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GSM AND GPS BASED CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM

FOR ALERT

INTRODUCTION
This proposed work is an attempt to design a tracking unit that
uses the global positioning system to determine the precise
location of a object, person or other asset to which it is attached
and using GSM modem this information can be transmit to
remote user. It can provide tele-monitoring system for intercities transportation vehicles such as taxis and buses. This
system contains single-board embedded system that is equipped
with GPS and GSM modems along with AVR controller that is
installed in the vehicle. During object motion, its location can be
reported by SMS message. A software package is developed to
read, process, analyze and store the incoming SMS messages.
The use of GSM and GPS technologies allows the system to
track object and provides the most up-to-date information about

ongoing trips. If a password like SMS is sent by the owner, it


automatically stops the vehicle or we can use it for different
other work, it can provide real time control. This system finds its
application in real time traffic surveillance. It could be used as a
valuable tool for real time traveler. The current system can be
able to provide monitoring process from anywhere. The purpose
of this system is to design and integrate a new system which is
integrated with GPS- GSM to provide following feature: a)
Location information, b) Real time tracking using SMS, c) track
bus driver activity d) Communication is instantaneous therefore
we can receive running report quickly. It is completely
integrated so that once it is implemented in all vehicles, then it is
easy to track vehicles any time.
Proposed design is cost-effective, reliable and has the function
of accurate tracking. When large object or vehicles were spread
out over ground, the owner corporations often found it difficult
to keep track of what was happening. They required some type
of system to determine where each object was at any given time
and for how long it travelled. Also the need of tracking in
consumers vehicle use to prevent any kind of theft because

police can use tracking reports to locate stolen vehicle. GSM


and GPS based tracking system will provide effective, real time
vehicle location, and reporting. A GPS- GSM based tracking
system will inform where your vehicle is and where it has been,
how long it has been. The system uses geographic position and
time information from the Global Positioning Satellites. The
system has an "On- Board Module" which resides in the vehicle
to be tracked. The On-Board module consists of GPS receiver, a
GSM modem and ARM processor. It can provide telemonitoring

and

management

system

for

inter-cities

transportation vehicles such as taxis and buses. During vehicle


motion, its real-time parameters such as location are reported by
SMS message. The system takes advantage of wireless
technology in providing powerful management transportation
engine. The use of GSM and GPS technologies allows the
system to track vehicle and provides the most up-to-date
information about ongoing trips. This system finds its
application in real time traffic surveillance. It could be used as a
valuable tool for real time traveler information, congestion
monitoring, and system evaluation. An intelligent, automated
vehicle tracking system can resolve following problems such as,

late arrivals to scheduled, improper use of company time and


resources, unsafe driving habits, assigned routes, inefficient
dispatching, and passengers dissatisfaction. This can lead to
better traffic flow modeling and a better understanding of driver
behavior. This project includes various features like ingenuity,
simplicity of design and easy implementation. It is completely
integrated so that once it is implemented in all vehicles, then it is
easy to track vehicle any time.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND


LITERATURE REVIEW
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications: originally
from GROUPE Spcial Mobile) is the most popular standard for
mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association,
estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the
standard. GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than
212 countries and territories [4]. Its ubiquity makes international
roaming very common between mobile phone operators

enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the


world. GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signaling
and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a second
generation (2G) mobile phone system [5]. This has also meant
that data communication was easy to build into the system.
GSM ARCHITECTURE
GSM is a complex system and difficult to understand. The
Mobile Station (MS) refers to the mobile equipment [6]. The
Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile
Station. The Network Subsystem performs main functions such
as switching of calls between mobile users, mobility
management operations, and proper operation and setup of a
network [7]. These functions are controlled by the Mobile
Services Switching Center (MSC).
TECHNICAL DETAILS

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones


connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity.
MAIN CELLULAR STANDARDS

YEAR

1981
1985

STANDARD

MOBILE

TECHNO

PRIMARY

TELEPHONE

LOGY

MARKETS

NMT540

SYSTEM
NORDIC

TACS

TELEPHONY
UE
TOTAL
ACCESS ANALOG

LE EAST
EUROPE

COMMUNUNICATION

CHINA

MOBILE ANALOG

UE

EUROPE,MIDD
AND

SYSTEM

1986

NMT900

NORDIC

MOBILE ANALOG

1991

GSM

TELEPHONY
UE
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL

EUROPE,
MIDDLE EAST
WORLD-WIDE

MOBILE
1991
1993

1992

TDMA

COMMUNICATION
TIME
DIVISION DIGITAL

AMERICA

CDMA

MULTIPLE ACCESS
CODE
DIVISION DIGITAL

NORTH

MULTIPLE ACCESS

AMERICA,

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL

KOREA
EUROPE

GSM 1800

MOBILE
1994
1995

PDC

COMMUNICATION
PERSONAL DIGITAL DIGITAL

JAPAN

PCS 1900

CELLULAR
PERSONAL

NORTH

DIGITAL

2001

2006-TILL
DATE

GSM 800

GSM 450

COMPUTER SERVICES
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL

AMERICA
NORTH

MOBILE

AMERICA

COMMUNICATION
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL

WORLD-WIDE

MOBILE
COMMUNICATION

GSM FREQUENCIES
GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency
ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS
frequency bands for 3G). Most 2G GSM networks operate in the
900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas
(including Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and
1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency
bands were already allocated. Most 3G GSM networks in
Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band [9]
NETWORK STRUCTURE

The network behind the GSM seen by the customer is large and
complicated in order to provide all of the services which are
required.
The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their
controllers).
The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the
network most similar to a fixed network). This is
sometimes also just called the core network.
The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows
packet based Internet connections).
All of the elements in the system combine to produce many
GSM services such as voice calls and SMS.

SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE (SIM)


One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity
Module, commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a
detachable smart card containing the user's subscription
information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or
her information after switching handsets [10]. Alternatively, the
user can also change operators while retaining the handset
simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by
allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM
issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is
illegal in some countries [11].

LITERATURE REVIEW
This project is an implementation to the idea of the wireless
communication between a mobile phone and a microcontroller.
Currently the main work that has been done on this proposed

system is through serial port to the computer but not wireless. If


they want to switch on and off the appliance, they have to go to
the remote area and one /off the appliance. But in this new
design, the systems need not be reprogrammed to control
another home appliance without changing the programming of
microcontroller. The user will send SMS from his phone and he
will be able to control the appliance.
GSM SECURITY
GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The
system was designed to authenticate the subscriber using a preshared key and challenge-response. Communications between
the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted.

Fig. 2.2 Block Diagram


As we see in the above figure, there are at least three interfacing
circuits, MAX-232 with Microcontroller, LCD display with
microcontroller, and MAX-232 with GSM MODEM.

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO AVR


MICROCONTROLLER:
AVR microcontrollers are popular because of their Linux
support and their software like AVRGCC and AVRDUDE. If
you start learning with any microcontroller the cost you have to
pay is the microcontroller cost+software+programmer. If you
compute this then AVR is the best. Atmega8 is available with
Rs.75 and programmer cost is just a printer cable costs Rs.40
with some wires and AVRGCC for Linux and WinaVR2006 for
Windows. It has facilities like inbuilt ADC which is not there in

8051, which will be advantageous for robotics. Software are


easily available for other microcontrollers but they have a limit
of maximum 2K program memory. The project 'embedded
Ethernet' have around 10K program memory usage while
WinAVR have no such limitations. The programmer cost of
8051 and pic are above Rs.400(as far as I know). Here I am
going to talk about microcontroller just like a computer running
on parallel port and a C program. I am using the same examples.
Basic thing you have to know how to program the chip and
writing programs for the chip. If you know 8085 then it will be
easy to understand. Anyway I am writing codes in C so that it
will be easy to understand.
When we have to learn about a new computer we have to
familiarize about the machine capability we are using, and we
can do it by studying the internal hardware design (devices
architecture), and also to know about the size, number and the
size of the registers.
A microcontroller is a single chip that contains the
processor (the CPU), non-volatile memory for the program
(ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and output (RAM), a

clock and an I/O control unit. Also called a "computer on a


chip," billions of microcontroller units (MCUs) are embedded
each year in a myriad of products from toys to appliances to
automobiles. For example, a single vehicle can use 70 or more
microcontrollers. The following picture describes a general
block diagram of microcontroller.
ATMEGA16:

The ATMEGA16 is a low-power, high-

performance advance RISC 8-bit microcontroller with 32K


bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The on-chip
Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed insystem or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer.
By

combining

versatile

8-bit

CPU

with

in-system

programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel


ATMEGA16 is a powerful microcontroller, which provides a
highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many, embedded
control applications. The ATMEGA16 provides the following
standard features: 32K bytes of Flash, 1024 byte of EEPROM &
2KB INTERNAL S RAM ,32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two
data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level
interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip

oscillator,8-channel 10 bit ADC and clock circuitry. In addition,


the ATMEGA16 is designed with static logic for operation
down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable
power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while
allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt
system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves
the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other
chip functions until the next interrupt.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER
SUPPLY

G
P

GSM
MODEM
AVR
MICRO
CONTROLLER

LCD

BUZZER

MOBILE
PHONE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

DISCRIPTION
Hardware framework for tracking system is shown in Fig 1.
System contains high Performance AVR controller, a GPS, and
GSM modem and overall system reside into a vehicle. A
tracking system will provide effective real time vehicle location
reporting .Tracking system will inform where your vehicle is
and where it has been, how longer it has been there.
The basic function of in vehicle unite is to acquire, Monitor and
transmit the position latitude, longitude, time to management
center either at fixed interval or on demand. Microcontroller unit
form the heart of tracking unit, which acquires and process the
position data from the GPS module. The GPS receiver of vehicle
terminal receives and resolves the navigation message
broadcasted by GPS position satellites, computes the longitude
and latitude of vehicle coordinates, transforms it into the GSM
message form by GSM communication controller, and sends
the message to monitoring center via the GSM network.

COMPONENT LIST
Name

Capacity

Quantity

2 Pin Connector

Screw

2 Pin Connector

Male

Diode

IN40007

Regulator

7805

Regulator

7812

Capacitor

1000f

Capacitor

10f

Ceramic Capacitor

22pf

Crystal

11.0592m
hz

Push Button
Relay

1
12V

40 Pin Base

16 Pin Base

8 Pin Base

8051

ATMEGA 1
16

1.

ULN2003

LM358

1`

LED

LCD Base

16 Pin

LCD

16*2

Resistance

220

Resistance

1k

Resistance

10k

Variable resistance

100k

GPS MODULE

GSM MODEM

POWER SUPPLY:

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A


device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy
to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply
unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical
energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to
others. Here in our application we need a 5v DC power supply
for all electronics involved in the project. This requires step
down transformer, rectifier, voltage regulator, and filter circuit
for generation of 5v DC power. Here a brief description of all
the components is given as follows:

TRANSFORMER:
transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from
one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors
the transformer's coils or "windings". Except for air-core
transformers, the conductors are commonly wound around a
single iron-rich core, or around separate but magneticallycoupled cores. A varying current in the first or "primary"
winding creates a varying magnetic field in the core (or cores) of
the transformer. This varying magnetic field induces a varying

electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the "secondary"


winding. This effect is called mutual induction.

If a load is connected to the secondary circuit, electric charge


will flow in the secondary winding of the transformer and
transfer energy from the primary circuit to the load connected in
the secondary circuit.
The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is
scaled from the primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio of the
number of turns of wire in their respective windings:

By appropriate selection of the numbers of turns, a transformer


thus allows an alternating voltage to be stepped up by making
NS more than NP or stepped down, by making it

BASIC PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER


In its most basic form a transformer consists of:

A primary coil or winding.

A secondary coil or winding.

A core that supports the coils or windings.


Refer to the transformer circuit in figure as you read the
following explanation: The primary winding is connected to a
60-hertz ac voltage source. The magnetic field (flux) builds up
(expands) and collapses (contracts) about the primary winding.
The expanding and contracting magnetic field around the
primary winding cuts the secondary winding and induces an
alternating voltage into the winding. This voltage causes
alternating current to flow through the load. The voltage may be
stepped up or down depending on the design of the primary and
secondary windings.

THE COMPONENTS OF A TRANSFORMER


Two coils of wire (called windings) are wound on some type of
core material. In some cases the coils of wire are wound on a
cylindrical or rectangular cardboard form. In effect, the core
material is air and the transformer is called an AIR-CORE
TRANSFORMER. Transformers used at low frequencies, such
as 60 hertz and 400 hertz, require a core of low-reluctance
magnetic material, usually iron. This type of transformer is
called an IRON-CORE TRANSFORMER. Most power
transformers are of the iron-core type. The principle parts of a
transformer and their functions are:

The CORE, which provides a path for the magnetic lines of


flux.

The PRIMARY WINDING, which receives energy from


the ac source.

The SECONDARY WINDING, which receives energy


from the primary winding and delivers it to the load.

The ENCLOSURE, which protects the above components


from dirt, moisture, and mechanical damage.

BRIDGE RECTIFIER
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge
arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely
used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown
and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is
wired internally.

BASIC OPERATION
According to the conventional model of current flow originally
established by Benjamin Franklin and still followed by most
engineers today, current is assumed to flow through electrical

conductors from the positive to the negative pole. In actuality,


free electrons in a conductor nearly always flow from the
negative to the positive pole. In the vast majority of
applications, however, the actual direction of current flow is
irrelevant. Therefore, in the discussion below the conventional
model is retained.
In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left
corner of the diamond is positive, and the input connected to the
right corner is negative, current flows from the upper supply
terminal to the right along the red (positive) path to the output,
and returns to the lower supply terminal via the blue (negative)

path.
When the input connected to the left corner is negative, and the
input connected to the right corner is positive, current flows

from the lower supply terminal to the right along the red path to
the output, and returns to the upper supply terminal via the blue
path.

In each case, the upper right output remains positive and lower
right output negative. Since this is true whether the input is AC
or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC output from an AC
input, it can also provide what is sometimes called "reverse
polarity protection". That is, it permits normal functioning of
DC-powered equipment when batteries have been installed
backwards, or when the leads (wires) from a DC power source
have been reversed, and protects the equipment from potential
damage caused by reverse polarity.
Prior to availability of integrated electronics, such a bridge
rectifier was always constructed from discrete components.

Since about 1950, a single four-terminal component containing


the four diodes connected in the bridge configuration became a
standard commercial component and is now available with
various voltage and current ratings.
OUTPUT SMOOTHING

For many applications, especially with single phase AC where


the full-wave bridge serves to convert an AC input into a DC
output, the addition of a capacitor may be desired because the
bridge alone supplies an output of fixed polarity but
continuously varying or "pulsating" magnitude (see diagram
above).

The function of this capacitor, known as a reservoir capacitor (or


smoothing capacitor) is to lessen the variation in (or 'smooth')
the rectified AC output voltage waveform from the bridge. One

explanation of 'smoothing' is that the capacitor provides a low


impedance path to the AC component of the output, reducing the
AC voltage across, and AC current through, the resistive load. In
less technical terms, any drop in the output voltage and current
of the bridge tends to be canceled by loss of charge in the
capacitor. This charge flows out as additional current through
the load. Thus the change of load current and voltage is reduced
relative to what would occur without the capacitor. Increases of
voltage correspondingly store excess charge in the capacitor,
thus moderating the change in output voltage / current.
The simplified circuit shown has a well-deserved reputation for
being dangerous, because, in some applications, the capacitor
can retain a lethal charge after the AC power source is removed.
If supplying a dangerous voltage, a practical circuit should
include a reliable way to safely discharge the capacitor. If the
normal load cannot be guaranteed to perform this function,
perhaps because it can be disconnected, the circuit should
include a bleeder resistor connected as close as practical across
the capacitor. This resistor should consume a current large

enough to discharge the capacitor in a reasonable time, but small


enough to minimize unnecessary power waste.
Because a bleeder sets a minimum current drain, the regulation
of the circuit, defined as percentage voltage change from
minimum to maximum load, is improved. However in many
cases the improvement is of insignificant magnitude.
The capacitor and the load resistance have a typical time
constant = RC where C and R are the capacitance and load
resistance respectively. As long as the load resistor is large
enough so that this time constant is much longer than the time of
one ripple cycle, the above configuration will produce a
smoothed DC voltage across the load.
In some designs, a series resistor at the load side of the capacitor
is added. The smoothing can then be improved by adding
additional stages of capacitorresistor pairs, often done only for
sub-supplies to critical high-gain circuits that tend to be
sensitive to supply voltage noise.
The idealized waveforms shown above are seen for both voltage
and current when the load on the bridge is resistive. When the

load includes a smoothing capacitor, both the voltage and the


current waveforms will be greatly changed. While the voltage is
smoothed, as described above, current will flow through the
bridge only during the time when the input voltage is greater
than the capacitor voltage. For example, if the load draws an
average current of n Amps, and the diodes conduct for 10% of
the time, the average diode current during conduction must be
10n Amps. This non-sinusoidal current leads to harmonic
distortion and a poor power factor in the AC supply.
In a practical circuit, when a capacitor is directly connected to
the output of a bridge, the bridge diodes must be sized to
withstand the current surge that occurs when the power is turned
on at the peak of the AC voltage and the capacitor is fully
discharged. Sometimes a small series resistor is included before
the capacitor to limit this current, though in most applications
the power supply transformer's resistance is already sufficient.
Output can also be smoothed using a choke and second
capacitor. The choke tends to keep the current (rather than the
voltage) more constant. Due to the relatively high cost of an

effective choke compared to a resistor and capacitor this is not


employed in modern equipment.
Some early console radios created the speaker's constant field
with the current from the high voltage ("B +") power supply,
which was then routed to the consuming circuits, (permanent
magnets were then too weak for good performance) to create the
speaker's constant magnetic field. The speaker field coil thus
performed 2 jobs in one: it acted as a choke, filtering the power
supply, and it produced the magnetic field to operate the speaker.

REGULATOR IC (78XX)

It is a three pin IC used as a voltage regulator. It converts


unregulated DC current into regulated DC current.

Normally we get fixed output by connecting the voltage


regulator at the output of the filtered DC (see in above diagram).
It can also be used in circuits to get a low DC voltage from a
high DC voltage (for example we use 7805 to get 5V from 12V).
There are two types of voltage regulators 1. fixed voltage
regulators (78xx, 79xx) 2. variable voltage regulators(LM317)
In fixed voltage regulators there is another classification 1. +ve
voltage regulators 2. -ve voltage regulators POSITIVE
VOLTAGE

REGULATORS

This

include

78xx

voltage

regulators. The most commonly used ones are 7805 and 7812.
7805 gives fixed 5V DC voltage if input voltage is in (7.5V,
20V).

The Capacitor Filter


The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power
supply filter. The application of the simple capacitor filter is
very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage,
low-current power supplies for cathode-ray and similar electron
tubes, which require very little load current from the supply. The
capacitor filter is also used where the power-supply ripple

frequency is not critical; this frequency can be relatively high.


The capacitor (C1) shown in figure 4-15 is a simple filter
connected across the output of the rectifier in parallel with the
load.

Full-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter.


When this filter is used, the RC charge time of the filter
capacitor (C1) must be short and the RC discharge time must be
long to eliminate ripple action. In other words, the capacitor
must charge up fast, preferably with no discharge at all. Better
filtering also results when the input frequency is high; therefore,
the full-wave rectifier output is easier to filter than that of the
half-wave rectifier because of its higher frequency.
For you to have a better understanding of the effect that filtering
has on Eavg, a comparison of a rectifier circuit with a filter and
one without a filter is illustrated in views A and B of figure 4-16.
The output waveforms in figure 4-16 represent the unfiltered

and filtered outputs of the half-wave rectifier circuit. Current


pulses flow through the load resistance (R L) each time a diode
conducts. The dashed line indicates the average value of output
voltage. For the half-wave rectifier, E avg is less than half (or
approximately 0.318) of the peak output voltage. This value is
still much less than that of the applied voltage. With no capacitor
connected across the output of the rectifier circuit, the waveform
in view A has a large pulsating component (ripple) compared
with the average or dc component. When a capacitor is
connected across the output (view B), the average value of
output voltage (Eavg) is increased due to the filtering action of
capacitor C1.
UNFILTERED

Half-wave rectifier with and without filtering.

FILTERED

The value of the capacitor is fairly large (several microfarads),


thus it presents a relatively low reactance to the pulsating current
and it stores a substantial charge.
The rate of charge for the capacitor is limited only by the
resistance of the conducting diode, which is relatively low.
Therefore, the RC charge time of the circuit is relatively short.
As a result, when the pulsating voltage is first applied to the
circuit, the capacitor charges rapidly and almost reaches the
peak value of the rectified voltage within the first few cycles.
The capacitor attempts to charge to the peak value of the
rectified voltage anytime a diode is conducting, and tends to
retain its charge when the rectifier output falls to zero. (The
capacitor cannot discharge immediately.) The capacitor slowly

discharges through the load resistance (RL) during the time the
rectifier is non-conducting.
The rate of discharge of the capacitor is determined by the value
of capacitance and the value of the load resistance. If the
capacitance and load-resistance values are large, the RC
discharge time for the circuit is relatively long.
A comparison of the waveforms shown in figure 4-16 (view A
and view B) illustrates that the addition of C1 to the circuit
results in an increase in the average of the output voltage (E avg)
and a reduction in the amplitude of the ripple component (E r)
which is normally present across the load resistance.
Now, let's consider a complete cycle of operation using a halfwave rectifier, a capacitive filter (C1), and a load resistor (R L).
As shown in view A of figure 4-17, the capacitive filter (C1) is
assumed to be large enough to ensure a small reactance to the
pulsating rectified current. The resistance of R L is assumed to be
much greater than the reactance of C1 at the input frequency.
When the circuit is energized, the diode conducts on the positive
half cycle and current flows through the circuit, allowing C1 to
charge. C1 will charge to approximately the peak value of the

input voltage. (The charge is less than the peak value because of
the voltage drop across the diode (D1)). In view A of the figure,
the charge on C1 is indicated by the heavy solid line on the
waveform. As illustrated in view B, the diode cannot conduct on
the negative half cycle because the anode of D1 is negative with
respect to the cathode. During this interval, C1 discharges
through the load resistor (RL). The discharge of C1 produces the
downward slope as indicated by the solid line on the waveform
in view B. In contrast to the abrupt fall of the applied ac voltage
from peak value to zero, the voltage across C1 (and thus across
RL) during the discharge period gradually decreases until the
time of the next half cycle of rectifier operation. Keep in mind
that for good filtering, the filter capacitor should charge up as
fast as possible and discharge as little as possible.
Figure 4-17A. - Capacitor filter circuit (positive and negative
half cycles). POSITIVE HALF-CYCLE

Figure 4-17B. - Capacitor filter circuit (positive and negative


half cycles). NEGATIVE HALF-CYCLE

Since practical values of C1 and R L ensure a more or less


gradual decrease of the discharge voltage, a substantial charge
remains on the capacitor at the time of the next half cycle of
operation. As a result, no current can flow through the diode
until the rising ac input voltage at the anode of the diode exceeds
the voltage on the charge remaining on C1. The charge on C1 is

the cathode potential of the diode. When the potential on the


anode exceeds the potential on the cathode (the charge on C1),
the diode again conducts, and C1 begins to charge to
approximately the peak value of the applied voltage.
After the capacitor has charged to its peak value, the diode will
cut off and the capacitor will start to discharge. Since the fall of
the ac input voltage on the anode is considerably more rapid
than the decrease on the capacitor voltage, the cathode quickly
become more positive than the anode, and the diode ceases to
conduct.
Operation of the simple capacitor filter using a full-wave
rectifier is basically the same as that discussed for the half-wave
rectifier. Referring to figure 4-18, you should notice that because
one of the diodes is always conducting on. either alternation, the
filter capacitor charges and discharges during each half cycle.
(Note that each diode conducts only for that portion of time
when the peak secondary voltage is greater than the charge
across the capacitor.)
Figure 4-18. - Full-wave rectifier (with capacitor filter).

Another thing to keep in mind is that the ripple component (E r)


of the output voltage is an ac voltage and the average output
voltage (Eavg) is the dc component of the output. Since the filter
capacitor offers a relatively low impedance to ac, the majority of
the ac component flows through the filter capacitor. The ac
component is therefore bypassed (shunted) around the load
resistance, and the entire dc component (or Eavg) flows through
the load resistance. This statement can be clarified by using the
formula for XC in a half-wave and full-wave rectifier. First, you
must establish some values for the circuit.

As you can see from the calculations, by doubling the frequency


of the rectifier, you reduce the impedance of the capacitor by
one-half. This allows the ac component to pass through the

capacitor more easily. As a result, a full-wave rectifier output is


much easier to filter than that of a half-wave rectifier.
Remember, the smaller the XC of the filter capacitor with respect
to the load resistance, the better the filtering action. Since

the largest possible capacitor will provide the best filtering.


Remember, also, that the load resistance is an important
consideration. If load resistance is made small, the load current
increases, and the average value of output voltage (E avg)
decreases. The RC discharge time constant is a direct function of
the value of the load resistance; therefore, the rate of capacitor
voltage discharge is a direct function of the current through the
load. The greater the load current, the more rapid the discharge
of the capacitor, and the lower the average value of output
voltage. For this reason, the simple capacitive filter is seldom
used with rectifier circuits that must supply a relatively large
load current. Using the simple capacitive filter in conjunction
with a full-wave or bridge rectifier provides improved filtering

because the increased ripple frequency decreases the capacitive


reactance of the filter capacitor.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

DIODE
The diode is a p-n junction device. Diode is the component
used to control the flow of the current in any one direction. The
diode widely works in forward bias.

Diode When the current flows from the P to N direction. Then it


is in forward bias. The Zener diode is used in reverse bias

function i.e. N to P direction. Visually the identification of the


diode`s terminal can be done by identifying he silver/black line.
The silver/black line is the negative terminal (cathode) and the
other terminal is the positive terminal (cathode).
APPLICATION
Diodes: Rectification, free-wheeling, etc
Zener diode: Voltage control, regulator etc.
Tunnel diode: Control the current flow, snobbier circuit, etc
RESISTORS
The flow of charge through any material encounters an
opposing force similar in many respects to mechanical friction
.this opposing force is called resistance of the material .in some
electric circuit resistance is deliberately introduced in form of
resistor. Resistor used fall in three categories , only two of which
are color coded which are metal film and carbon film resistor
.the third category is the wire wound type ,where value are
generally printed on the vitreous paint finish of the component.
Resistors are in ohms and are represented in Greek letter omega,
looks as an upturned horseshoe. Most electronic circuit require

resistors to make them work properly and it is obliviously


important to find out something about the different types of
resistors available. Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol
for ohm is an omega ohm. 1 ohm is quite small for electronics so
resistances are often given in kohm and Mohm.
Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as low as 0.1
ohm or as high as 10 Mohm.

FUNCTION
Resistor restrict the flow of electric current, for example a
resistor is placed in series with a light-emitting diode(LED) to
limit the current passing through the LED.
TYPES OF RESISTORS
FIXED VALUE RESISTORS
It includes two types of resistors as carbon film and metal
film .These two types are explained under

CARBON FILM RESISTORS


During manufacture, at in film of carbon is deposited onto a
small ceramic rod. The resistive coating is spiraled away in an
automatic machine until the resistance between there two ends
of the rods is as close as possible to the correct value. Metal
leads and end caps are added, the resistors is covered with an
insulating coating and finally painted with colored bands to
indicate the resistor value

Carbon Film Resistors


Another example for a Carbon 22000 Ohms or 22 Kilo-Ohms
also known as 22K at 5% tolerance: Band 1 = Red, 1st digit
Band 2 = Red, 2nd digit Band 3 = Orange, 3rd digit, multiply
with zeros, in this case 3 zero's Band 4 = Gold, Tolerance, 5%

METAL FILM RESISTORS

Metal film and metal oxides resistors are made in a similar way,
but can be made more accurately to within 2% or 1% of their
nominal vale there are some difference in performance between
these resistor types, but none which affects their use in simple
circuit.

WIRE WOUND RESISTOR


A wire wound resistor is made of metal resistance wire, and
because of this, they can be manufactured to precise values.
Also, high wattage resistors can be made by using a thick wire
material. Wire wound resistors cannot be used for high
frequency circuits. Coils are used in high frequency circuit. Wire
wound resistors in a ceramic case, strengthened with special
cement. They have very high power rating, from 1 or 2 watts to
dozens of watts. These resistors can become extremely hot when
used for high power application, and this must be taken into
account when designing the circuit.

TESTING

Resistors are checked with an ohm meter/millimeter. For a


defective resistor the ohm-meter shows infinite high reading.
CAPACITORS
In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they
work in completely different ways, capacitors and batteries both
store electrical energy. If you have read How Batteries Work ,
then you know that a battery has two terminals. Inside the
battery, chemical reactions produce electrons on one terminal
and absorb electrons at the other terminal.
BASIC
Like a battery, a capacitor has two terminals. Inside the
capacitor, the terminals connect to two metal plates separated by
a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, paper, plastic or anything
else that does not conduct electricity and keeps the plates from
touching each other. You can easily make a capacitor from two
pieces of aluminum foil and a piece of paper. It won't be a
particularly good capacitor in terms of its storage capacity, but it
will work.
In an electronic circuit, a capacitor is shown like this:

When you connect a capacitor to a battery, heres what happens:


The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the negative terminal
of the battery accepts electrons that the battery is producing.
The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the positive terminal
of the battery loses electrons to the battery.

TESTING
To test the capacitors, either analog meters or specia

l digital meters with the specified function are used. The nonelectrolyte capacitor can be tested by using the digital meter.
Multi meter mode : Continuity Positive probe : One end
Negative probe :

Second end Display

occur) `OL` Result

`0`(beep sound

Faulty OK

LED
LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light
emitting diode (LED) is a diode that will give off visible light
when it is energized. In any forward biased P-N junction there
is, with in the structure and primarily close to the junction, a
recombination of hole and electrons. This recombination
requires that the energy possessed by the unbound free electron
be transferred to another state. The process of giving off light by
applying an electrical source is called electroluminescence.

LED is a component used for indication. All the functions being


carried out are displayed by led .The LED is diode which glows
when the current is being flown through it in forward bias
condition. The LEDs are available in the round shell and also in
the flat shells. The positive leg is longer than negative leg.

GSM Modem

A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM


wireless network. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up
modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up
modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line
while a wireless modem sends and receives data through radio
waves. Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a
SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to operate [11].
Accessing GSM MODEM using Microsoft HyperTerminal
Microsoft HyperTerminal is a small program that comes with
Microsoft Windows. We use it to send AT commands to the
GSM modem. It can be found at Start -> Programs ->
Accessories -> Communications -> HyperTerminal. Before
programming our SMS application, it is required to check if the
GSM modem and SIM card are working properly first [12]. The
MS HyperTerminal is a handy tool when it comes to testing the
GSM device. It is a good idea to test the GSM devices
beforehand. When a problem occurs, sometimes it is difficult to
tell what causes the problem. The cause can be the program, the
GSM device or the SIM card. If GSM device and SIM card with

MS HyperTerminal are operating properly, then it is very likely


that the problem is caused by the program or other hardware
[12]. For Linux users, Mincom can be used instead of
HyperTerminal.
TESTING OF GSM MODEM
To use MS HyperTerminal to send AT commands to the GSM
modem, the following procedure is followed
1. I put a valid SIM (MTN) card into the GSM modem. I obtain
a SIM card by subscribing to the GSM service of a wireless
network operator.
2. No need to install any driver for the GSM modem
3. Then I set up MS HyperTerminal by selecting Start ->
Programs -> Accessories -> Communications -> HyperTerminal.
4. In the Connection Description dialog box (as shown in the
screenshot given below), I enter any file name and choose an
icon I like for the connection. Then I click the OK button.
. In the Connect To dialog box, choose the COM port that your
mobile phone or GSM modem is connecting to in the Connect
using combo box. I choose COM1 because my mobile phone is
connected to the COM1 port. Then click the OK button. Type

"AT" in the main window. A response "OK" will be returned


from the mobile phone or GSM modem. Type "AT+CPIN?" in
the main window. The AT command "AT+CPIN?" is used to
query whether the mobile phone or GSM modem is waiting for a
PIN (personal identification number, i.e. password). If the
response is "+CPIN: READY", it means the SIM card does not
require a PIN and it is ready for use. If my SIM card requires a
PIN, you need to set the PIN with the AT command
"AT+CPIN=<PIN>".
[
LIST OF IMPORTANT AT COMMANDS
After successfully testing the MODEM for its correct
operational state, I then set the MODEM parameters like Baud
rate, Echo off etc to enable easier access via a microcontroller
which I used in this project. The following are the
ATCOMMAND used for programming the gsm modem
Example: Changing and saving parameters
AT+IPR=9600[Enter] Transfer rate to 9600bps
AT&W [Enter] save parameters

AT+CMGF means convert the message to machine instruction


format
AT+CPMS means selection of SMS memory
AT+CMGR means read message from a given memory location
AT+CMGD means delete message from a given memory
location.
Microcontroller Modem Interfacing
DTE and DCE
The terms DTE and DCE are very common in the data
communications market. DTE is short for Data Terminal
Equipment and DCE stands for Data Communications
Equipment. As the full DTE name indicates this is a piece of
device that ends a communication line, whereas the DCE
provides a path for communication. Let's say I have a computer
on which wants to communicate with the Internet through a
modem and a dial-up connection. To get to the Internet I tell my
modem to dial the number of my provider. After my modem has
dialed the number, the modem of the provider will answer my
call and I will hear a lot of noise. Then it becomes quiet and I

see my login prompt or my dialing program tells me the


connection is established. Now I have a connection with the
server from my provider and I can surf the Internet [13].
MICROCONTROLLER LCD INTERFACING

Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panels Enable


and Register Select is connected to the Control Port. The
Control Port is an open collector / open drain output. Therefore
by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the
circuit is more portable for a wider range of computers, some of
which may have no internal pull up resistors. I make no effort to
place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore I had wire
the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause
no bus conflicts on the data lines. As a result I cannot read back
the LCDs internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has

accepted and finished processing the last instruction [20]. This


problem is overcome by inserting known delays into my
program. The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the
LCD panel. Nothing fancy here.
I used a power supply of 5volt. The user may select whether the
LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8- bit data bus. If a
4-bit data bus is used, the LCD will require a total of 7 data
lines. If an 8-bit data bus is used, the LCD will require a total of
11 data lines [20]. LCD with 8-bit data bus is used for this
design. The three control lines are EN, RS, and RW. EN line
must be raised/lowered before/after each instruction sent to the
LCD regardless of whether that instruction is read or write text
or instruction. In short, I manipulate EN when communicating
with the LCD.

GPS MODEM

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global


navigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides reliable
location and time information in all weather and at all times and
anywhere on or near the Earth when and where there is an
unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is
maintained by the United States government and is freely
accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver. The GPS project was
started in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous
navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessors,
including a number of classified engineering design studies from
the 1960s. GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department
of Defense (USDOD) and was originally run with 24 satellites.
It became fully operational in 1994.

RS-232
In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial binary
data signals connecting between a DTE (Data terminal
equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment)
[14]. It is commonly used in computer serial ports. In RS-232,
data is sent as a time-series of bits. Both synchronous and
asynchronous transmissions are supported by the standard. In
addition to the data circuits, the standard defines a number of
control circuits used to manage the connection between the DTE
and DCE [14]. Each data or control circuit only operates in one
direction that is, signaling from a DTE to the attached DCE or
the reverse. Since transmit data and receive data are separate
circuits, the interface can operate in a full duplex manner,
supporting concurrent data flow in both directions [15]. The
standard does not define character framing within the data
stream, or character encoding.

Female 9 pin plug

RTS/CTS Handshaking
The standard RS-232 use of the RTS and CTS lines is
asymmetrical. The DTE asserts RTS to indicate a desire to
transmit and the DCE asserts CTS in response to grant
permission. This allows for half-duplex modems that disable
their transmitters when not required, and must transmit a
synchronization preamble to the receiver when they are re
enabled [16]. There is no way for the DTE to indicate that it is
unable to accept data from the DCE. A non-standard
symmetrical alternative is widely used: CTS indicates
permission from the DCE for the DTE to transmit, and RTS
indicates permission from the DTE for the DCE to transmit [17].
The "request to transmit" is implicit and continuous. The
standard defines RTS/CTS as the signaling protocol for flow
control for data transmitted from DTE to DCE. The standard has
no provision for flow control in the other direction. In practice,
most hardware seems to have repurposed the RTS signal for this
function [18]. A minimal 3-wire RS-232 connection consisting
only of transmits data, receives data and ground, and is
commonly used when the full facilities of RS-232 are not

required. When only flow control is required, the RTS and CTS
lines are added in a 5-wire version.
Specifying Baud Rate, Parity & Stop bits
Serial communication using RS-232 requires four parameters:
the baud rate of the transmission, the number of data bits
encoding a character, the sense of the optional parity bit, and the
number of stop bits. Each transmitted character is packaged in a
character frame that consists of a single start bit followed by the
data bits, the optional parity bit, and the stop bit or bits. A typical
character frame encoding the letter "m" is shown here.

I specified the parameters as baud rate 9600 bps, 8 data bits,


no parity, and 1 stop bit (9600-8 N-1). This was set in preoperational phase while setting up the modem through the hyper
terminal, as per the serial transmission standards in 8051
microcontroller [19].

DCE Baud Rates


110,300,1200,2400,4800,9600,19200,38400,57600,115200,2304
00,460800,921600 (Possible Baud Rates) Baud Rate Used
Power on default rate
Testing a DB-9 RS-232 serial port in HyperTerminal
This procedure explains how to troubleshoot a COM card using
HyperTerminal. Before testing my serial ports, I first hook up a
loopback. A loopback connects the output signal (TXD) to the
input signal (RXD) in a single serial port connector to make it
seem like there are two ports connected together.
Making a loopback
Steps
Turn off the computer.
Connect RXD (pin 2) and TXD (pin 3) of the serial port.
Use a loop-back connector if available, or any kind of
conductive wire, even a paper clip .
Turn on the computer. I am now ready to test the port.

DB9 interface
Running HyperTerminal
Step Procedure Description
Launch HyperTerminal. In Windows, select Programs/
Accessories/ Communications/HyperTerminal.
Create a new session. When prompted, give the session
any name I wish.
Select the COM # associated with the computer, I am
now set up to test the port.
With the session open, type any text. If the text I type is
echoed on the screen, the port is functioning properly.
Close the session.
Repeat all above steps to test additional you will first
need to connect the Loopback Ports [22]. On the other
ports using the steps above.
Initializations

The baud rate of the modem was set to be 9600 bps using the
HyperTerminal, The ECHO from the modem was turned off
using the command ATE0 at the HyperTerminal. For serial
transmission and reception to be possible both the DTE and
DCE should have same operational baud rates. Hence to set the
microcontroller at a baud rate of 9600bps, I set terminal count of
Timer 1 at 0FFh (clock frequency = 1.8432). The TCON and
SCON registers were set accordingly.
Serial transfer using TI and RI flags
After setting the baud rates of the two devices both the devices
are now ready to transmit and receive data in form of characters.
Transmission is done when TI flag is set and similarly data is
known to be received when the Rx flag is set. The
microcontroller then sends an AT command to the modem in
form of string of characters serially just when the TI flag is set.
After reception of a character in the SBUF register of the
microcontroller (response of MODEM with the read message in
its default format or ERROR message or OK message), the RI
flag is set and the received character is moved into the physical
memory of the microcontroller.

SOFTWARE USED

AVR Studio
An integrated development environment for AVR applications.
AVR Studio is an Integrated Development Environment for
writing and debugging AVR applications in Windows
98/XP/ME/2000 and Windows NT environments.
AVR Studio provides a project management tool, source
file editor and chip simulator.

An example of what AVR Studio may look like during execution


of a program is shown below in Figure. (3). In addition to the
Source window, AVR Studio defines a number of other windows
which can be used for inspecting the different resources on the
microcontroller.

AVR Studio

Simulation for LED blinking using AVR Studio

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

This project deals with the design & development of a theft


control system for an automobile, which is being used to prevent
or control the theft of a vehicle. The simulation of the circuit
design and its implementation is done using PROTEUS
software. This system is designed to improve vehicle security
and accessibility. With the use of wireless technology vehicle
owners are able to enter as well as protect their automobiles with
more passive involvement.

Ideally, this project could be made more convenient and secure


with the use of satellite modems instead of cell phones as
tracking device as the system may fail when there is no network
coverage. This design can be made more enhanced in future to
support camera, handset phone / hands free, mobile data LCD
display, web based tracking software, also PC based stand alone
software. In our project the security system is based on
embedded control which provides security against theft. The

GSM modem provides information to the user on his request.


The owner can access the position of the vehicle at any instant.
He sends a message in order to lock the vehicle. The GPS
receiver on the kit will locate the latitude and longitude of the
vehicle using the satellite service. This is reliable and efficient
system for providing security to the vehicles through GSM, GPS
and serial communication. The maximum speed according to the
standard is 20kbits/sec.

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