Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DYNAMICS
in
Railway Engineering
Prof.dr.ir. C. Esveld
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Dynamic aspects
Loads variation in time
Structure
mass
periodic
impact
stochastic
damping
stiffness
natural frequencies
interaction
vehicle/track
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Principle of dynamics
d( mv )
K
dt
Force = change of momentum
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Newton
With constant mass:
K ma
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
1 mass-spring system
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
( t )
m 1
sin( 1 ( t ))
2
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Duhamel-integral
Steady state solution via convolution:
x( t ) F( )h( t )d
0
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Frequency domain
Response via multiplication:
X ( f ) H( f )F( f )
Much more simple than via,
however requires Fourier transform
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
h FT ( H )
1
H FT ( h )
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Track loads
Wavelength l
Frequency f
v
l
f
l[m]
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
EI
k
5
4
w(x)
p
L
3
4
p
4L
L
-0.208
-0.2
-0.043
x
-3L
(x) = e
-|x/L|
m(x) = e -|x/L|
-L
deflection
|x|
{cos Lx + sin L }
{cos
x
L
|x|
sin L
3L
w(x) =
0.5
Q h
(x)
2kL
moment
}
1
h,m
QL m
M(x) = 4 (x)
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Boundary conditions:
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
As static!
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
L=characteristic length
static
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
i
1
f 2
2 f
Hr ( f )
[1 2 ] 4
2 e
2 kL
fn
fn
2
f
2
3
fn
a tan
2
4
1 f
2
f n
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
2 Layer system
-
Q
K1
K2
Lectures 1995/96
EI1
EI2
Track Dynamics
Hertzian spring
stiffness of Hertzian spring
Liniarized
Track Dynamics
Hertzian spring k H
r
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
With
The transfer function of the wheel is
found
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
With:
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
DQ
= Dynamic amplification
Q
6
P1
Impact loads
P2
4
3
2
1
time [ms]
0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
ct p
1
4 kt mu mt
Lectures 1995/96
kt mu
Track Dynamics
P Qst l 2 v mu k
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Vibration transmission
F
transmission
10.00
m
k
1.00
z 1.0
z 0.5
0.10
z 0.2
z 0.1
z 0.05
z 0
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
Excitation frequency, f
Undamped natural frequency, f 0
K
natural frequency:
f0 = 1
2p
k
m
damping ratio:
z=
c
2 km
transmission factor:
K/F
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Frequency domain
X( f )
x
(
t
)
e
i 2pft
dt
x( t )
X
(
f
)
e
i 2 pft
df
Track Dynamics
1
Sij ( f ) X i ( f ) X j ( f ) (complex)
T
Sii ( f ) autospectrum (real)
Sii Df D
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Sxy [Sxx]H
H [Sxx] Sxy
1
H Sxy
T
2
y .x
( f )
Syy
0.85 10
.
2
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
...
L
...
rail
betonplaat
hb
p
1
...
ondergrond
hg
q
Lectures 1995/96
...
...
kracht [
Track.5 Dynamics
0
-.5
0
Impulse load
0.5
1.5
1.5
tijd [s]
verplaatsing (Tilly)
verpl [mm]
-5
0
0.5
tijd [s]
40
30
20
10
0
50
100
150
200
250
freq [Hz]
300
350
400
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
verplaatsing (Tilly)
verpl [mm]
0.2
Moving
load
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0
0.5
1.5
tijd [s]
verplaatsing (getaperd)
verpl [mm]
0.05
-0.05
0
0.5
1.5
tijd [s]
Autospectrum verplaatsing (zoom)
verpl [mm^2s]
0.1
0.05
20
40
60
80
100
freq [Hz]
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
m
Geometrical excitation
x
z=y-x
mx cx kx cy ky
mz cz kz my
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
F
m
x
k
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
bak
draaistel
secundaire vering
primaire vering
onderlegplaatje
1
wielstel
dwarsligger
Hertz'se veer
ballast
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
c T=
G
_
Problems to be considered:
wave propagation:
soft soils: wave propagation speed can approach train speed
liquefaction type of phenomena
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
High Speeds
Critical speed:
Dynamic amplification:
2
cr
kEI
m
ydyn
y stat
1
v
1
vcr
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
running speed [km/h]
-14
120
150
180
Track Dynamics
DIANA Model
100 kN
M11
M12
M9
0.175
0.35
10.55
100 kN
1.70
M8
1.30
M7
1.20
M6
lengte 29.4 m
M5
M4
3.50
M2
0.70
M3
1.80
M1
19.0
M10
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
Calculational results
Concrete plate
+1.2 m sand
-1.2 m sand
Lectures 1995/96
Track Dynamics
08.55-09.40
10.00-10.45
10.55-11.40
11.50-12.35
Break
13.40-14.25
14.35-15.20
15.30-16.15
Introduction
Track maintenance
Track maintenance
Measuring systems
VRA system
Track loads
Decision support systems
08.55-09.40
10.00-10.45
10.55-11.40
11.50-12.35
Break
13.40-14.25
14.35-15.20
15.30-16.15
Dynamics
Dynamics
High speed operation
Rail defects
ERRI D202
Experimental research
MINIPROF system
Lectures 1995/96