf ; ( i-i ) )
: ;

UD b J. = 3,N1: ,
::
V E C ; V ( J ) = 1 . / : ( C C N C - V F C V ' ; { J-1 ) )
V I : S ' = 2.*VIS' i
'
TI:KE = 0
N T A ' P = M AX TAP.
NPHN = v^XPPN:
= -Vi-l.fH
TEW;P = - D E L S R
on; ;3

I ^ 1 , .M i

Tr'f'P =

l i M P !+: D C L S F

- L,N :
S rnj ^ ( I , J ) =' ; T p
vnk(I t J ) = 0 .
RFI l,KM
t-fSkMAT ( 1 3 )
FO.RVAT (F- 10. n');
FU^KAT ( r i F ] C . : C )
X^AT (8110^);
FCKXATf HEADING
F C KM AT ( ' H F A D I M G
FOK'VAl ( ' DI F F i E K N C F
DO 3 J

ICO
101
102

103
104
105
106

1
2
3
4
6

; ;
UTION'OF'NiA
F CU'AT
5X, 'FOUATIOWS FOR A R'bCTANGULAi
:p;CIKTS'///;'; DISTAMCEi INCREMENTI'
I N L E T ViFl.OCI TY ,}T 35 , E 1 2 . ^ ) / :
V FiUOR -CHECKS / 6 X , ' VOKTICI TY' , T h 5 , E 1 2 . 5 / 6
FU
.5/' RFLAXATIOiM 'p AR AMETEP. ' ,
8:)
135,E12.5/' PUIMT
T l X F I^ k E M F N T S ' / 3 X , H F i ? . 2 / /
' ;NUMBEK GF TIMES INCREMENT USEC
: ; T A P E D F V t R Y N T H f I V E ; ' / 3 X , 8I 7 )

I ON SOL

!viSCriSITY/!,T3^,E12.9/'

5 'STFFAV

107

:!
M

FUk%AT(/'

1
2

END: ' '

^CTinr',T35,F12
FACTOR',
C
:

"

!: '

VIER-STOKf:!
REGION'/six ,';VITH', 1:31.
,T35,rl?.f
X,

/3X,8I77

'

Figure 15. Subroutine PRNT

123

SUbp.CUl I Ne PKMIVflKT) '

|l
|I
i;
CnkarN CrNA,CCNK,CaNC,h{LT,FAS,kpV,ERSMAX,fRV%AX,M,H%Q,
1
PAXILS,MAXITVkNAXPRN,MA%TA9,N,Nl,N2,
2 ni^;,n ITS riJI TV:,NP k N,
KTCHAM,N!T;IME,PELAXi,RH, RHSQ,TiI;ME
3 VjCL , VIS, HT (8!) ,M1 AP( H ),NT(8), STRfN (15,100) ,.VECSF{ 15);,I
4 VECV(1)0) : i
:!
I!
"OlMFNSIU.Ni Vf!;c;(15) ,VnkT('i5 , 100) { !
W R i l l T F d O ) TIME, ( (VORTidr , J) , I =1 1,M), J = 1, N )
( ( STRF (V;( I , J ) , I H 1 ,M) , J (=1 1 , M )
WK|iTE{10) T
I
NPRN = NPKN H 1
irkNPKNi 7,i;,;6
NP'KN - MAXPKN:
Niiriv = MAxnivi - NITV
WRliTE ! 3, 1 00): ITIMT.MITV ,[RV,ERS
0013 J
1,\: I
; :
2,^1:
'!
on; :? i
rRrN( I- 1:, J I - STRF/\!;{I + 1,J) )
VE:C;( I )
VF'C;( 1 )
0. ;
:
ii
(STRfN(Ml,J)
STRrk(M,ij)j/H
VHC'(M)
Vi;ViTE (3, 101 ) :J, (VFC( [)', I =
WRI TF ( ' 3 , 1 0 2 ) : :
J =' 1
::
V =: 0.
u
W R 'I : T F ( 3, 1)1 ): ;J , ( V , 1 > : 1 , K )
un 5 J = 2,Nil
!:
ii
nc 4 ! = 1/4;
!i
!!
v::c(i)= <H=:=('s|rRFN(i, j+ii) - siRFNldr, j-i ) [
,vl<iTF(3, 1.01): iJ, (VcC(r)> I = ]
r.x I TE( 3,10 1 ): :m, (V, I :=; i ,^^)
j;
KEUPN
i
:
[i
CAL L Ul-M ( 10) :
'!
'
yXLTE (15, 103);
S rop ?
;
100 FOR/A r ( ' ir [/['
[/['' ,T40,F
,T4J,F 12.3//'
1 2 . :3//' I T EK'AT I ON S '/6X i'VGRTICITiY!' ,
1 T4;0,112///' icKKOH '/6X,;'VaKTICITiY; ,f46,F 12.i5/
2 6/,'STREAM FUNG T1 ON ' , 140 , El 2 . 5/|'il Y VELOC llTiY ' )
101 >Uk ! m AT (I3,2X,:iiFL0.4) ; ;
102 FORYAri'lX VELOCITY') ; ;
lOJ FORMAT!' R&WCVE AND ' SA-N^E" TAPE"
)'
tNO;
i
i
Ii

Figure 16. Subroutine VORT

125

SU:LV,^nuTIM- V:0T{ VCRTAvV.HRTB)

ji
|l
I
C Q N A , C : 0 N 6 , C n N C , a h L T , E K S , F j R i V , E R S M A X , i E k V M A X , H, h ! s ; Q,
INbOCV,M
:,iy
MA XillT
A XI
AX Pt
, a IX ' T A P , N
2 n ' j ; , N l T S , : v i n |v ! , N P R N , N T A P ; , N T C H A N , N | T i l M E , R E L A X , ; R H , R h S Q , T | l i M E ,
,:VECSF ( 15)1,1
4 VjE:CV( 1 0 0 )
i i
M
ICN Vn:%TA( 1 5 , 1 OC)i, VdkTBTT5 ,!lOO) ,Al/AT

,M l

2 ,P3,

S, M

"tvltiM

^K' M

,M1

3 ViEiL , V ) S,fvT (,:8;) ,MTAP (8 )^,;NT( 8 ) ,STRiFiN( 15,100)

UliMENS
M'riv =
niii i l

NiAXI

Tjvi

ii

J = 2,Ni!

j i

on! ;l I = 2 ,Ml'

I !

1 AH'A;T( r , J )

(;15, 100)

= !Vi]RlA{ n-l,|ji) - CnNB*V^RtA(T, J )

1 +1 ; ? . - M V n R T A ( : I , J + 1 )

+ V O R T A ( I - ; l , J )

+ 'VHRTA ( I, J - l i ) ) - { ( S T R ; F N ( J ,_J + 1 )

2 -| iSfi^ENd ,j'HU )*(VORTA'( I + 1,J) - iVQRTAl 1-1, ; J

3

( ; S ; T R F N ( U 1 , 1 4 ) - S I R F Nd - 1 , J )| { V G R T A ( I , J +

4 VCKT4(i,J-lU1l/VIS

)) -

I ; )

2 DC! ^ J = 2 , N : i :
! i
a N a T ( 2 , 1 r " = i ( ; A M A T ( 2 , J )[ :+ V O R f B ( l , | y n * V E C V ( 2|)
on!
I = 3,4]!
^ I

3 '\K'A'T(I,1) = |(iAMAT( I,J )!;+ AMAT( I-li,U )=!=VECV(in

00; ;4 I = 1 , ri?;
I;
K H^ - I ' ii
I!
4 V(.,:k;T6(K, J) =! WMAT(K,I) ;+ VECV(K|dVORTB(K + ]
DO; i6 I = ? ,M;i;
i r
A M ^ T (1 , 2 ) = j(i -VCRT A( I ,!3i) + ? .VGRiT A

( I , 2 ) - ivO'^TA( 1,1)
1 +1 LQN^-V)K ri3( 1,2) + V;0:RTB( 1,1)) *VECV( 2 )
0 C | ' 5 . j = 3 , n' i:
5 A M A K I , J ) = : V E C V ( J ) * ( - V : n R T A ( T , J + Ij) + VORTA
1 V r j R T A ( 1 ,J - l ) : + C 0 N A * V : 0 : R T B ( 1 , J I + ! A M A T { 1 , J H i ) )
DC :6 J = 1 , N 2
|"i

(;! , J') *'2'. -

^ - J

}i

6 ' V f i R i T i M [ , K )
call

:i

= : A M A T ( 1, K ) i ; + V C V ( K l f S V O R T B (I, K

Si-IVOkTB)

' C A L L UCV( VCjRjT:) "

_ i

IF(:iKuBCv) k',8,7
7 Nl TiV = Ni TV |-i 1
IF(NITV)

' ' R RETURN

9,9,12

ir

9 CALL RUN (10)' I

kPj:TE( 15,100)1
ST OiP 3
i i

lOO'rnwMATf' REMOVE
[NO:

;
r

I
;
1
!
ANO SAVE TAPE 5

^7 )

fll

Figure 17.

Subroutine SF

127

SUBPnuriNE SfUVOKT)
!I
{I
1
;
C dI mM CN CONA,:cc N B t CrNC , bit L T , F R s, ERV , r^R s MA X, iER VM A X, H, HjS)],
1 1 ^ H R C V , M , M I ^ M 2 , P 3 , M A X ^ 1 S , M A X I T V ,MAXPRN,MAXfAP,N,Nl,k?,
2 N|3:T NI TS,M TivifNPKN ,NTAPi, NTCHAN ,Mill ME RELAX ,HH, KHSQ, TlIME,
3 V F : L , V I S , i ) T ( I b : ) , M T A P ( 8 ) i , ' M T ( 8 ) / S T R F N t 1 5 ^ 1 0 0 ) ,VECSF(15)
4 V C V { 100) I i
M
Ii
D1HC N S I C N V n.R:T { 1 5 , I C C ) !, ;T K A T ( 15 , IpiO )
NljTiS = 4 A X ITS;
!i
" D O I 2 J = 2 , NilI
I I
do ' il I = 2,Mli
!i
i ' TnIa J ( I , J) = HiSG*VCRT { l!,ij )
T'';T(2,J) = T:'MAT(2,JI +: STPFN(1, J:)
2 T'<A:T('^1 , J) =: JXAT (Ml,J); + STRFN ( Ml, J)
3 ERjSi = 0 .
! I
MjTiS = NITS H 1
OC;b J = 2, Nil!
T M A i T ( 2 , 1 1 = y i F C S t - ( 2 ) (!T;WAT{?, J ) 1+1 STRFN( 2, Jri) +
1 s!rkFN(2,
li
do; 4 I - j.Mili
j i
4 T M A : T ( I , l l = I v i F C S F ( I ) * ( T i K A T ( I,J )
I SrXFN((,J+l^ + TMAT(lHltl))

DC: is I = 1,M:3
K M M - I
i :

i i
I!

4-1 STRFN{I,J-1) +

T . - 1 / V T { K - 1 , 1 ) l=; T X A T ( K - 1 \ ^ ) + V F C S F ^ K - 1 ) T N A
T''AT(K,L) =!T|yAT(K,l) -i STRFN(K,

5 FkSi = AyAXl(gRS,A%S(TyA|T(K,l)))

Jl)

T ^ A T ( 2 , i ) = T ^ A T ( 2 , l ) - j ^ T K F N f Z / j)r
ER'si = AMAXl ( E?.S, ABS( T,'M;T ( 2 , 1 ) ) ) _
'ou 6 I = 2 ,Mli
ii

6 S T k F N ( I , J j = R E L A X * T M A T M I , l ) + S T'RFN (I , J)
Df) i? I -

2, 4li
i i
= ; S T R F N ( I , ^ - i l )

7 SrisFN([,i\)

IF(tRSMAX - iSRS) ' 8,9,9

IF(iMrS) lG,'li0,3
9 R F TURN
I i
10 CALL R U N (10)!!
WRliTh (15,100);
8

SI H P

100 FCKXAT C REMCVF /NO SAV;E TAPE #527')

EN ni
II

T;(K,1)

Figure 18.

Subroutine BCV

129

'SU%UUJTINF

3CV(VrRT)

:i

! I

CCWXCN CGhA,C0N6,CrNC,aCLT,FRS,F2V,&aSM4X,f%VyAX,H,MS0,
1 INb3CV,M,Ml,:%2,k3,XAXrTS,MA%ITV,%AXP0h,4AXTA?,N,Nl,N:J,
2 N3:,NI TS,NITV,NHM\,NTAP,NTCMAN,NTiyE,RH. AX ,'R S , RH Siv , T:I!ME
3

Vtl,VlS,.-)T{H.)

,MTAP ( 3 ) , M T ( 8 )

,STKFM( 15, 100),VFCSF

4 VLCV(100)

; ;

n i X E N S T H N V G ; < T ( 1 5 , 1 00) I

iNOpcv = 0

" er'v; = 0.

; ;

.!'

'

'

1 vnXT(i,J) = C.5*(V0KT(l\j) + TEKP;)

00' J I = 2,Ml!
!
|!
'

i'i

))

;;
I'i

i:

! :

i :

1" ;
ii _

ii
i!

E R V : = A K A X l ( E ; . ^ V , A n S ( V C R : T ( I, N ) - V O t V : T T r , W - l ) V ) ' :
Viirl'T ( I,N I = V n R T (
' 1
M
" [r,(FRVKAX-ERV) 3,4,4

i":

cRV; = A M A X l ( F'RV, ABS ( T E K P - V O H T ( 1 ,'J )

: :

::

'

or] 1 J = 2,\l!
:
'TC^P = -2.cKUSC*STsFN(?^J)

(IS)!/""

' :

I N 0 3 L V -=

4 ' KFTUKN
END:

i"
i i

! :

'

! ;
i:

'
.

1i
! :

i'l'

T:
U.

"l'T
. |i .

M
.

l"i '
ii

Figure 19. Subroutine DTCHAN

131

SUbHOUTIi\E OTCHAN

COiMCN CnN,S:CUN,CUi\IC ,0!1LT,;- RS,F%V,kRSWAX, 1:4 V 4 A X , H ,

,
, r / 3 , M A X I T S ,M A X I T V , M A X P R N , , Y A X T A ) , \ , N ] , N ? ,
2 \ 3 , N I T S , N I r v i t K H R ; v , N r A P , i \ T C f AM ,M:r |VE ,k f-LAX.,
iHSC, T.I IE
3 Vk:L,VTS,.JT(y') , VTAP( A) , N r ( 9 ) ,STRf;N( 1 5 , 100):, VFCSF 1 15)1,

'l

iNhilCV,w,

t VFCV(ion)
M
NTCHAtvl =, NTCHAN + I
MT-IF'F = l\T ( NTCHAN )
IFX^TIMF) 4,1:,1
DELT = O T U \ TC H AN )

4A%TAP = " T A P X K T C H A N )
CtNA = 4 . * H S : : y O F L T
cn^.R = , ~ C:C i\ A
cnkc = 2 .
VTCV{2) = 1./C3NC

: I

nII' 2 J

' :

' 2 VECV ( J)
kE.T'URN

3,,\r

l . / ^ C C N C - V E ' C V ( J - 1 ) ) i ;
: i
__
^ I
j l_

3 C A L L K L I \ I 10 l: !

wRiTF( 15,LOG):

STfTP '

'

U'

4 CALL RUR(10) :

kAi.Tk ( 15, ICO ):

STOP 5

T o o FCHXATC

END!

M
^

'

J :

;;
!

REMOVE AND SAVE T A P E % 5 # 7 '

:I

Ii

132

Computer Output
The following set of figures presents sample velocity
fields for both case I and case II as they were output from
the computer.

Each figure lists the velocity in either the

x-direction or the y-direction, u or v, as a function of the

X-

and y-coordinates at a given time plane.

fields are for a Reynolds number of 50.

The velocity

All variables are in

the nondimensional form

u

Vi/U

V2/U

Xi/d

xg/d

vt/d^

and

As can be seen from the figures, the solution has con

verged to a steady state solution at a time of

= 0.14.

Figure 20.

Computer output

'

iv: IV IV' iv /v t 1 ( r- t o c c o c o o c o o C/ c o c o
: : i

*
CO -< a- U" > <x Vu rv IV 1 ? o o
vC'->! U1 IV' o -j 4> w IV o
X
_W..V;_C. VP__0. Ui..,0. o.c -C- c o o. c. c o o U" o vr c LT o. u-., o LT o,_
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

o
ooocoooo
oooocooo
cooooooo

o
c
o
o

occoo
ooc oc
ooooo
o oco

c
c
c
o

oc
cc
oc
oo

o
o
o
o

o
c.
o
o

coo

oco
coo
ooo

o cc
coo
cc o
occ

oc
cc
c o
Qo

<

rr.
r
o
. o
<
1
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o

z
c
o X

c
'
.c
c

c ooocooocc cocoo occ ocoococ _

a- CC". CO CO CC' cc CO Cr. c; cc CO 30 CO cc CC' cc cc c o o o o
iN J c ,
UuOC' 'ceVV COw ccw 'o^v
w-. 0-S o
LU. u-'. VJ Vv u. UJ 'OJ VJ Lv U' vJ U'
f' f M" h-' f'
h- M J f' h- o
hu cr- h- sC c LU c o

h- t'
f
i
h

c o c o c c o o o c o c. o c o o o c o o o o c c c o o
rv rv rv r\j rv rv nu f\j rvj N ne r\) r\j ro !V
UJ 'oJ
vr CO o o o o
vj c:' cc o
-si s
CO eu CO
c C"
o O" cr- N; o c
-NI

p
0
0

o o. o
o. o o. o. o c o. o o o c c o c o o o o c 1

->
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4>
Ln
'Cl n- a c
cca>
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cc
CO
a
CO
c;
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CC
cc
rv
CL o: cc
ce cr CC
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->!
c
a a U'
4N OJ PXJ NJ U' Ce c CI C c
L,1
V LT Cl vr VJ- ->

K-

h- H- h-^ h-'

H- M"

H- f' f h- c o
1 M-< M-* h H- h- h' f' f' H-"
1' h" h-*
w t' h- 1 1 h" f' w h-' 1' fv rv 0^ -S -> Lu c o o
ce
ce ce 03 a cr.- CO C' cc ce co cr cr. xD o V-*- o H- e u; 00 cc 0^ ce o c

%y
m
o

LT

o
f'

H
w#

>

h-' > r-> H- f'

1 i' H- J' H-; h
_ t
;

h h .H- h- M .t. h-' h-..M h-* h" H-

U-i
VI
u> \-r
vT ui LT U", U1 V' w1 v V: LT
u
Lv
uu w v; LW w vJ VJ u

'

h-
h- h-" h h l H

h- w K- h- T-'. M ..o:' o: o.
U: o cr o U" UJ vC' o
o > vn rvj \J f c

, ^

-o
f\J

m
C- cr O O 0-- C- C- 0- c> C- cr- O C- c> C- C-

.4>.

^ v^. vn.O.c 0" \T, i-

, , h- ,

f
cr o o

f' h-J
HC- 0- c O o cr-<
cr U!

.h- .h

c>:u'.u;c

V! f-*
rv f'

:.C.._ 0_

;ji.

# .. . . . _ _

Ho cr.

0-- .ce .ce-. ;vO0^

#,

061

...

h-' h- O oc
V..
J"- .sC Vu N; C o
co cr. w.c
.C- .VI .ex. o_ o f-". O:
M*

K-' H- t f'
M' h- h-" a- o
VI
COC ce. cr cocr cr a- ucr OvC 4>VI vu rv hO o
a
o
U' O 4> cc

^ei

000
030

861

h- t' h- f' H- h M-'

cr- o- cr e cr O cr O o
cc cc ce- cc cc ce CC' cc cc

_ _ # _

' 661

061

f M* h- w- K-* H- M" f-- h-*

o cr <Z- .o, c> e. c c^ CM CM
.ce CL, .c:- .c: a- c^ .co .a.. .OT:

~a.'7-

4>
O

X!

0. 0 5

290

861

z
c :C
S
w 03
un m

,r-* ,H- ,

N) O
V
u.e" vO
V^ NJ
r-. r
h-. f H-, h- M'. H- ' M"
A
..
h- H h-
H- M-" H- h- H- hf 1' t O
o a o C- cr cr cr o e O O O o O O cr VI V. OJ
cr
cc- a- cr cc or ' co co cc cr co a co
vr rv cr u h- 4>

z
r-

000
330

h-
K-*
cr- 0^ c> O
-sl -N' -<

o
w

U" U! I a -P- O

000
730
270

761
61 7

761

761

C-- C 0^

O
.Cl...

O
U1
O

>
CO

Figure 21.

Computer output

N/ IV INJ N IViV- r- i-

<

>-:h - C O C O O C C C C O O O C O C!

# '# # I#

* ; * # : ' *

# '

p*

k0-<ui,'\;c-^Lr4>-UJl\)^-O\C:C2 -yj0-vr '-r-4sijJUJr\)i\;,-'i o o x

v .U'.o vio;o,.o o_o o.o:o_o:co,.v._c v_o ui._o.ai_ o,.

C
n

'___

o
o O O O O C O O o C O
o
o o o o o c o o o o c o o *o
OOCCC'OOOOOOOOCOOOOOOCCCOCOC
o
oc
oo
oc
oo
cc
oo
oo
co
oo
co
oo
o
oo
co
co
oo
oo
oo
co
oc
oo
oo
oo
oo
co
oo
co
I I I I .1 I I. I.. I. I ..I : I I I.I I I
_
..C
o O O o C.O.O coco CO COOOCCOOOOOCO

o
o
O

O C O C O O O O O C O C O C O C O C O O C C C O I - R - O O
C C C O C O O C C O O C C O O O O C C C O R - O J - ^ ^ - J O

oocoococoooocoo'-iIto^-P-o-c-^LTo
I j I I ( I I I I I I i I I ( I

\r

COO'OOOOOCOGOCOCOCOCCOQOOOOO

(2;

O O O O O O C O G O O O O C O C O O O C O O O

I^J W O .

c c c o.c.o O.O O.O cocooooocOf-4; co m inj o

O O O C C O C' O G O O O O o c r- c I-' C" o."
Oe C
I

I ' I

-c
I
2:
<
o
. >IT,
O

i
c

>
G

O C O C O O O O O C O O O G O O C O O O C C O R - : C C O

0000000000000000000000
0000000000-

N/(VO

VN

Z
M

G O O O O O O' O G O C O O O O O C O O
'OJ O- O ->I W CR- O
O O O O C O
W->^C-'J^'^VNOUI^O

' O o
O O O o: o O o" O O o'o' O O G'c o G O O C G O G O
*
G C' c- O O O O O O G C G O G c O c O O O G O H- f- rsj INJ G
O
CO
CO
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CG
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oG
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-j W ^r v iKJ4 > t- < iC UG\- ioO NCJ OO

"
;'
IOV o
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I I II II II II r
CO OOOCOOOOCOCOOOOOCOOOOOOOO
O
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G
C. G o o o o.O'C.I-.'H.r-'o::. >....1-1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 f-'N^e-xDUJUl-ylO
.V
0 0 0 0 0 0 0I 0 0 0 0' 0 0 0' 1 : fV a -' C - > J C X ! - i - - C 0 - > I O 0 3 - ^ O
u i 7C
:
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O O O O O G G O G O O O G O O O O' O O G O O O G o O G
-<

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: # *

O O O O O O O O O G O G ' O O O OOOOGOOOt h-'h-O

c
o o o o c G c o o o o o o O' o o > 'f ro -? "ji -vj o fvj w c
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r-O

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T-..00,.-^...'-....CC...O,.-..O:.N .O_

Ui

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z

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I 73

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I I I I

c o c o o o o o.o.o o;o. o o o o o o o o o o o.o.o .o O

C O O c o o o ' o o'C O 'o'o o ' o o' C O O
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Figure 22.

Computer output

138

UJ

'y,

:
U:

OoOoOoooo
o ,4 O N= (N X m #-4 O <5 <r vNi
o
O N Ll > O O .0 O O -O vO o o o o o o <0 c
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O P O I r--^ r\J'\J''\'fMf\'i"\!iMr\J(Mf\J!\)(M(\lf\J<NJfSJ!M(\lf\J(NJiNI

in '

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-lOOOOOOOiOOOOOOOC.OOO

(NI

o
_.lk
LU

s?"
o CM
- o o r\j a xT -0 co n '10 O CM m en <- <r <r
m r- c <r co o <- m CM CM (Nj m rn m m m v^-l m i-r, m m m
!>
o
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o
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c
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9
OoooO oo oooooOo3O O CooO

LH

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CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM rM
o c o m :0 o 'T) r\; 0^ O .-7^ a>vj- X o
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r1 o o O O O o o o o o o o o o o O c O O o O O O 3 O
r- (Ni o in Ti in m o 43 o \0 - a o O O O
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<X X n 3 X X n X X 'X 'X X
CM cr co f- c c- N- X X X rr.
oo
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o 0 o m O- m m rr, m ro m If) rr, m rr, en m rr, n m r<". '-r, c^,
o o o O 'o o o O o o O o o O _o p_ p p p p p o "O O O o
oo oOoooOooCo cO OoOOOOOooOOo
ooo oo ooo OooOoo OO o OO o Coco O oo
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00

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ooooooooooooooooooooOoo

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IV.

u
LU

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3 In o'n' o m' o'in o"In o o o "3 o o o'o o o p in o ss o 'n m

o o -H (Ni (Ni '-n ,-n sT tn o M X > o rH N rC in |N- o CM m 1^ O"

4 (Ni "M "V CM CM
o o o o O o o o O o o o O O o r4 r^4
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Figure 23.

Computer output

cococco

..c, Lr,.c. vr O ui C

0
0

.....
1
1
" - 1
(sj- ro rv' r\;
h-' r: 1 M r' r" c: c c o o

: i *
h- o
vC' U1 ro C': U-. -p- W
-J a U".
.U- VL o. UL.cm-O, c o o..o o..o; c. c O.O,

m
c

(-

oc
o

c
. _ ._o
...o
o

N; c
x o
oc

0
0
o o o o o
c
(V
a c-

U-' -v' o

c- rv

U-' vj! I rv ^ I-'

o
c
o
o

0
0

n
o
o
o

oo

(M o
->l o
o

c
y

f
: Vi

*4

o
: ro
G

o
IV

...o
ro ;^
73

'

c o
c- ce o r\j

c-

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..-..c
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i- o
rv o
4^ c

^ U- U1 o, O" v-l M CO

.
oo
c
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;

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:W
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:o
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c
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cc
m

1
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:o
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c
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0
0

0
0

c
Urv
vn

T:
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0
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Oi'T

o
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c .
h-'
o . . .... ^
o

cocc
c cooccocooc
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oo ooo oco oooc
c
oc oooc ooo coc ooo c
oocc ooc c oo co o oooc

c
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C'

r\j o
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0
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1 1: 1 1i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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o.c o o' o o'_C'i c o o c o. ..o'

o o o o o c o o c o o o Hc o c o o o 1
1 OJ 0^ as o.
. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
oooocccoocooc

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c o o c o o o. o c o c o h
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o o o. o.-C. o__l: -t-*1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c ocooc ooooooc
o o c c o o o c C; o o o o
c o o o c o o o C' o o c I-'
ro
cccooo
N UJ w
1
1
t
1
c. o c1 Cl o1 o1 o.1 c ot o o. o1 o1 : o1 o. o o

- . :
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o'
c c o o o o o o' o o o" o
oocoooc c ooooocc o
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c o c c o o o c o o c 1* 1 tv N)
1
1'
c1 o o1 o1 o1 o1 o c1 c1 ' o c
o c o1 o1
co
oc ooo ocoooooc oo
oo
u. o
o c. o o. u c. o o o o. o c Q o.
c .O.O o .c c o -0,.0 .f. M-". -U-.,
! 1
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c -O .o
ooc
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1 1
oocc
c ooo
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o. c c o
1 1
ccoc
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0
0

c
c
c
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O O C

0
0

o
c
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c
c
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oo
cc
O
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1 .1
co
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IV
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cc
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0' U-. ce tt'

0
0

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oc ooooooooooc

ooooOooocccoo
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c c c c o o o, o o o c< o o
. 1. .1 . I._J. !.. 1. 1 1
1 .1
o o o .o c. c o c
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ccc co c ccc ooooo
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o o o o o o o o o o o o M1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ooc coc oocoooco
c o o o o. o o o o o o o o
c
o c o c. c o. o o. o c o c
o c o c c c o c c c h- K- M
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
cc ooooooooc coo
ooccoc oc oooooo
cc oooooocooooo
rv
C'
c c o c- o o o o o o
. i. . i. . 1 .1. i _ _ .1 1. 1
1 .1
6 o o "o o o o c o o o o o o
c oc oc ooooQoc oo
oc ooo c oc oco oco
Ijj <J- -vl
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cc
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Figure 24.

Computer output

^
VELOCITY
Y

:
IN X-Dli<ECriUN

0.00

0.05

: i
0.10

j
TIME- 0.04

0.20

0.15

jI

R E Y N O L p S NUMBER =' 5 0 . 0

0:25

0.30

0.35

0.10
0.15
0 . 20

0.25
0.30
0 . 35
0. A 0

0.45 :

0.50 ;

0.60 '
0.70 ;
0.80 i
0.90;

:
i
;
;
:
:
I
i

2.2^ I

2.50 i
;
2.95: !

2.75

0.40

0 . 4 5,
-

U. 00
0.05

1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.75
2.00

j ! CASE

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.0 00
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.0 00
0. 000
0.000
0.000
.OOO

0.000
0.000
0.0 00
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0. 000
0.000
0.000
0.000

1 . 00 0

1.000

o.ao3
0.645
0 . 5 33
0. 460

1.003
0.954
0.832

0.412

0.380
0 . 35 9
0.345

0.335
0.328
0.319
0.314
0.313
0. 314
0.316
0.319
6. 321

#.322

|0.323

#.323

6.323

0.323

d. 323
0.323
0.323
:

0.13

0 . 75 5
0.711

0.678
0.653
0. 63 5
0.62 I
0.603
0. 594
0. 590
0. 590
U.593
0. 5 9 6
0.599
0.602
0.603
0.603
0.603
0. 6 0 3
0.603
0 . 603
0. 603
0.603

1.000 i 1.000
1.050 : 1.057
1.069 ; 1.10?
1. 126
1.057
1.027
1.132
0.992
1. 12 f0 . 9 58
1 . 11 3
0.92H : 1 . 0 9 7
1. 0 0 2
0.903

0.083
0.667
0.845
.W32
0.825
0.H23
0.824

0.828

1.068
; 1.055
^ 1.035

1.022
' 1.014
! 1.010

I 1.010

; 1.012
0.831 ; 1.014
O . C J 3 3 : 1.016
0 . 834 1.017

0.635 :

1.01B

0.83%

1.01b

0.835
0.835
0. d 3 5

1.018

1.018

1.018
0.835
1.018
0.835 I 1.018

1.000
1. 0 5 5
1. 1 0 5
1.144
1. 1 71
1. 1 8 6
1.193
1. 1 9 4
1. 1 9 2
1. 1 8 8
1. 1 83
1. 1 7 3
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 5 8
I.153
1.151
1. : i > r
1. 1 5 2
1. 1 5 3
1. 1 5 3
1. 1 5 4
1. 1 5 4
1. 1 5 4
.154
1. 1 5 4
1. 1 5 4
1. 1 5 4

1. 000
1.051'
1. 1 0 0
1.143
1.179
1.206
1.226
1.240
1.250
1.255
1 . 2 59
1 . 2 61
1.261
1. 2 5 9
1.256
1.253
1.251
1.250
1. 2 5 0
1. 2 5 d
1.250
1.250
1.250
1. 2 5 0
1.250
1.250
1. 2 5 0

1. 0 0 0
1. 0 4 8
1. 0 9 4
1. 1 3 7
1. 1 7 o
1.208
1. 2 3 6
1. 2 5 8
1.275
1.288
1. 2 9 9
1. 3 1 3
1. 3 2 0
I.32 4
1. 3 2 4
1. 3 2 2
1. 3 1 9
1. 3 1 7
1. 3 1 5
1. 3 1 4
1. 3 1 4
1. 3 1 4
1. 3 1 4
1. 3 1 4
I.314
1. 3 1 4
1. 3 1 4

0.50

1 !
1.000
1. 0 0 0 "
1. 0 4 5
1. 0 4 4
1 . 0 9 0 1. 0 3 7
1 . ' 1 3 2 1. 1 2 8
1. 1 7 0
1. 1 6 7
1.205
1. 2 0 2
1 . 2 3 6 ^ 1. 2 3 3
1.262
1. 2 6 1
1. 2 8 3
1.285
I . 3 0 2 1. 3 0 6
1. 3 1 7
1. 3 2 4
1. 3 3 9
1. 3 5 1
1. 3 5 4 1. 3 6 9
1. 3 6 2
1. 3 8 1
1<365
1. 3 8 7
1.364
1. 3 8 7
1. 1 3 6 1
1. 3 3 4
1. 1 3 5 0
1. 3 8 0
1 . : 3 5 5 " 1. 3 7 7
1. 3 5 4
1. 3 7 5
I . 3 5 3 1. 3 7 4
1 . 3 5 3 1. 3 7 4
1 . 3 5 3 1. 3 / 4
1. 3 7 4
1. 3 5 3
1 . 3 5 3 1. 3 7 4
1 . 3 5 3 1. 3 7 4
1. 3 5 3 1 . 3 7 4
1:

1.000
1. 0 4 4
1. 0 8 6
1.127
1. 1 6 5
1. 2 0 1
1.232
1. 2 6 1
1. 2 85
1. 3 0 7
1. 3 2 5
1. 3 5 4
1. 3 7 4
1. 3 8 7
1. 3 93
1. 3 9 4
1. 3 9 1
1. 3 8 7
1. 3 8 4
1. 3 8 2
1. 3 8 1
1. 3 8 0
1. 3 8 0
1.380
1. 3 8 0
1.380
1.380

Figure 25.

Computer output

I;
i :

IN Y-DIRECTION

!Y:

0.00

VELOCITY

0.00
0.05
0 . 10:
0. 1 5

0. 2 0:
0. 2 5 :
0. 3 0 ,
0. 3 5
0 . 40:
0. 4 5
J.50
0. 6 0
0 70
0.00
0.90
1 .00
1.10
1. 2 0
1. 3 0
1. 4 0
1 50
I.75'
2. 0 0
2.25
2. 5 0
2. 7 5
2. 9 5
i

M
ji

i 0.05

!:
i:

!I
il

TIME =. 0 . 0 4

o.ro

0.15 ' ; 0.20

; 0 . 0 0 0 :c'. 0 0 0
0. 000
: 0.000
0.26% 0 . 35 5
0. l o 7 0 . 2 7 0
i 0.000
1 0.000
0. 0b y
0 . 13 5
: 0 . 000 p .047 0 . 12 2
0. 080
0.025
' 0.000
:
o
0
. 05 3
0
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
:
0 . 035
: 0.000
D. 0 0 9
0. 0 0 6
0. 02 4
: 0 .000
0 '. 0 0 4
0.000
0. 01 7
! .0 .000
0 .00 3 0. 012
: 0.000
0 . 0 0 1 0 .0 0 6
: 0. 000 :o. 00 I 0. 0 0 3
! 0 . 0 0 0 - 0. 0 0 0
0 . 000
! 0. 0 0 0 - b . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 2
:
0 . 0 0 0 -:o' . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 3
! 0 . 0 0 0 -:o . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 2
0 . 0 0 0 -:o' . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 2
i
1 0 . 0 0 0 - 0. 0 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 1
i 0 . 0 0 0 Ho . 0 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 0
! 0 . 0 0 0 - 0. 0 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 0
! 0 . 0 0 0 ' d. 0 0 0
0. 000
! 0.000
00 0
0.000
d.0 0 0
0.000
! 0.000
0 . 0 0 0 - 0. 0 0 0 - 0 . 00 0
i
! 0. 0 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 0
;
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
i

0 . 0 0 0 , .0 . 0 0 0
c . 3 3 4 : '0 . 2 H 6
0 .2W9 :o . 2 6 3
0. 2 2 9 ; b.22 7
0.173 i
.187
0 . 1 2 7 . : 0.1 4 9
c.09 2 : :o . 1 1 6
0.067
0 .090
0 .049
b.069
0. 0 3 6 : 0 . 0 5 3
0.027 ; b.041
0. 0 1 5 : 0.024
0 .00 7 . ,0 .013
0 .002 : 0.005
- 0.002 - b . 0 0 2
- 0. 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 5
.006
- 0.004
- 0 . 0 0 3 - 0. 0 0 5
- 0 . 0 0 2 -.0 . 0 0 3
- 0 . 0 0 1 :-o . 0 0 1
- 0 . 0 0 0 -'0 . 0 0 1
0. 0 0 0 ! i o . 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0 : 0 . 0 0 0
c. 0 0 0 : o . 0 0 0
0.000 - 0 .000
- 0 . 0 0 0 - 0. 0 0 0
0.000 ,0 .000

0.

REYNOLD'S NUMBER

50.0

0.30,

0. 3 5

0'.40

0.000

0.000

0.232
0.220

0 . 181:
0. 1 74'

0.000
0. 133
0. 126
0. 120
0. 110
0. 099
0 . 086
0. 074
0. 063
0. 053
0.044
0. 030
0 . 019
0. 010
0 . 003
0. 003
0. 005
0 . Ob5
0. 003
0.002
0. Obi
0. 000
0. 000
0. 000
0.000
0. 000
0. 000

0 .000
0 .087
0.084
0.b80
b. 074
0.067
0.059
0.052
0.045
0.038
0.032
0.023
0.015
0.009
0 .003
- 0 .'002
-0.004
-0.'004
- 0.003
-0.001
- 0.'001
- 0.000
b.OOO
0.000
- 0.000
-0.000
0.000

0.-25

0.1:99 0.161'
0.174 0.14 5.
0.146 0.127'
0.121 O . l O d
0.09G 0.091
0.078 0.076
0.063 0.06 2
0.050 0.051;
0.031 0.033'
0. 013 0.02 0,
0.008

0.010

0.000

0.0 02.

0.005 -0.004
0.007 -0,006
0:005 -0.006
0.Q03 -0.004

o.do2 -0.002;

0. 001 -0. 001;

0.000 -0.000'
b.uoo'0.000

0.000 0.000
0.000 -0.000
0.000 -0.000
0.000 0.000

CASE I
0 . 45:

0 . 000'^
0 .043:
0 . 042:
0 . 0 4b :
0 . 037:
0.034
0. 030
0 . 026'
0 . 023:
0.020
0 . 017:
0 . 012:
0 . 0 08
0 . 00:5:
0 . 00,2!
- 0 . 001'
- 0 . 002'~
- 0 . 002:
- 0 . 001!
- 0 .0 0 1
- 0 . boo:
- 0 . odd
0. odd
0. 000
0. 000
- 0 .000
0 . odd

0.50

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0 . 000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0 .000
0 .000
0 .000
0. 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000
0 .000
0.000
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0.0 0 0
0.000
0 .000
0 .000
0. 000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000

Figure 26.

Computer output

VcLOCll Y IN X

!y'
X li
0. 00

0.05'
0. iO
0.15
0.2o;
0.25
0 . 30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0. 50
0. b 0
0. 70
0. 30
0.90,
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1 . 5o;
1.75'
l 2. 0 0
?.. 2 5
^ 2 . 50
2.75
2.95

0.00

I R h C l I UN

TIME

1;

! 0.05

0.10

n
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0,000
0. 0 0 0
0 .000
0.000
0. 000
0.000
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0. 000
0 ,000
0.000
0.000
0. 000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000

1. 0 0 0

1. 0 0 0
0 . 8 0 3 1. 0 0 3
,0. 645
0. 9 5 3
0 . 53.3
0. 8 8 1
0.459
0.812
0.411
0. 7 5 4
0. 379
0. 7 1 0
'0.358
0. 6 7 6
0. 344
0. 6 5 I
0 . 3 3 4 0. 6 3 3
0 . 32 6
0. 61 3
u. 317
0.59 9
0.311
0. 5 8 7
0. 307 . 0 .5 7 9
.0, 30'.
0. 5 7 3
0. 301
0, 5 6 8
0- 300
0 . 56 5
0 . 2 9 8 0. 56 3
: 0 . 2 9 8 0. 5 6 1
0.298
0. 56 1
:0. 29 w 0 . 5 6 2
'o'. 30 0
0. 5 6 5
0 . 3 0 1 0. 5 ( j 6
0 . 3 0 1 0.56 6
0. 301
0, 5 6 6
0.301
0. 5 o 6
0. 30 I
0. 5 6 6

0.15

0 .0 6

0.20
1 i
1 1
1. 0 0 0 ! i . 0 0 0
1. 0 5 0
1. 0 5 7
1. 0 69 i .1 0 2
1, 0 5 7
1. 1 2 6
1. 0 2 7 : ; i . 1 3 2
0 , 9 9 1 ^ 1. 1 2 5
0. 9 57 i 1 . 1 1 2
0. 9 2 7 : 1. 09 6
c; . 9 0 1 : 1 . 0 8 0
0, 8 8 1 .1 . 0 6 6
0. t ) 6 4 ; : 1 , 0 5 3
0, 840 il , 032
0. 02 4 : :1 . 0 1 6
0,813
1.005
0.805 ^ 0.99 7
0, 799
0, 9 91
0. 7 9 4 i : 0 . 9 8 6
0. 7 9 1 ; i o . 9 8 3
0. 7 9 0
0.981
0, 789
0, 980
0.980
0.789
0. 7 9 3
0.982
0. 7 9 4 ; C . 9 8 4
0, 7 9 4
0.984
0. 7 9 4 0 . 9 8 4
0 , 7 9 4 : 0, 98 4
0. 7 9 4
0.984

REYNOLDS NUMBER
0.2'

1 . 000
1. 055
1. 105
1 . 144
1. 171
1. 186
1. 193
1. 194
1, 19 I
1.187
1 . 1:82
1. 171
1. 162
1. 154
1 . 148
1. 144
1. 140
1.133
1.136
1. 134
1. 134
1 . 1 35
1- 136
1. 136
1.136
1, 136
1, 136

=, 5 0 . 0

CASE

i;

0.30.

0.35

! o. 4 0

0.45;

0.50

1. o o o '
1. 0 5 1 =
1. 1 0 0
1. 1 4 3
1.179,
1.206'
1.22
1. 2 4 1
1. 2 5 0
1. 2 5 6
1.260
1. 2 6 2
1.262:
1. 2 6 1 '
1. 2 6 0
1. 2 5 8
1, 2 5 7 ,
1, 2 5 6 :
1.255,
1. 2 5 4
1. 2 5 4
1. 2 5 3
1. 253
1. 2 5 3
1. 2 5 3
1. 2 5 3
1. 2 5 3

1. 000
1.048
1. 094
1.137
1. 176
1.209

I'.boo
1.045
r. 090
1. 132
1.171
1.206
1.237
1.263
1 . 2 85
1. 304
l.:320
1. 344
1.361

1. 0 obi

1. 0 0 0
1. 0 4 4
1.086
1. 1 2 8
1. l 6 6
1. 2 0 2
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Computer output

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0. 00
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0.10 '

TIME

0. 18

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IN X-blRECTION
0.05

G .1 0

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.000
0.000
0.000
O.GGJ
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
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0.000
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0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
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1.000
0. 803
0.645
0. 533
0 . 459
0. 411
0. 379
0. 358
0. 344
0. 334
,0. 326
0. 317
0.311
0. 307
0.303
0. 301
:0. 299
0.297
:0. 295
0. 294
:0. 292
d.290
0.288
0. 237
0, 286
0.285
0. 285

1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 3
0. 953
U. 88 1
0. 812
0 . 75 4
0. 710
0 . 676
0. 651
0. 632
0. 61 B
0. 599
0. 53 7
0. 578
0. 572
0. 56 7
0. 56 3
0. 560
0. 557
0. 554
0. 552
0 . 54 8
0 . 54 4
0 . 54 2
0 . 5A 1
0 . 54 0
0, 54 0

I.000
1.050
1.069
1. 0 5 7
1. 0 2 7
C. 9 9 1
0.957
0. 9 2 7
0.901
0. 8 8 1
0. 8 6 4
0. 8 4 0
0. 824
0.812
G . 80 4
0. 7 9 7
0. 7 9 2
0. 788
0. 784
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G. 778
0. 7 7 3
0. 7 6 9
0. 7 6 7
0.765
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u.764

1.0 0 0
1. 0 5 7
. 1. 102
1. 1 2 6
1. 132
1. 1 2 5
I.112
1. 0 9 6

1. 000
1. 055
1. 105
1. 144
1. 171
1. 1 8 6
1.193
1. 194
1. 191
1. 187
1. 182
1. 171
1 .1 6 1
1.154
1. 148
1.143
1.139
1.136
1.134
1.131
1 . 130
1. 126
1.124
1.123
1. 122
1.121
1. 121

iI
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0.30

0.35

1. 0 0 0 ;
1. 0 5 1 i
1. 1 0 0 ;
1.143 !
1.1 7 9 i
1. 2 0 6 ;
1. 2 2 7 ,
1. 2 4 1 :
1. 2 5 0 :
1.256 :
1. 2 6 0 i
1. 2 6 2 ;
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1. 2 6 1 i
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1.258;
1.257 :
1 . 257 i
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1 . 256 :
1. 2 5 5 ;
1. 255 '
1 . 254 :
1. 254 ;
1 . 254
1. 2 5 4 '
1. 254 i

I .0 0 0 '
1.048
1. 0 9 4
1. 1 3 7
1. 1 7 6
1. 2 0 9
1. 2 3 6
1. 2 5 9
1.276
1. 2 9 0
1. 3 0 1
1. 3 1 6
1. 3 2 6
1.332
1. 3 3 6
1.339
1.342
1.344
1. 346
1 . 348
1 . 349
1 . 352
1. 354
1 . 355
1. 3 5 6
1 . 357
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0.40

0.45!

0.50

1,000
1. 0 4 5
1.090
1. 1 3 2
1. 1 7 1
1-206
1. 2 3 7
1.263
1. 2 8 5
1. 3 0 4
1.320
1. 3 4 4
1. 3 6 1
1. 3 7 4
1.384
1.391
1.397
1.402
1. 4 0 ?
1. 4 1 0
1. 4 1 3
1. 4 1 9
1.423
1. 4 2 6
1.428
1 . 430
1.430

I . OOO'
1 .044
1.087
I . 129
1.167
1.203
1.235
1 .263
1 . 287
1 . 309
1. 32 7
1. 357
1.379
1 .396
1 .409
1.419
1.428
1.435
1. 4 4 1
1. 4 4 6
1. 4 5 1
1. 4 5 9
1. 4 6 5
1. 4 6 9
1. 4 7 1
1. 4 7 3
1. 474

1. 0 0 0
1. 0 4 4
1. 0 8 6
1. 1 2 8
1. l t 6
1. 2 0 2
1. 2 3 4
1. 2 6 2
1. 2 8 8
1. 3 1 0
1.329
1. 3 6 0
1.384
1. 4 0 2
1. 4 1 7
1.428
1.438
1.446
1. 4 5 2
1.458
1.463
1.472
1. 4 7 8
1.483
1. 4 86
1. 4 8 8

0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
" 0.50
0.60
0. 70
0 . 80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.75
2. 00
2.25
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2 . 75
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0.960
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1.488

Figure 33.

Computer output

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Computer output

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0. 9 5
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0. 1 5
0. 2 0
0. 2 5
0. 3 d
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0. 4 0
0. 4 5
07 5 0
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0. 8 0
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1. 7 5 ,
2.00
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IN X-DiREClION
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1. 0 0 0
0. 9 9 9
0. 9 9 4
0.988
0 . 975
0.965
0.948
0. 9 2 1
0.675
0. 7 0 b
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0.000
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000
0. 00 0
0.000
0. 0 0 0
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0. 0 0 0
0.000
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0. 0 0 0
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0. 9 9 9
0.9V4
0. 9 8 8
0. 9 7 7
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0. 9 53
0. 9 31
0. 8 9 /
0. 8 4 C
0. 7 4 4
0. 6 5 0
0.579
0. 5 3 3
0. 5 0 7
0. 4 y 4
.0 . 4 8 8
0. 4 8 5
0. 4 8 4
0. 4 8 4
:0. 4 8 4
d.484
0. 4 8 4
d.484
0.484
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:d . 4 8 5
0.485
;d. 4 85
0. 4 8 5
: d. 4 8 5

T I M E 1= 0 . 0 1

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0.10

1.000
0.9 9 9
0. 99 5
0. 990
0. 982
0. 975
0.96
0. 954
0. 94 0
0.931
0. 95 7
0. 949
0.920
0.89 0
0 . bo 6
0. 851
0 . 84 2
0. 837
0. 834
0 .833
0. 632
0 . 831
0 . 8 31
0. 831
0. 8 3 1
0. 831
0. 831
0.831
0. 83 I
0 . 831
0. 83 I

0.15 ;

0.20

1 :

REYNOLDS NUMBER = : 5 0 . 0

0.25

0.30

0.35

Id. 40

1. 0 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 0
0.999
1. 000
0.996 :0.99b
0.993 :0.997
0. 9 8 8 , 0 . 9 9 6
c. 9 8 5 : 0 . 9 9 5
0. 9 8 1 ; 0 . 9 9 6
0, 999
0.978
0.979
1.006
0.989
1.023
1.028 , 1.056
1.090
1. 0 5 7
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0
6
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1
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1
1. 1 3 0
1 .066
1. 0 5 8 : 1 . 1 3 4
1.133
1. 0 5 0
1. 0 4 2 ; 1 . 1 3 0
1. 0 3 7 : i . 1 2 7
1.124
1. 0 3 4
1.122
1. 0 3 1
1. 0 3 0 i l . 1 2 1
1.119
1. 0 2 8
1. 0 2 8 i l . 1 1 8
1. 0 2 8 i l . 11 8
1.118
1. 0 2 8
1.118
1. 0 2 7
1.118
1. 0 2 7
1. 0 2 7 , 1 . 1 1 8
1. 0 2 7 ; 1 . 1 1 8
1. 0 2 7 1 . 1 1 8
1 . 0 28 i l . l i s

| j CASE
0.45

II

0.50

1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 0
1. c o o
1. 0 0 1
1. 0 0 3
1. 0 0 5
1. 0 0 8
1. 0 1 5
1. 0 2 5
1. 0 4 3
1. 0 6 9
1. 0 9 8
1. 1 2 4
1. 1 4 3
1. 1 5 3
1. 1 5 7
1. 1 5 8
1. 1 5 8
1. 1 5 6
1. 1 5 5
1. 1 5 5
1. 1 5 4
3. . 1 5 3
1. 1 5 3
1. 1 5 3
1. 1 5 3
1. ; i 5 3 "
1. 1 5 3
I .il53
1. 1 5 3
1. 1 : 5 3

1.000
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 2
1. 0 0 4
1. 0 0 9
1. 0 1 2
1. 0 1 8
1. 026
1.038
1.054
1. 0 7 5
1.099
1. 1 2 1
1.139
1. 1 5 1
1. 1 5 8
1. 1 6 2
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 5
1.165
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 4
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Figure 37.

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C I- t>0vJU1->l\C.h-U'"OOO-f-U1C3C>
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cooo
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O O O C O O C O O C O O O C O I I T-'I
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o
o \C, -J K) :I C: -< IT cj r- rM i\) ui ^ -J o U: u- J- (V c
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c o o o o c o G o
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IV c VC.G. OJ IV o
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Lr_. w h- \C. -si f C3 c

z
c
z
a
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II

o'"l". "l"'
:O c
o

' o
,

.1
o

0
0

o o o o o o o o o o c o c c c o o o o o c o c o

o O o o o o c
O o o o o o o
O O o c
o o ;

o o c o o

'ST

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c o o o C:
o

u>

. ai

;o

Figure 46.

Computer output

VELOCITY

0.05

0.00

DIRECTION : ;
0

Y
X
/\

IN

TIME = 0.18
0 .15

REYNOLDS'
0 . 25

0 . 30 ;

: i. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 0
; 0. 9 9 b
0. 9 9 7
0. 9 9 5
0. 9 9 4

i.'doo
1.000
1. 000
I .001
1.003
1.005

i :
i 1
1. 0 0 0 ;
1. 0 0 0 ;
1. 0 0 2 1
1. 0 0 5 : !
1. 0 1 0 :
1. 0 1 4 :

0. 9 9 4
0. 9 9 6
1.003
1.018

1. 008
1.015
1.026
1.043
1.069
I .100
1 . 1 29
1.152
1.168
1. 178
1.183
1.184

0.20

0. 9 5
0. 7 5
0. 5 0

0.40
u. 3 0
0. 2 5
0. 2 0
0. 1 5
0. 1 0
0. 0 5
0. 0 0
0. 0 5
0. 1 0
0. 1 5
u. 2 0
0. 2 5
0. 3 0
0. 3 5
0. 4 0
0. 4 5
0. 5 0
0. 6 0
0. 7 0
0. 8 0
0. 9 0
1. o d
1. 2 5
1. 5 0
1. 7 5 ;
2. 0 0
2. 7 5

"

1. 0 0 0
0. 99 9
0. 9 9 3
0
0. 9 7 2
0.960

1. 0 0 0
0. 9 9 9
0. 9 9 3
0. 9 8 7
0. 9 7 4
0. 9 6 3

1. 0 0 0
0. 9 99
0. 9 9 4
0. 9 8 9
0. 9 7 9
0. 9 7 1

1. 0 0 0
0. 99 9
0. 9 9 6
0. 9 9 2
0. 9 8 6

0.942
0. 9 1 3
0. 8 6 4
0.771
0. G O O
0. C O O
0. 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0
0. 00 0
0. 0 0 0
0. 00 0
0. 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0. 00 0
0. 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0
0. 00 0
0. 000
0.000
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0

0. 9 4 7
0. 9 2 3
0. 8 8 6
0. H 2 6
0. 7 2 5
0.6 2 5
0. 5 4 5
0. 4 8 7
0. 4 4 4
0. 4 1 4
0. 3 91
0. 3 7 4

0. 9 6 1
0. 9 4 7
0. 9 3 1
0. 9 1 8
0. 9 3 d
0.919
0. 8 7 7
0. 8 2 9
0. 7 6 5
0. 7 4 7
0. 7 1 5
0. 6 90
0.6 6 9
0. 6 5 3
0. 6 3 9
0. 6 1 0
0. o 0 3
0. 5 9 2
0. 5 8 3
0. 5 7 6
0. 5 b 3
0. 5 5 5
0. 5 5 0
0. 5 4 6
0. 5 4 1

0. 9 7 8
0. 9 7 3
0. 9 7 2
0. 9 8 0
1.014

0. 3 6 1
d. 3 5 ]
0. 3 4 2
d.330
Q. 322
0. 3 1 5
0. 3 1 0
0. 3 0 6
0. 2 9 9
d. 2 9 4
0. 2 9 1
0. 2 8 9

0. 2 8 6

0. 9 8 2

1 . 0 36

]. 0 3 8
1. 0 2 4
1. 0 0 2
0. 9 7 7
c. 9 5 3
0. 9 3 1
0. 9 1 1
G. 8 9 4
0.880
0. 8 5 6
0. 8 3 9
0. 8 2 6
0. 8 15
0. 8 0 7
0. 7 9 2
0. 7 8 2
0. 7 7 6
0. 7 7 1
0. 7 6 5

: i. 0 4 9
1. 0 8 1
1. 1 0 4
1. 1 1 5
1. 1 1 7
1. 1 1 1
1. 1 0 2
1. 0 9 1
1. 0 8 0
' 1. 0 6 9
u . 05 9
1. 0 4 1
, 1. 0 2 c ,
; i. 0 1 4
1. 0 0 5
0. 9 9 7
;0.98 3
0. 9 74
:o.968
0. 9 6 4
0. 95 9

NUMbEK

0.40

1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 1
1.004

1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 1
1. 0 0 6
1. 0 1 1
1. 0 1 9
1. 0 2 6

1. 0 0 8
1. 0 1 5
1. 0 2 1

:
;
:

1. 0 2 9
1. 0 3 9
1. 0 5 3
1. 0 7 0

1.184
1.181
1.178
1 . 1 71
1.164
1 . 157
1.151
1.147
1.138
1.132
1.128
1.125

1. 0 8 3
1. 1 1 0
1. 1 3 8
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 8 7
1. 2 0 5
1 . 220
1. 2 3 1
1. 2 39:
1. 2 4 5
1. 2 5 0
1.255
1. 2 5 7
1.2 5 7
1. 2 5 7
1. 2 5 7
1. 2 5 6
1.255
1. 2 5 5
1.254

1. 0 9 2
1. 1 1 6
1. 1 4 2
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 9 3
I. 2 1 5
1. 2 3 4
1. 2 5 1
1. 2 6 5
I. 2 7 7

1. 122

1.254: '

:
;
;
,1
1
:
;

:
:
i
1
;
:

:
;

50.0

0.35

1. 0 2 0
1. 0 2 9
1. 0 4 2
1. 0 5 9

1.287
1. 3 0 3
1. 3 1 4
1. 3 2 2
1. 3 2 9
1. 3 3 3
1. 3 4 2
1. 3 4 7
1.350
1. 3 53
1. 3 5 6

1. 0 3 5
1. 0 4 6
1. 0 6 0
1. 0 7 7
1. 0 9 7
1. 1 2 0
1. 1 4 5
1. 1 6 9
1. 1 9 4
1. 2 1 7
1. 2 3 8

1 .!258
i. 2 7 6
1 . 2 91

1.305
1. 3 2 8
1. 3 4 6
1.361
1 . 3 72
1 . 3 81
1.398

1 .409
1. 4 1 6
1 .422
1.428

i ! CASE
0.45
: ;
1.000

I I

0. 5 0

1.029

1.000
1 .0 0 1
1 . 007
1. 013
1 .023
1.0 3 0

1. 038
1.050
1.064
1.081

1. 0 3 9
1.051
1. 0 6 5
1.0 8 2

1.101
1.122
1.146
1 .17 0
1.194
1.217
1.239
1.260

1. 1 0 2
1. 1 2 3
1. 1 4 6
1.170
1.194
1 .217

1.001
1. 007
1.012
1.022

1.2/9
1.296
1.312
1.339
1. 362
1. 380
1.395
1. 4 0 7
1.430
1.445
1.455
1.462
1.471

1 .239
1.260
1.280
1. 2 9 8
1.314
1. 3 4 3
1.366
1.386
1 .402
1.415
1 .4 40
1.4 5 7
1 . 4 68
1.476
1. 4 8 6

Figure 47.

Computer output

! I
I ! i M i l l I I
I I
N/ I\)
OC O O C O 0:0 0:C 0 0 CO c c 00 c O O O O O G
-JO -J V NO \C cxi -JO Vf -p- UJ UJ I\J r\) t t~.c> oOh-trvNUJ^Lr,
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o o c o o c o c do Cio 0:0 0 0 c o C O O
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189

Other Programs
Other problems of the same general nature as the one
discussed were also coded.

The following pages list some of

these and briefly describe the results which were obtained

from them.
Steady state solution
To obtain a feel for the problem of inlet flow in a
channel, a steady state solution was coded.

For this condi

tion, Equations 23 and 24 reduce to

8 (hi/ ij))
3(x,y)
and

V2(|)

- 0)

The numerical method used to solve both of these equations was

the method of successive displacement by points, described in
Varga (50) and Forsythe and Wasow (13). The finite difference
equations used were

1 < i < M
1 < j < N

60)

190

and

[k]

[k+i] ^ Ak]

[k+i]

1 < i < M
1 < j < N .

61)

Rather than the symmetric boundary conditions used for the

time dependent solution, the vorticity and stream function
over the entire channel was calculated. Thus the boundary
conditions were

o,j =

jh
0 < j < N+1

62a)

"0,j = "

Jk+i]
^M+l,j

1
4[k]
M,j

0 < j < N+1

[k+i]
M+i,j

'1,0

=_

62b)

0)[k]

0
>

4:+1

- 0)[k]
i,0

'

0 < i < M+1 , 62c)

191

*i,N+l

(N + l)h

[k+il

,[k]
^i,N+l

, 0<i<M+l

h2

62d)

These boundary conditions should be compared with Equations

50 and 53 which were used for the symmetric case.
These equations were solved in a straightforward manner
by solving Equation 60 for
61 for

^ ^ f l<i<M, l<j<N.

^^ ^ l<i<M, l<j<N, then Equation

Finally the boundary values for

the vorticity were corrected using the boundary Equations 62c

and 62d and the process repeated until convergence was
achieved.
The program was run only a few times to test the pro
cedure. It required a large number of iterations and so was
not run to complete convergence.

The solution did appear to

be approaching the correct solution as evidenced by comparison

with Schlichting's results (40).
Much faster convergence could be expected from an overrelaxation method, but this was not attempted.
Preliminary time dependent solution
As a preliminary solution for Equations 23 and 24,
Equation 23 was approximated by the finite difference equation
n+1

n-1

"i,] - "i/i
2AT
1

h2

_ _R_
4h2
.

^
2 (0.n+1. ^Zit}.n-i.
1f U

^ rJ

192

When solved for

1 J , this results in the explicit equation

'

n+i
^if j

i~j

. 2f n

6y(A}

n-ii

63)

Although this equation is explicit and therefore easily solved,

it does require the vorticity field at two previous time
planes, and, so, is somewhat wasteful of storage.
Equations 63 and 61 were solved with the nonsymmetric
boundary conditions 62 and the two sets of initial conditions

If]

jh

0 < i < M+1

0 < j < N+1

jh

lO

0 < i < M+1

0 < j < N+1
0 < i < M+1

i/D

i,0
i,N+l

=
=

-2h
2h

1 < j < N

1 < i < M

1 < i < M .

193

This method was found to be divergent except for very

small time increments and so was not used.
Extrapolation
For a given value of the y-coordinate, j, the stream
function at the downstream end of the region can be expanded
by Newton's forward difference formula as shown in Jeffreys
and Swirles (21, pp. 262 ff.) to give

where

is a kth order polynomial passing through the k+1

points

/ <'M-k-i,j'

the remainder

term given by

A
^ : zg^k+l
(k+1)

h[2h][3h]...[(k+l)h]

4+fl

/,j
where M-k-1 < g < M+1.

n r j

Thus the stream function can be extra

polated to any order of accuracy desired if the derivatives

are bounded.
When this extrapolation technique was used instead of the
downstream boundary conditions given by Equation 50b or 52b,
the convergence of the stream function was much slower. This
is to be expected since this technique lessens the diagonal
dominance of the matrix of the SBOR method.
It was found that convergence was more rapid with

194

comparable accuracy if the value of h was decreased or M

increased rather than use the extrapolation technique.
However, for problems for which

and

do not approach zero

within a reasonable distance, this technique would be valuable.

Alternative vorticity boundary condition
The boundary values of the vorticity along the wall of
the channel were found to be
1 < i < M

- 4,1
h2

ifO

+ 0(h)
n > 0

in the discussion preceeding Equations 49 and 50.

When the

stream function is expanded to one higher order than was used

to derive this result it is found that

i,l

\n
+ i lii
+
2 3y2
*1,0 ^ '"I7
/ifO
/i,o

\n

+ OCh*^)

6 ay3
/X, 0

Since

- UJ.
^ifi

4
9y I

If]

8 ^ (j)
9x2

3 2 (j)

BP?
/If]

3 ^(j)
ax^ay

i/D
n

/if]

3^*
3y3

in
If]

195

and

I:

= 0

8 ^ (j)
8x2

\n

Of

Of

If 0
n

_lii_
8x23y
'i,0
it follows that

I.

h2 n
*i,o T *1,0
,n

"

n
hi iw
6 By

+ 0(h4)
/ 1,0

Also
n
3 hi

'" , I - "i,o' +

3Y

'

/i,o

so that
n
n

^ifO

h^

+ 0(h2)

This boundary condition was used instead of Equation 50c

for case I. The maximum variation was about one digit in the
second decimal place of the velocities, or less than 1 percent,
except at the leading edge of the walls where the vorticity

196

gradients were large.

However, since the increase in computa

tion is negligible, for future solutions it is recommended

that this higher order boundary condition be utilized.
Suddenly accelerated flat plate
A small effort was made to calculate the flow field
around a suddenly accelerated flat plate. The boundary and
initial conditions used were Equations 49 and 50 except that
Equation SOd was replaced by

0 < i < M+1

i,N+i
<

n > 0

This boundary condition is equivalent to saying that u at a

distance from the flat plate is equal to one.
Only a small amount of effort was expended on this
problem, but it was found that convergence was very much
slower than for the channel problem.
on this problem.

More work should be done