Ramon Magsaysay Technological University

Iba Campus
Iba, Zambales
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
RADIO-FREQUENCY IC BASEDKEYLOCATOR
CASTILLO JOHN PAUL
DE GUZMAN SAMMY M.
GUADAMOR ADRIAN M.
LIPAOPAO JOMAR C.
MEJIA HERMOGENES L.
MICLAT CHRISTOPER
SARMIENTO WILMER S.
TEOPE ADAM REYN

INTRODUCTION
Many of us nowadays misplaces/lost our keys in a number of times or quiet often of times and
most of us used an alternative way of keeping our keys by putting it on a chain. But
unfortunately we also lost it and we experience tremendous number of headaches looking for
it.
The main purpose of this project is to help the key owner to locate its key immediately after it
gets lost by putting the key/s in the keylocator. The keylocator itself holds a receiver and a
remote/controller that transmit a signal to receiver and perform a designated command that
beeps and flash a bright light to help easily find the keys at any time. The keylocator consist of
different types of resistor,diode,capacitor and the heart of the circuit the RFmodule.
The purpose of this project also is to help the people with a special cases condition like
nervous-breakdown, mental illness and memory gap people.it will minimize the possibility of
getting worse the condition and will help to boost their confidence.
ABSTRACT
High-frequency integrated circuit design is a booming area of growth that is driven not only by
expanding capabilities of underlying circuit technologies like CMOS, but also by dramatic
increase in wireless communication products depend on them. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT FOR
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS includes seminal and classic papers in the field.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION is a devised expressly to
provide IC design engineers, system architects, and integrators with a practical understanding
of subjects ranging from architecture choices for integrated transceivers to actual circuit
designs in all viable IC technologies such as bipolar, CMOS, and GaAs. The papers selected
represent a breadth of coverage and level of expertise that is unmatched in the field
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Integrated circuit were made possible by experimental discoveries showing that semiconductor
devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes, and by midtwentieth-century technology
advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny
transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of
circuits using discrete electronic components. The integrated circuit's mass production
capability, reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design ensured rapid adoption of
standardized IC's in place of designs using discrete transistors.
Integrated circuits can be classified into analog, digital and mixed signal (both analog and
digital on the same chip).
In this case, the project use the Analog IC's, such as sensors, power-management circuits,
and operational amplifiers work by processing continuous signals. They perform functions like
amplification, active filtering, demodulation, mixing and etc. Analog IC's ease the burden on
circuit designers by having expertly designed analog circuits available instead of designing a
difficult analog circuit from scratch.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

When a keychain is misplaced or lost, the wireless keylocator will help to find the keychain.The
problem is, will there be interferences occurring during the transmission of signal from
transmitter to receiver? Is there any limitation of connection of keychain?
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The scope of this project is to assure that there will be no interferences occurring during
transmission period. The limitation is that the keychain (receiver) only detects in a given range
of amplification or transmission of signals.
LITERATURE REVIEW
RF Remote Control for Home Appliances without Microcontroller Circuit Design:
HT12E Encoder: This encoder IC is integrated 2^12 series of encoders. This IC is mainly used
to interface RF and IR circuits. This IC converts 12 bit parallel to serial. These 12 bits are
divided into 4 data bits and 8 address bits.
This IC has transmitter enable pin. When trigger signal is received on this pin, the address and
data bits are transmitted together. HT12E starts a 4 word transmission cycle upon receipt of
enable. The transmission cycle is repeated till transmitter enable is kept low.
HT12D Decoder: Thisdecoder IC converts serial input data to parallel. This IC indicates valid
transmission by a high at VT (Valid Transmission) pin.
HT12D is capable to decode 12bit data (8 address bits and 4 data bits). The output data
remains unchanged till the new data is received.
It is mainly used in RF and IR circuits. These decoders are mainly used for remote control
applications like burglar alarm, car door alarm, security system etc.
The chosen pair of encoder and decoder for communication should have same number of
address and data bits.
RF Modules (434MHz):
This module operates at radio frequency. The Radio frequency range is 30 KHz to 300 GHz. In
this system, RF modules use ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) modulation.
Transmission through RF is better than IR because, the RF signal can travel for longer
distances as compare to infrared. And IR mostly supports line-of-sight mode, RF signals can
travel even there is an obstruction. RF transmission is more reliable and stronger as compare
to IR.
The chosen pair of RF Transmitter and receiver should have same frequency. The
transmission speed of these modules is 1Kbps to 10Kbps.

Controlling Appliances Wirelessly using RF Technology

Now a days everyone needs a device which could control appliances wirelessly. This makes
us to operate them on our fingertips from particular vicinity with ease.
This time I have done something like this, I have created a prototype of a device which controls
4 devices/appliances separately using RF (Radio Frequency) technology. The device
comprises of two sections: Transmitting (remote) and Receiving part.
The transmitting part works as a remote device to send the corresponding data to the receiver
section. It further consists of 4 SPDT (single pole double throw) switch, one Encoder IC
(HT12E) and a TX module (433 MHz). These 4 switches are connected to the 4 data pins of
the encoder IC to generate a 4-bit data to be transmitted. The switches provide either high
(+5V) or low (0V) signal levels.
At the receivers part, this 4-bit data is received wirelessly by the decoder IC via RX module
and then corresponding output is given at the data pins of the decoder. The 4 relays are
connected to these 4 data outputs which react only to the high state (+5V) i.e. for (+5V) it will
remain on and for (0V) it will get off. This technique helps to operate appliances even working
on 220 AC voltage.
Remote Control Circuit through Radio Frequency without Microcontroller
This is a simple type remote control by using RF communication without microcontroller. In this
project a remote has been designed for various home appliances like television, fan, lights, etc.
It gives lot of comfort to the user since we can operate it by staying at one place. We can
control any of the appliances by using this remote within the range of 400 foots. In this project
consist of two sections, transmitter (remote) and receiver section. Whenever we are pressing
any key in the remote it generates the corresponding RF signals, and these signals are
received by the receiver unit. ASK transmitter and receiver is used as transmitter and receiver.
HT12E, HT12D encoders and decoders are used in this electronic circuit. The block digram of
the whole circuit is given below.
RF CONTROLLED HOME APPLICATION
This circuit utilizes the RF module (Tx/Rx) for making a wireless remote, which could be used
to drive an output from a distant place. RF module, as the name suggests, uses radio
frequency to send signals. These signals are transmitted at a particular frequency and a baud
rate. A receiver can receive these signals only if it is configured for that frequency. A four
channel encoder/decoder pair has also been used in this system. The input signals, at the
transmitter side, are taken through four switches while the outputs are monitored on a set of
four LEDs corresponding to each input switch. The circuit can be used for designing Remote
Appliance Control system. The outputs from the receiver can drive corresponding relays
connected to any household appliance.
Remote Control Circuit Through RF Without Microcontroller
This is a simple type remote control by using RF communication without microcontroller. In this
project a remote has been designed for various home appliances like television, fan, lights, etc.
It gives lot of comfort to the user since we can operate it by staying at one place. We can
control any of the appliances by using this remote within the range of 400 foots. In this project
consist of two sections, transmitter (remote) and receiver section. Whenever we are pressing
any key in the remote it generates the corresponding RF signals, and these signals are

received by the receiver unit. ASK transmitter and receiver is used as transmitter and receiver.
HT12E, HT12D encoders and decoders are used in this electronic circuit. The block digram of
the whole circuit is given below.
In remote section consist of an encoder (HT 12E) and a ASK transmitter. The encoder
generates 8 bit address and 4bit data. We can set the address by using the DIP switch
connected in A0 to A7 (pin 1 to 8 ) encoder. If we set an address in the remote section, the
same address will be required in the receiver section. So always set same address in
transmitter and receiver. Whenever we press any key in the remote the encoder generates
corresponding 4bit data and send this data with 8bit address by using ASK transmitter. The
transmitting frequency is 433MHz. The transmitter output is up to 8mW at 433.92MHz with a
range of approximately 400 foot (open area) outdoors. Indoors, the range is approximately
200 foot.
At the receiver section ASK receiver is present. The receiver also operates at 433.92MHz, and
has a sensitivity of 3uV. The ASK receiver operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC, and has both
linear and digital outputs. It receives the datas from the transmitter. Then the decoder (HT
12D) decodes the data and it will enable the corresponding output pin (pin 10,11,12,13). For
relay connection input the pins going to led to cd4017 and make ground common for both
circuit.add 6volt relay to the cd4017 circuit at point A and B.

METHODOLOGY
This chapter discuss the research methods available for the project and what is applicable for
it to use in response for the statement of the problem which directed towards the RadioFrequency IC-Based Keylocator to help the key owner to find the key/s immediately after it get
lost.
Likewise, this chapter present the various attempts and trials being used in improving the
function of the said project and also discussed what will be the effect of the added components
to the circuit.
For this project, the descriptive research method was utilized. In this method it is possible that
the project would be cheap and quick. It could also suggest unanticipated hypotheses.
Nonetheless, it would be very hard to rule out explanations and especially infer causations.
Thus, this project used the descriptive approach.
In this project we conducted a lot of trials to improve some of the components that will help the
project to last for a long period of time, to ensure that there will be no interferences occurring
during transmission period and the connection of the transmitter and a receiver. We also
consider some criteria such as the battery life and its usage, and the portability of the project.
The circuit desired power input is maximum for 5v
Thats why we add a regulator which helps the project to be more suitable and adjustable in
battery (can use 6v-12v),
in first trial we used a 12v battery (in small size) to fit on one of the criteria we considered
before for the portability but unfortunately the battery got drained for just an hour.so we just
thought that the battery was not in its good condition, so eventually we bought another battery
but because of low wattages of the battery it got drained again for just an hour.so we move up
to change the battery voltage

In second and final trial we used a 9v battery, it is much larger than the 12v battery (in small
size) and the battery life is much longer than it and it will last for a month.
Since we used an analog type of integrated circuit, it processes the signal continuously, so the
interferences would be no longer a problem but you will experience confusion if it is near to a
same RF module because it will receive the same frequency as your RF module do, thats why
we considered the sound quality and sound that is used, we ensure that the sound being
chose was differ from the other and not a typical one.
Also we considered some problems that will arise due to fact that the key owner might have a
difficulties in remembering things and might lost the remote/controller too. Thats why we
suggest to put/install it on the wall or chain it on your pants so that you will not misplaced it too.
DATA AND RESULTS
Features
PT8A977B works as encoder and PT8A978B/ 978BL works as decoder
Five pins for five control functions
Operating power-supply voltage: 2.5V to 5.0V (978B), 2.0V to 5.0V (978BL), 1.8V to
5.0V(977B)
Auto-power-off and oscillation-off if no press on any button (977B)
Press on any button to wake up (977B)
One output pin used for external power control (977B)
On-chip oscillator with an external resistor
On-chip reversing amplifiers (978B, 978BL)
Low operating current
Few external components needed
Package: 14-pin DIP, 14-pin SOIC, 16-pin DIP , 16-pin SOIC, die form and wafer form

Ordering Information
Part No.

Package

P T8A977BPE

Lead free 14-pin DIP

Lead free and Green 14pin

PT8A977BWE
SOIC

P T8A977BDE

Die Form

P T8A977BUWF

Wafer Form

P T8A978BPE

Lead free 16-pin DIP

Lead free and Green 16pin

PT8A978BLWE
SOIC
P T8A978BDE

Die Form

P T8A978BUWF

Wafer Form

Note:
Adding E= Pb-free or Pb-free and Green
Adding X suffix=Tap/ReelThe PT8A977B and PT8A978B (or 978BL) provide complete control
functions to the remote-controlled toy. The PT8A977B has five input pins corresponding with
the five function buttons i.e, forward, backward, rightward, leftward and turbo. The encoding
circuit in the PT8A977B sends digital codes to the two output pins SO and SC. The digital
codes correspond to the definite function buttons or their combinations. The SO and SC
outputs are used in wireless and infra-red applications respectively.
Description
The PT8A978B (or 978BL) has five output pins corresponding with the five actions. The
received signals are amplified by the three-stage amplifier, and then the appropriate amplified
signals are sampled, fault-tolerantly checked and decoded to control the actions of the remotecontrolled toy.
There is an internal oscillator in the PT8A977B and 978B/ 978BL respectively. By adding an
external resistor conveniently, the oscillator will be constructed. The oscillator frequency can
be adjusted by the external resistor. The relative error between the frequencies of the two onchip oscillators in the PT8A977B and PT8A978B/978BL must be less than 25%.
The auto-power-off function is achieved by an internal counter (977B). The PC output is used
to control on/off state of the external power supply. Press on any function button will wake up
the chip promptly.

Schematic diagrams regulator

OFF
OSCI
Oscillator

Timing
Generator

Input
Circuit

Encoding
Circuit

PC

OSCO
Right
Left
Turbo
Forward

SO

Output
Circuit

SC

Backward

Block Diagram of 978B/978BL

OSCI
Timing

Oscillator

Generator

OSCO

Right

Latch

Left

Output
Circuit

Turbo
Forward

SI

Amp.

Signal Sample &

Fault-Tolerant
Check

VI1

Amp.

VO1

VI2

Amp.

Backward
Decoding
Circuit

VO2

Control

LD

Logic

RD

PT8A977BP/977BW
14-Pin DIP/14-Pin SOIC
PT8A978BP/978BLW
16-Pin DIP/16-pin SOIC
Right
Test
GND
Backward

Forward
Turbo
SC

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

14
13
12
11
10
9
8

Left
OFF

OSCI
OSCO
PC
V
CC

SO

VO2
GND
SI
OSCI
OSCO
Right
Left
RD

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

16
15
14
13
12
11
10

VI2
VO1
VI1
V
CC

Turbo
Forward
Backward
LD

CONCLUSION
Based on the gathered data, the main problem of this project is the possibility of the
battery to run out of its charged and based on the study Duracell alkaline battery can
last longer than any battery.
We therefore conclude, that the project should use Duracell alkaline battery for better
performance and also should use saving battery mode to be able to use it for a long
period of time

RECOMMENDATION
To help improve this project, the following recommendations are being proposed.
We recommend these following modes of operation should be implemented for further
improvement of the project and also we recommend that Duracell alkaline battery
should be used for long-lasting battery life to be able the project to last for a month.
Modes of Operation
Save Mode:

This mode is used to save the name of each item to be located and
to assign each item to its remote device. The names are entered
into the list using the keypad. When the names of the items are
saved into the menu, the user is then able to scroll through the list
of names and locate the desired item in the when in the Alert
Mode.

Alert Mode:

The user uses the keypad to scroll down the list of saved items in
order to find the desired item. He/she can then select the item and
press the alert button to transmit the RF signal to each remote unit.
The remote units then receive the transmitted signal and
demodulate it. The demodulated signal is delivered to a
comparator circuit, where each remote unit can compare the signal
to its own ID number. When the correct remote receives the
signal, it sounds the alarm on the remote so that the item can be

found.
Load Mode:

The load mode is used when the user wants to add or replace a
remote device in the system. The additional remotes each have a
preset code that is entered into the base unit and stored so that the
base unit knows what signal to send in order to activate the remote.

REFERENCES
http://www.electronicshub.org/rf-remote-control-circuit-for-home-appliances/
http://electronicsfusion.blogspot.com/2011/10/remote-control-circuit-through-rf.html
http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/controlling-home-appliances-wirelesslyusing-rf-technology
http://www.circuitstoday.com/remote-control-circuit-through-rf-without-microcontroller
http://www.instructables.com/id/RF-CONTROLLED-HOME-APPLICATION/