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FOR ALERT
INTRODUCTION
This proposed work is an attempt to design a tracking unit that
uses the global positioning system to determine the precise
location of a object, person or other asset to which it is attached
and using GSM modem this information can be transmit to
remote user. It can provide tele-monitoring system for intercities transportation vehicles such as taxis and buses. This
system contains single-board embedded system that is equipped
with GPS and GSM modems along with AVR controller that is
installed in the vehicle. During object motion, its location can be
reported by SMS message. A software package is developed to
read, process, analyze and store the incoming SMS messages.
The use of GSM and GPS technologies allows the system to
track object and provides the most up-to-date information about
and
management
system
for
inter-cities
YEAR
1981
1985
STANDARD
MOBILE
TECHNO
PRIMARY
TELEPHONE
LOGY
MARKETS
NMT540
SYSTEM
NORDIC
TACS
TELEPHONY
UE
TOTAL
ACCESS ANALOG
LE EAST
EUROPE
COMMUNUNICATION
CHINA
MOBILE ANALOG
UE
EUROPE,MIDD
AND
SYSTEM
1986
NMT900
NORDIC
MOBILE ANALOG
1991
GSM
TELEPHONY
UE
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL
EUROPE,
MIDDLE EAST
WORLD-WIDE
MOBILE
1991
1993
1992
TDMA
COMMUNICATION
TIME
DIVISION DIGITAL
AMERICA
CDMA
MULTIPLE ACCESS
CODE
DIVISION DIGITAL
NORTH
MULTIPLE ACCESS
AMERICA,
KOREA
EUROPE
GSM 1800
MOBILE
1994
1995
PDC
COMMUNICATION
PERSONAL DIGITAL DIGITAL
JAPAN
PCS 1900
CELLULAR
PERSONAL
NORTH
DIGITAL
2001
2006-TILL
DATE
GSM 800
GSM 450
COMPUTER SERVICES
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL
AMERICA
NORTH
MOBILE
AMERICA
COMMUNICATION
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL
WORLD-WIDE
MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
GSM FREQUENCIES
GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency
ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS
frequency bands for 3G). Most 2G GSM networks operate in the
900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas
(including Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and
1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency
bands were already allocated. Most 3G GSM networks in
Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band [9]
NETWORK STRUCTURE
The network behind the GSM seen by the customer is large and
complicated in order to provide all of the services which are
required.
The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their
controllers).
The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the
network most similar to a fixed network). This is
sometimes also just called the core network.
The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows
packet based Internet connections).
All of the elements in the system combine to produce many
GSM services such as voice calls and SMS.
LITERATURE REVIEW
This project is an implementation to the idea of the wireless
communication between a mobile phone and a microcontroller.
Currently the main work that has been done on this proposed
combining
versatile
8-bit
CPU
with
in-system
BLOCK DIAGRAM
POWER
SUPPLY
G
P
GSM
MODEM
AVR
MICRO
CONTROLLER
LCD
BUZZER
MOBILE
PHONE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
DISCRIPTION
Hardware framework for tracking system is shown in Fig 1.
System contains high Performance AVR controller, a GPS, and
GSM modem and overall system reside into a vehicle. A
tracking system will provide effective real time vehicle location
reporting .Tracking system will inform where your vehicle is
and where it has been, how longer it has been there.
The basic function of in vehicle unite is to acquire, Monitor and
transmit the position latitude, longitude, time to management
center either at fixed interval or on demand. Microcontroller unit
form the heart of tracking unit, which acquires and process the
position data from the GPS module. The GPS receiver of vehicle
terminal receives and resolves the navigation message
broadcasted by GPS position satellites, computes the longitude
and latitude of vehicle coordinates, transforms it into the GSM
message form by GSM communication controller, and sends
the message to monitoring center via the GSM network.
COMPONENT LIST
Name
Capacity
Quantity
2 Pin Connector
Screw
2 Pin Connector
Male
Diode
IN40007
Regulator
7805
Regulator
7812
Capacitor
1000f
Capacitor
10f
Ceramic Capacitor
22pf
Crystal
11.0592m
hz
Push Button
Relay
1
12V
40 Pin Base
16 Pin Base
8 Pin Base
8051
ATMEGA 1
16
1.
ULN2003
LM358
1`
LED
LCD Base
16 Pin
LCD
16*2
Resistance
220
Resistance
1k
Resistance
10k
Variable resistance
100k
GPS MODULE
GSM MODEM
POWER SUPPLY:
TRANSFORMER:
transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from
one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors
the transformer's coils or "windings". Except for air-core
transformers, the conductors are commonly wound around a
single iron-rich core, or around separate but magneticallycoupled cores. A varying current in the first or "primary"
winding creates a varying magnetic field in the core (or cores) of
the transformer. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge
arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely
used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown
and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is
wired internally.
BASIC OPERATION
According to the conventional model of current flow originally
established by Benjamin Franklin and still followed by most
engineers today, current is assumed to flow through electrical
path.
When the input connected to the left corner is negative, and the
input connected to the right corner is positive, current flows
from the lower supply terminal to the right along the red path to
the output, and returns to the upper supply terminal via the blue
path.
In each case, the upper right output remains positive and lower
right output negative. Since this is true whether the input is AC
or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC output from an AC
input, it can also provide what is sometimes called "reverse
polarity protection". That is, it permits normal functioning of
DC-powered equipment when batteries have been installed
backwards, or when the leads (wires) from a DC power source
have been reversed, and protects the equipment from potential
damage caused by reverse polarity.
Prior to availability of integrated electronics, such a bridge
rectifier was always constructed from discrete components.
REGULATOR IC (78XX)
REGULATORS
This
include
78xx
voltage
regulators. The most commonly used ones are 7805 and 7812.
7805 gives fixed 5V DC voltage if input voltage is in (7.5V,
20V).
FILTERED
discharges through the load resistance (RL) during the time the
rectifier is non-conducting.
The rate of discharge of the capacitor is determined by the value
of capacitance and the value of the load resistance. If the
capacitance and load-resistance values are large, the RC
discharge time for the circuit is relatively long.
A comparison of the waveforms shown in figure 4-16 (view A
and view B) illustrates that the addition of C1 to the circuit
results in an increase in the average of the output voltage (E avg)
and a reduction in the amplitude of the ripple component (E r)
which is normally present across the load resistance.
Now, let's consider a complete cycle of operation using a halfwave rectifier, a capacitive filter (C1), and a load resistor (R L).
As shown in view A of figure 4-17, the capacitive filter (C1) is
assumed to be large enough to ensure a small reactance to the
pulsating rectified current. The resistance of R L is assumed to be
much greater than the reactance of C1 at the input frequency.
When the circuit is energized, the diode conducts on the positive
half cycle and current flows through the circuit, allowing C1 to
charge. C1 will charge to approximately the peak value of the
input voltage. (The charge is less than the peak value because of
the voltage drop across the diode (D1)). In view A of the figure,
the charge on C1 is indicated by the heavy solid line on the
waveform. As illustrated in view B, the diode cannot conduct on
the negative half cycle because the anode of D1 is negative with
respect to the cathode. During this interval, C1 discharges
through the load resistor (RL). The discharge of C1 produces the
downward slope as indicated by the solid line on the waveform
in view B. In contrast to the abrupt fall of the applied ac voltage
from peak value to zero, the voltage across C1 (and thus across
RL) during the discharge period gradually decreases until the
time of the next half cycle of rectifier operation. Keep in mind
that for good filtering, the filter capacitor should charge up as
fast as possible and discharge as little as possible.
Figure 4-17A. - Capacitor filter circuit (positive and negative
half cycles). POSITIVE HALF-CYCLE
DIODE
The diode is a p-n junction device. Diode is the component
used to control the flow of the current in any one direction. The
diode widely works in forward bias.
FUNCTION
Resistor restrict the flow of electric current, for example a
resistor is placed in series with a light-emitting diode(LED) to
limit the current passing through the LED.
TYPES OF RESISTORS
FIXED VALUE RESISTORS
It includes two types of resistors as carbon film and metal
film .These two types are explained under
Metal film and metal oxides resistors are made in a similar way,
but can be made more accurately to within 2% or 1% of their
nominal vale there are some difference in performance between
these resistor types, but none which affects their use in simple
circuit.
TESTING
TESTING
To test the capacitors, either analog meters or specia
l digital meters with the specified function are used. The nonelectrolyte capacitor can be tested by using the digital meter.
Multi meter mode : Continuity Positive probe : One end
Negative probe :
`0`(beep sound
Faulty OK
LED
LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light
emitting diode (LED) is a diode that will give off visible light
when it is energized. In any forward biased P-N junction there
is, with in the structure and primarily close to the junction, a
recombination of hole and electrons. This recombination
requires that the energy possessed by the unbound free electron
be transferred to another state. The process of giving off light by
applying an electrical source is called electroluminescence.
GSM Modem
GPS MODEM
RS-232
In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial binary
data signals connecting between a DTE (Data terminal
equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment)
[14]. It is commonly used in computer serial ports. In RS-232,
data is sent as a time-series of bits. Both synchronous and
asynchronous transmissions are supported by the standard. In
addition to the data circuits, the standard defines a number of
control circuits used to manage the connection between the DTE
and DCE [14]. Each data or control circuit only operates in one
direction that is, signaling from a DTE to the attached DCE or
the reverse. Since transmit data and receive data are separate
circuits, the interface can operate in a full duplex manner,
supporting concurrent data flow in both directions [15]. The
standard does not define character framing within the data
stream, or character encoding.
RTS/CTS Handshaking
The standard RS-232 use of the RTS and CTS lines is
asymmetrical. The DTE asserts RTS to indicate a desire to
transmit and the DCE asserts CTS in response to grant
permission. This allows for half-duplex modems that disable
their transmitters when not required, and must transmit a
synchronization preamble to the receiver when they are re
enabled [16]. There is no way for the DTE to indicate that it is
unable to accept data from the DCE. A non-standard
symmetrical alternative is widely used: CTS indicates
permission from the DCE for the DTE to transmit, and RTS
indicates permission from the DTE for the DCE to transmit [17].
The "request to transmit" is implicit and continuous. The
standard defines RTS/CTS as the signaling protocol for flow
control for data transmitted from DTE to DCE. The standard has
no provision for flow control in the other direction. In practice,
most hardware seems to have repurposed the RTS signal for this
function [18]. A minimal 3-wire RS-232 connection consisting
only of transmits data, receives data and ground, and is
commonly used when the full facilities of RS-232 are not
required. When only flow control is required, the RTS and CTS
lines are added in a 5-wire version.
Specifying Baud Rate, Parity & Stop bits
Serial communication using RS-232 requires four parameters:
the baud rate of the transmission, the number of data bits
encoding a character, the sense of the optional parity bit, and the
number of stop bits. Each transmitted character is packaged in a
character frame that consists of a single start bit followed by the
data bits, the optional parity bit, and the stop bit or bits. A typical
character frame encoding the letter "m" is shown here.
DB9 interface
Running HyperTerminal
Step Procedure Description
Launch HyperTerminal. In Windows, select Programs/
Accessories/ Communications/HyperTerminal.
Create a new session. When prompted, give the session
any name I wish.
Select the COM # associated with the computer, I am
now set up to test the port.
With the session open, type any text. If the text I type is
echoed on the screen, the port is functioning properly.
Close the session.
Repeat all above steps to test additional you will first
need to connect the Loopback Ports [22]. On the other
ports using the steps above.
Initializations
The baud rate of the modem was set to be 9600 bps using the
HyperTerminal, The ECHO from the modem was turned off
using the command ATE0 at the HyperTerminal. For serial
transmission and reception to be possible both the DTE and
DCE should have same operational baud rates. Hence to set the
microcontroller at a baud rate of 9600bps, I set terminal count of
Timer 1 at 0FFh (clock frequency = 1.8432). The TCON and
SCON registers were set accordingly.
Serial transfer using TI and RI flags
After setting the baud rates of the two devices both the devices
are now ready to transmit and receive data in form of characters.
Transmission is done when TI flag is set and similarly data is
known to be received when the Rx flag is set. The
microcontroller then sends an AT command to the modem in
form of string of characters serially just when the TI flag is set.
After reception of a character in the SBUF register of the
microcontroller (response of MODEM with the read message in
its default format or ERROR message or OK message), the RI
flag is set and the received character is moved into the physical
memory of the microcontroller.
SOFTWARE USED
AVR Studio
An integrated development environment for AVR applications.
AVR Studio is an Integrated Development Environment for
writing and debugging AVR applications in Windows
98/XP/ME/2000 and Windows NT environments.
AVR Studio provides a project management tool, source
file editor and chip simulator.
AVR Studio