Elements of Modern Wastewater System

Individual sources of wastewater

Processing facilities at the source
Collection facilities
Transmission facilities
Treatment facilities
Disposal facilities
Sources of WW
Domestic - residences
Industrial
Infiltration/inflow extraneous water
Stormwater precipitation runoff
Industrial Wastewater
Type and size of industry
Supervision of the industry
Degree of water reuse
On-site treatment methods that are used
Biochemical Characteristics Test
Five-day Carbonaceous BOD
Ultimate carbonaceous BOD
Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand (NOD)
Biological Characteristics Test
Toxicity
Coliform Organisms
Specific Microorganisms
Physical Characteristics
Solids content
Color
Odor
Temperature
Inorganic Chemical Char.
Free Ammonia
Organic Nitrogen
Nitrites
Nitrates
Organic Phosphorus
Inorganic Phosphorus
* Chloride Sulfate
*pH
*Alkalinity
Organic Chemical Char.
(Amount of Organic Matter)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
* Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
Priority Pollutants
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
129 priority pollutants in 65 classes
Selection based on
Carcinogenicity
Mutagenicity
Teratogenicity
High Acute Toxicity
Standards used in POTWs
Prohibited discharge standards
Categorical Standards
BOD
COHNS (Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur)
Oxidation - Synthesis - Endogenous Respiration
Transport Process
Advection transport (dissolved/suspended)
Diffusion transport (turbulent velocity)
Transformation Process
Bacterial Conversion
Gas Absorption/desorption
Sedimentation
Natural Decay
Adsorption
Volatilization
Chemical Reactions
Quantity of domestic wastewater 60 to 85 %
Daily peak (residential) 200 to 500 % of ave. flow rate
Comm./indus. 150 250 % of ave. flow rate
City treatment plant 180 400 % of ave. flow
Minimum flow 40 % of ave. flow
Total Solids insoluble/ suspended solids
Volatile Solids burned off
Suspended Solids 40-65 % in WW
Settleable solids ml/L, sedimentation
Color quantitative char. to assess condition of WW
Light brown - < 6 hrs. old
Light-to-medium Grey some decomposition
Dark grey/black septic
Ferrous Sulfide blackening
Odor

hydrogen sulfide (corrosion), indol, skatol, cadaverin, mercaptan

Temperature
Cold Regions 45-65 F (7-18 C)
Warm Regions 55-75 F (13-24 C)
Nitrogen and phosphorus growth of aquatic plants
Trace elements heavy metals (ICZC)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Boiling Point 100 C
Vapor Pressure > 1 mm Hg at 25 C
-mobile, released to the environment
-significant public health risk
-general increase in reactive hydrocarbons in the atmosphere
Nonmetals Arsenic, Selenium
Metals Barium, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, Silver
Organic Compounds Benzene, Ethylbenzene, Toluene
Halogenated Comp. Chlorobenzene, Chloroethene
Pesticides Endrin, Lindane, Methoxychlor, Toxaphene, Silvex
Bacteria in WW helps in organic decomposition
BOD available oxygen, decomposition continues
Endogenous respiration - new cell consumes own tissue
NOD - oxygen required, conversion ammonia - nitrate
COD - measure the oxygen equivalent of organic material in WW than can be oxidized
chemically using dichromate in an acid solution.
- completed in 2 hours
- rapid COD 15 min.
TOC - determine TOC in aqueous sample
- 5 -10 minutes
Ratio of BOD to COD 0.5 biological means
< 0.3 toxic components
Influent untreated
Effluent treated
Deoxygenation depletion of oxygen
Absorption gas taken up by liquid
Reaeration addition of oxygen to water
Desorption concentration of gas > sat. value
Adsorption chemical comp. attach/sorb onto solids
Volatilization vaporize and escape to atmosphere
Chemical Reactions hydrolysis, photochemical, oxidation-reduction reactions
Deoxygenation > reoxygenation
- oxygen deficit
Putrefaction dissolved oxygen becomes zero
Eutrophication enrichment of a body of water
Sewer - underground conduits
Separate sewer systems - sanitary and industrial
Combined system
Gravity-flow sewers - not feasible: topography, high groundwater, structurally
unstable soils, rocky conditions

Pressure, Small-diameter variable-slope, vacuum sewers

Types of Gravity Sewers
Building sewers
Lateral or branch sewers
Main sewers
Trunk sewers
Intercepting sewers
Sewer Pipe Materials
Vitrified Clay, concrete, plastic, plastic and ceramic composites
Concrete-corrosion, sulfuric acid from hydrogen sulfide gas
Smallest pipes:House/building connections - clay, plastic, cast iron; 3 to 4 in. 75 to 100 mm
Large systems - 10 to 20 ft. 3 to 6 m
Discharge lines - force mains
velocity in a sewer one-sith full - 1 ft/s (0.3m/s)
Manholes - most numerous appurtenances
change in elevation, size, direction, or slope, at junctions,
at intervals of not more than 500 ft (150m) if the sewer is too small for a person to enter
Inverted siphons - sag pipes
Depth of sanitary sewer - 6 to 8 ft (2 to 2.5 m) below ground surface
infrequent basments: depth is 4 ft (1.25 m)