Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Inuence of spanwise pitch on local heat transfer distribution for in-line arrays
of circular jets with spent air ow in two opposite directions
Vadiraj Katti, S.V. Prabhu *
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 19 November 2007
Received in revised form 29 April 2008
Accepted 14 July 2008
Keywords:
Jet impingement cooling
Multiple jets
a b s t r a c t
Effect of spanwise jet-to-jet spacing on local heat transfer distribution due to an in-line rectangular array
of conned multiple circular air jets impinging on a surface parallel to the jet plate are studied experimentally. Length-to-diameter ratio of nozzles of the jet plate is 1.0. The ow, after impingement, is constrained to exit in two opposite directions from the conned passage formed between jet plate and target
plate. Mean jet Reynolds numbers based on the nozzle exit diameter (d) covered are 3000, 5000, 7500 and
10,000 and jet-to-plate spacings studied are d, 2d and 3d. Spanwise pitches considered are 2d, 4d and 6d
in steps of 2d keeping the streamwise pitch at 5d. For all the congurations, the jet-plates have ten spanwise rows in streamwise direction and six jets in each spanwise row. Flat heat transfer surface is made of
thin stainless steel metal foil. Local temperature distribution on a target plate is measured using thermal
infrared camera. Wall static pressure on the target plate is measured in the streamwise direction to estimate crossow velocities and individual jet velocities. Heat transfer characteristics are explained on the
basis of the ow distribution. A simple correlation to predict streamwise distribution of heat transfer
coefcients averaged over each spanwise strip resolved to one jet hole is developed.
2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Single-jet nds its application mostly where highly localized
heating or cooling is needed. However, when large surface areas require cooling or heating, multiple jet schemes are desirable. Multiple jets are formed by number of individual jets. Characteristics of
these are inuenced basically by two types of interactions. Firstly,
the interference between the adjacent jets can be before impingement on the surface. This may happen when the distance between
the jets is small and/or when the distance between the jet plane
and target plate plane is large. Secondly, the wall jets formed by
the adjacent jets collide on the target surface. Such interactions
are possible when the pitch is small and/or when the distance between the jet plane and target plate plane is small but jet velocity
is large. Another parameter that inuences multiple jet impingement cooling in a conned space is the crossow. Crossow is dened as the uid ow in the direction perpendicular to the
impingement ow. The crossow can be either due to external
ow resource or due to accumulated spent jet uid ow. The spent
jet uid ow may be allowed to leave the conned passage either
in one direction, two opposite directions or all directions. In the
selection of multiple jet system all the relevant parameters are to
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 22 25767515; fax: +91 22 25726875/
25723480.
E-mail addresses: svprabhu@me.iitb.ac.in, svprabhu@iitb.ac.in (S.V. Prabhu).
0894-1777/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.expthermusci.2008.07.004
be so chosen that sufciently high average heat transfer coefcients are obtained with permissible variation in local heat transfer
coefcients over the entire surface to eliminate local hot/cold
spots.
The present study considers two side exit scheme where the
spent jet-ow is allowed only in two opposite directions along
the longer dimension of the channel and is termed as streamwise
direction. The direction along the width of the channel is called
as spanwise direction. The ow is restricted in this direction. These
tests may simulate the case of heating or cooling of sheets of material under perforated plate where the ow after impingement is restricted to one or two opposite directions, Freidman and Mueller
[1]. Detailed literature review on jet impingement heat transfer
is available in Martin [2], Jambunathan et al. [3] and Viskanta [4].
Gardon and Cobonpue [5] reported local distribution of heat
transfer coefcients for unconned multiple jet square arrays
using heat ow transducer and concluded that single-jet produced
higher heat transfer rates than arrays of jets. The effect of crossow
on impingement heat transfer due to one row of jets was studied
by Metzger and Korsted [6].
The experimental results for heat transfer due to arrays of
multiple jet impingement with one side exit of spent air are
reported by many previous researchers and possible correlations
were proposed. Kercher and Tabakoff [7], Chance [8], Metzger
et al. [9], Florschuetz et al. [1013] studied streamwise distributions of segment averaged Nusselt numbers. But the spanwise
V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495
85
Nomenclature
area of heater surface (m2)
factors of correlation given in Eq. (8)
factors of correlation given in Eq. (8)
coefcient of discharge
diameter of the jet (m)
channel crossow mass velocity based on channel cross
sectional area (kg/s m2)
theoretical jet mass velocity based on jet hole area
Gideal
(kg/s m2)
actual jet mass velocity based on jet hole area (kg/s m2)
Gact
individual jet mass velocity based on jet hole area
Gj
(kg/s m2)
j
mean jet mass velocity based on jet hole area for the
G
array (kg/s m2)
h
local heat transfer coefcient (W/m2 K)
average heat transfer coefcient (W/m2 K)
have
k
thermal conductivity of the jet uid (W/m K)
K
pressure loss coefcient P 0 Pa =0:5qV 2j
l/d
aspect ratio of nozzle
_j
mean mass ow rate from the nozzle (kg/s)
m
number of spanwise rows of jet holes
Nj
Nu
local Nusselt number hd=k
average Nusselt number (haved/k)
Nuave
Nusegment Nusselt number averaged over each segment
Nustrip
Nusselt number averaged over each spanwise strip resolved to one jet hole
Nu0,multi-jet stagnation Nusselt number due to a jet in each spanwise row
Nu0,single-jet stagnation Nusselt number due to a single-jet estimated from the correlation corresponding to jet row
Reynolds number
A
a0, a1, a2
b0, b1
Cd
d
Gc
P
Pa
P0
Pr
q00
R
Re
Rej
Tamb
Tj
T0
Tw
Vj
x
xn/d
y
yn/d
z
z/d
Greek symbols
b
a factor dened in Eq. (10)
c
ratio of specic heats
l
coefcient of dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
q
density of air (kg/m3)
86
V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495
Air plenum
Flow straighteners
(Screens)
Jet plate
Target
plate
2. Experimental apparatus
Air from
compressor
Bus-bar
Infra-red
camera
Line of symmetry
yn /2
yn
Schematic layout of test facility is shown in Fig. 1. Air is supplied to the air plenum of test section by an air compressor through
a calibrated orice owmeter. Air lter and pressure regulator are
installed upstream of the orice owmeter to lter out the air and
to maintain the downstream pressure at a desired value. Metered
air is supplied to air plenum through a diffuser. Fig. 2a shows the
schematic view of the test section. Air plenum, 350 450 mm in
cross section and 600 mm long, has two screens in between as ow
straighteners. A jet plate is anged at the exit of air plenum. The
jet-plates are made of 5 mm acrylic sheet with jet holes of 5 mm
are drilled to form a required rectangular array. The number of jets
in the streamwise and spanwise direction is chosen respectively as
10 and 6 as this pattern is identical to one of the congurations of
Florschuetz et al. [12]. Target plate, which also acts as a heater, is
made of thin stainless steel foil of 0.06 mm thick. It is rmly
clamped and well stretched between copper bus-bars. To minimize
the end effects due to the bus-bar, an additional length of foil heater of about 65 mm is provided on either side from end rows of jet
centerlines. Because of the thinness of the foil, lateral conduction is
negligible as reported by Lytle and Webb [31]. One-dimensional
energy balance across the heated plate shows that the temperature
difference across it is negligibly small. Hence, the local temperature measured on the back surface is considered to be same as that
on the impingement plane. Thermal images are obtained from IR
camera positioned on the side of the heater opposite the impinging
nozzle plate. Hence, the back surface of heater element is painted
xn
x=0
Span of the channel
Target plate
Streamwise direction
Fig. 2. Test section assembly and geometry of the system for two side exit scheme.
black using a thin coat of Matte nish Asian paint which provides
high emissivity (0.99) surface. The interchangeable spacers for
varying the channel height are positioned between jet plate and
target plate. They are rmly bolted together with heater base plate
to seal passage for spent air ow of jets from two opposite sides.
Power is supplied from a regulated DC power source. The voltage taps are soldered at chosen locations on the target plate and
wired to a multimeter to measure voltage. The current through
the heater plate is directly read from the panel of DC power source.
A chromelalumel thermocouple (K-type) is used to measure plenum air temperature. The output of the thermocouple is read by
a millivoltmeter. Thermoteknix Ti200 infrared camera is used to
collect the thermal images for the local temperature distribution
over the target plate. The thermal images are then transferred to
a personal computer for further analysis. Supply pressure of the
87
V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495
Table 1
Congurations studied for two side exit scheme
Streamwise pitch xn/d
5
5
5
2
4
6
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
3. Data reduction
3.1. Flow distribution estimation
Discharge coefcient for each jet plate is determined from a
separate test performed with target plate removed from the test
section, so that jets discharge directly to the laboratory environment at atmospheric pressure. Actual mass ow rate is measured
from the orice ow-meter placed upstream of the plenum. Actual
mass ux from each jet Gactual is estimated from Eq. (1):
Cd
The mean jet discharge coefcient is about 0.8 for mean jet Reynolds number ranging from 2000 to 10,000. Static pressure taps
(0.5 mm diameter) in the streamwise direction are located midway
between spanwise adjacent jets along the centerline of the acrylic
target plate. The static jet discharge pressures are used to estimate
individual row jet-ow mass ux (Gj).
Gj C d Gideal
q00
Tw Tj
where q00 is the Net heat ux imposed on the target plate, after heat
loss correction Tw is the Local surface temperature on the target
plate, Tj is the reference jet uid temperature.
The thermal images are digitized using VisIR@ Ti 200 software.
Contour maps are obtained using MATLAB.
4. Comparison with literature
Baseline measurements for Nusselt number distribution are
made to validate the experimental set-up and procedures. The conguration employed for the baseline tests are similar to the one
considered in Florschuetz et al. [12] which simulates cooling of
mid-chord region of a typical gas turbine blade. This conguration
is a rectangular in-line array of jets with streamwise pitch of 5d
60
60
Segment-average Nu
Segment-average Nu
Gactual
Gideal
Supply pressure of the impinging jets is measured as static pressure of air plenum using a micro-manometer. Ideal ow rate from
the jet plate is estimated by measuring static pressure ratio across
the jet plate considering one dimensional isentropic ow through
orices of jet plate. Hence, ideal mass ow rate is estimated using
the Eq. (2):
50
40
30
20
Re = 5000
10
50
40
30
20
Re = 5000
10
0
0
0
x / xn
where P and P0 are absolute static pressures at the exit and inlet of
nozzles and T0 is absolute plenum air temperature. The jet discharge coefcient is evaluated for different ow rates from Eq. (3):
Gactual
Gideal
8
0
c1=c 191=2
>
1=c >
P
=
< 2c
1
P0
P
B
C
P0
@
A
>
>
P0
RT 0
;
:c 1
10
5 6
x / xn
Fig. 3. Comparison of present heat transfer results with Florschuetz et al. [12].
9 10
88
V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495
1.0
2.0
1.6
Re = 10000
Re = 5000
Re = 7500
Re = 3000
Re = 10000
0.8
Model
Re = 5000
0.6
1.2
z/d = 2.0
Re = 7500
Re = 3000
0.4
0.8
Model
z/d = 2.0
0.2
(5, 6) configuration
One side exit
0.4
(5, 6) configuration
One side exit
0.0
0.0
0
10
x / xn
x / xn
10
on jet hole diameter and average jet mass ux. The ow measurements are performed to estimate the amount of mass ow through
each row of holes and the distribution of crossow.
Fig. 5a shows the distribution of streamwise averaged Nusselt
number in the spanwise direction for y/d between 12d and 12d
and the spanwise repetitiveness of Nusselt numbers. Hence, the local distribution of Nusselt numbers in the streamwise direction
studied for spanwise locations from y/yn = 0 to y/yn = 0.5 can be
representative of the entire array. Location at y/yn = 0 corresponds
to streamwise line through jet centerline and y/yn = 0.5 corresponds to a streamwise line midway between two adjacent jet
centerlines. Similarly, Fig. 5b shows the distribution of spanwise
averaged Nusselt number in the streamwise direction. The streamwise symmetry of heat transfer characteristics exists about the line
of symmetry at x/d = 0, a spanwise line through center of the target
plate. Hence, during further discussion on ow and heat transfer
distribution, one portion from the line of symmetry is considered.
5.1. Flow distribution
Streamwise ow distributions of individual jet and spent air are
shown in Figs. 6ac for the congurations investigated at three
channel heights of d, 2d and 3d and mean jet Reynolds number
of 10,000. Fig. 6a shows the streamwise distribution of individual
jet-ow mass ux normalized with mean jet mass ux estimated
experimentally for spanwise pitches of 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0. This distribution describes as to how the individual jet Reynolds number
vary in the streamwise direction with respect to mean Reynolds
number.
Experiments with all the congurations investigated are conducted at four different mean jet Reynolds numbers of 3000,
5000, 7500 and 10,000. The mean jet Reynolds number is based
80
Span-averaged Nu
Streamaveraged Nu
70
60
50
40
Rej
Re
6
Re = 10000
Re = 7500
80
Re = 5000
Re = 3000
60
40
20
30
20
-12.0
100
5, 6, 3 configuration
Two side exit
Re = 10000
Gj
j
G
-6.0
0.0
y/d
6.0
12.0
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
x/d
10
15
20
25
Fig. 5. Spanwise repetitive and streamwise symmetric distribution of Nusselt numbers for two side exit scheme.
89
V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495
z/d = 1.0
z/d = 2.0
z/d = 3.0
1.5
1.0
1.8
(5, 2) configuration
Two side exit
1.6
(5, 2) configuration
Two side exit
0.8
(5, 2) configuration
Two side exit
1.2
1.4
0.6
0.9
1.0
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.3
0.0
0.0
1.2
0.6
0.4
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.0
(5, 4) configuration
Two side exit
(5, 4) configuration
Two side exit
0.8
(5, 4) configuration
Two side exit
1.2
1.4
0.6
0.9
1.0
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.3
1.2
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.4
0
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.0
(5, 6) configuration
Two side exit
(5, 6) configuration
Two side exit
0.8
(5, 6) configuration
Two side exit
1.2
1.4
0.6
0.9
1.0
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.3
0.0
0.0
1.2
0.6
0.4
0
Fig. 6. Streamwise distribution of jet-ow and crossow characteristics for three congurations with two side exit.
Jet Reynolds numbers at the rst row in the streamwise direction from the line of symmetry is lower than the mean Reynolds
number. Jet Reynolds number is increasing with the streamwise
distance from the line of symmetry. This variation is found to increase with decrease in spanwise pitch and/or decrease in channel
height. Large variations are observed for z/d = 1.0 and yn/d = 2.0.
Fig. 6b shows the streamwise distribution of crossow mass
ux normalized with individual jet mass ux for mean jet Reynolds
number of 10,000. It is observed that (Gc/Gj) distribution varies linearly with larger spanwise pitch and higher jet-to-plate distances.
As the product of (yn/d) and (z/d) decreases, variation becomes
non-linear in the downstream. For z/d = 1.0 and yn/d = 2.0, the
non-linearity is maximum among the tests conducted. The distribution pattern helps in knowing the effect of crossow on the local
distribution of Nusselt number along the streamwise line through
jet axis i.e., along a streamwise line at y/yn = 0.
Fig. 6c shows the streamwise distribution of crossow mass ux
normalized with mean jet mass ux at different z/ds for spanwise
pitches of 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 estimated experimentally. Increase in the
absolute values of crossow velocities in the streamwise direction
are observed from this gure for the congurations studied. The
rate of increase of crossow mass ux increases with decrease in
spanwise pitch and channel height. For the narrowest channel,
the crossow mass ux increases in a non-linear way. Inuence
of this parameter is predominant in the streamwise distribution
of Nusselt number midway between two adjacent spanwise jet
axes i.e., along a line in streamwise direction at y/yn = 0.5.
5.2. Heat transfer distribution
Figs. 79 show local distribution of Nusselt numbers for (5, 2),
(5, 4) and (5, 6) congurations respectively at spanwise locations
from y/yn = 0 to 0.5 in steps of 0.1 for z/d = 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 and Reynolds numbers of 10,000. Spanwise jet hole row locations relative
to the heat transfer surface are indicated by the vertical arrows in
the gure. Figures also show the contour maps for respective conguration. It is observed that, heat transfer coefcients along all
lines from y/yn = 0 to 0.5 peak rst at x/d = 2.5 for all congurations
investigated. This location corresponds to centerline of rst spanwise row of jets least inuenced by the crossow.
90
V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495
y/yn = 0
y/yn = 0.3
y/yn = 0.1
y/yn = 0.4
y/yn = 0.2
y/yn = 0.5
100
5, 2, 1 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000
80
Cross-flow
60
Nu
40
20
Average Nu = 54.4
0
0
10
x/d
15
20
25
100
5, 2, 2 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000
80
Cross-flow
60
Nu
40
20
Average Nu = 48.34
0
0
10
x/d
15
20
25
100
5, 2, 3 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000
80
Cross-flow
60
Nu
40
20
Average Nu = 45.67
0
0
10
x/d
15
20
25
Fig. 7. Streamwise local Nusselt number distribution at different spanwise locations for (5, 2) conguration with two side exit.
to be almost same for the rst and the second row but decreases
sharply for the third row. Further downstream, the peak Nusselt
numbers increase gradually and the Nusselt number due to last
spanwise row of jets is almost same as that of the rst row. The
peak Nusselt numbers decrease monotonically in the downstream
for z/d = 2.0 and 3.0 from the second row till exit. Figs. 8 and 9
show that peak Nusselt numbers along y/yn = 0 increase gradually at z/d = 1.0, marginally at z/d = 2.0 and almost remain same
at z/d = 3.0 for both (5, 4) and (5, 6) congurations. It is seen that
the amount of shift depends on crossow velocity ratio (Gc/Gj).
Hence, for (5, 4) and (5, 6) congurations experience lesser streamwise shift of peaks.
Similarly, the minima of Nusselt numbers along the line y/yn = 0
are also pushed but more in the downstream than the respective
peaks for all the congurations. It is noticed that, the streamwise
shift of the minima decreases with increase in channel height for
a given conguration. It is also observed that, for a given channel
height the streamwise shift of the minima decreases with increase
in the spanwise pitch.
The observations along the lines y/yn = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5
show that the uctuations of Nusselt numbers between peak and
minima decrease from y/yn = 0 to y/yn = 0.5 in the crossow direction. The uctuations diminish rapidly in the streamwise direction
V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495
y/yn = 0
y/yn = 0.3
y/yn = 0.1
y/yn = 0.4
y/yn = 0.2
y/yn = 0.5
91
120
5, 4, 1 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000
100
Cross-flow
80
Nu 60
40
20
Average Nu = 56.63
0
0
10
15
20
25
x/d
120
5, 4, 2 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000
100
Cross-flow
80
Nu 60
40
20
Average Nu = 55.89
0
0
10
15
20
25
x/d
120
5, 4, 3 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000
100
Cross-flow
80
Nu 60
40
20
Average Nu = 53.1
0
0
10
15
20
25
x/d
Fig. 8. Streamwise local Nusselt number distribution at different spanwise locations for (5, 4) conguration with two side exit.
of jet impingement until rst two spanwise rows of jets. This can
be seen from the contour maps that single colour strips across
the streamwise direction between the jets. Then for the next three
rows of jets, both the variation of Nusselt number and its band
increases.
5.3. Correlations for stripwise average Nusselt numbers resolved to one
streamwise hole spacing
Fig. 10 shows the distribution of stripwise averaged Nusselt
number in the crossow direction resolved to one hole spacing in
the streamwise direction for all the congurations studied at different channel heights. There are ve spanwise rows of jets on
either side of the line of symmetry in the streamwise direction.
Hence, ve strips are formed so that Nustrip at strip 1 corresponds
to stripwise averaged Nusselt number resolved to one hole spacing
due to the rst row of jets from the line of symmetry and so on, in
the crossow direction until channel exit.
Stripwise averaged Nusselt numbers for z/d = 1.0, rst decrease and then increase in the downstream for higher Reynolds
number. But, for Re = 3000, Nusselt numbers increase in the
crossow direction towards channel exit for all spanwise pitches
92
V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495
y/yn = 0
y/yn = 0.3
y/yn = 0.1
y/yn = 0.4
y/yn = 0.2
y/yn = 0.5
120
5, 6, 1 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000
100
Cross-flow
80
Nu 60
40
20
Average Nu = 54.38
0
0
10
15
20
25
x/d
120
5, 6, 2 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000
100
Cross-flow
80
Nu 60
40
20
Average Nu = 52.82
0
0
10
x/d
15
20
25
120
5, 6, 3 Configuration and two side exit
at Re = 10000
100
Cross-flow
80
Nu 60
40
20
Average Nu = 50.78
0
0
10
15
20
25
x/d
Fig. 9. Streamwise local Nusselt number distribution at different spanwise locations for (5, 6) conguration with two side exit.
Nustrip
f Re; Gj =Gj ; Gc =Gj
The factors a0, a1, a2, b0 and b1 are evaluated from the present
experimental data using regression analysis. The factors of correlation are listed in the Table 2.
The various parameters of Eq. (8) can be estimated using the results from the model suggested in Florschuetz et al. [13]. The
expressions are as follows:
Gj
Gj
bN c cosh bx=xn
sinh bNc
p
2
pC
4
yn
d
!
d
dz
sinh b x 1
xn
2
Gc
1
p
Gj
Cd 2
cosh b x
11
xn
G
j
Nustrip a0 Reaj 1 Pr0:33
Gj
!a 2
1 b0
Gc
Gj
b1
8
5.4. Discussion on average Nusselt number for two side exit scheme
The details of average Nusselt numbers for all the congurations at all Reynolds number and channel heights are given in
Table 3. Fig. 11 shows the variation of average Nusselt number
93
V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495
Re = 10000
Re = 5000
Re = 7500
Re = 3000
80
80
Two side exit
(5, 2, 1) configuration
70
70
40
30
50
40
30
50
40
30
20
20
20
10
10
10
0
0
2
3
4
Strip number
0
0
80
80
Two side exit
(5, 4, 1) configuration
70
2
3
4
Strip number
30
50
40
30
10
10
10
0
5
0
0
80
2
3
4
Strip number
80
Two side exit
(5, 6, 1) configuration
70
30
60
Strip-ave Nu
Strip-ave Nu
40
50
40
30
50
40
30
20
20
20
10
10
10
0
0
2
3
4
Strip number
2
3
4
Strip number
70
60
50
80
Two side exit
(5, 6, 2) configuration
70
60
30
20
2
3
4
Strip number
40
20
50
20
60
Strip-ave Nu
Strip-ave Nu
40
2
3
4
Strip number
70
60
50
80
70
60
Strip-ave Nu
60
Strip-ave Nu
50
70
60
Strip-ave Nu
Strip-ave Nu
60
Strip-ave Nu
80
Two side exit
(5, 2, 2) configuration
0
0
2
3
4
Strip number
2
3
4
Strip number
Fig. 10. Streamwise strip-average Nusselt number distribution for three congurations with two side exit.
Table 2
The correlation factors of Eq. (8)
Table 3
Average Nusselt numbers for different congurations
Conguration
xn/d
yn/d
z/d
Re = 5000
Re = 7500
Re = 10,000
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
2
4
4
4
6
6
6
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
24.2
20.9
19.0
22.3
23.6
23.5
19.9
21.1
21.4
35.9
31.8
28.4
33.0
35.2
34.0
31.3
32.0
31.8
46.9
41.3
38.7
47.2
48.7
45.0
45.1
45.3
43.2
54.4
48.3
45.7
56.6
55.9
53.1
54.4
52.8
50.8
5, 2, 1
5, 2, 2
5, 2, 3
5, 4, 1
5, 4, 2
5, 4, 3
5, 6, 1
5, 6, 2
5, 6, 3
Factors of correlation
a0
a1
a2
b0
b1
0.0986
0.088
0.081
0.056
0.066
0.073
0.017
0.033
0.049
0.74
0.74
0.74
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.91
0.83
0.78
0.5
0.85
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.95
0.95
1.0
1.0
0.18
0.27
0.5
0.18
0.21
0.19
0.35
0.32
0.34
3.5
3.5
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.4
1.3
1.7
1.7
94
V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495
1.2
(5, 6)
(5, 2) Configuration
(5, 4)
z/d = 1.0
1.0
(5, 2)
z/d = 2.0
10
70
z/d = 3.0
0.8
60
8
Nu ave
50
40
30
0.6
K
4
0.4
0.2
20
1
10
z/d
1. 2
(5, 4) Configuration
1.0
Fig. 11. Variation of average Nusselt number and pressure loss coefcient.
0.8
height. However, for spanwise pitch of 2d, pressure loss coefcients are higher at all z/ds. This indicates higher pumping power
requirement for spanwise pitch of 2d than 4d and 6d for the same
mean jet Reynolds number. Hence, it may be inferred that (5, 4)
conguration cools the target surface with lesser pumping power
compared to other two congurations.
0.6
z/d = 1.0
z/d = 2.0
0. 4
z/d = 3.0
0. 2
1.2
(5, 6) Configuration
1.0
0.8
0.6
z/d = 1.0
z/d = 2.0
0.4
z/d = 3.0
0.2
1
Fig. 12. Comparison of stagnation Nusselt numbers for a row of jet with
corresponding single-jet values at a mean jet Reynolds number of 10,000.
V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33 (2008) 8495
Discharge coefcient of jet plate is determined and hence individual spanwise jet velocities and channel crossow velocities in
streamwise direction are experimentally estimated.
The conclusions derived from the experimental study are as
follows:
Local distribution of Nusselt numbers along streamwise line
through jet centers uctuate with peaks occurring for each jet.
The uctuations decay more rapidly for z/d = 3.0 than z/d = 1.0.
The values at the peaks increase in the downstream for
z/d = 1.0 but they decrease for z/d = 3.0. The locations of peaks
shift towards the downstream from jet centerline due to crossow of spent air.
Local distribution of Nusselt numbers along streamwise direction at y/yn = 0.5 uctuate with milder peaks occurring for each
jet. The uctuations attenuate rapidly for z/d = 1.0 than z/d = 3.0.
The values at the peaks increase in the downstream for z/d = 1.0
almost linearly because of increased cross-ow velocities in the
channel but they decrease for z/d = 3.0. The locations of peaks
shift much further towards the downstream from jet centerline
due to crossow of spent air.
Although the average Nusselt numbers for all streamwise locations due to rst row of jets are comparable, stagnation Nusselt
numbers with spanwise pitch of 6d are higher compared to
spanwise pitch of 2d and 4d for a given z/d. Spanwise variations
in local heat transfer coefcient at different streamwise lines are
larger at higher spanwise pitches. This may be due to increase in
the spanwise jet interaction with lower spanwise pitches.
Comparison on the basis of average Nusselt number and pressure loss coefcient shows that the conguration with spanwise
pitch of 4d performs better than 2d and 6d.
Correlations are developed and the correlation results agree better with the experimental data.
Signicant deterioration in stagnation point heat transfer coefcient in comparison with impingement due to single-jet is
observed for lower spanwise pitch (5, 2). This may be because
of spanwise jet-to-jet interaction and crossow.
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge nancial support provided
by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), India, for conducting this study.
References
[1] S.J. Freidman, A.C. Mueller, Heat transfer to at surfaces, Proc., ASME General
Discuss. Heat Transfer (1951) 138142.
[2] H. Martin, Heat and mass transfer between impinging gas jets and solid
surfaces, Advances in Heat Transfer, vol. 13, Academic Press, 1977. pp. 160.
[3] K. Jambunathan, E. Lai, M.A. Moss, B.L. Button, A review of heat transfer data
for single circular jet impingement, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 13 (1992)
106115.
[4] R. Viskanta, Heat transfer to impinging isothermal gas and ame jets, Exp.
Therm. Fluid Sci. 6 (1993) 111134.
[5] R. Gardon, J. Cobonpue, Heat transfer between a at plate and jets of air
impinging on it, international developments in heat transfer, in: Proceedings of
the 2nd International Heat Transfer Conference, ASME, 1962, pp. 454460.
[6] D.E. Metzger, R.J. Korstad, Effects of crossow on impingement heat transfer, J.
Eng. Power 94 (January) (1972) 3541.
95
[7] D.M. Kercher, W. Tabakoff, Heat transfer by a square array of round jets
impinging perpendicular to a at surface including the effect of spent air, J.
Eng. Power 92 (January) (1970) 7382.
[8] J.L. Chance, Experimental investigation of air impingement heat transfer under
an array of round jets, TAPPI 57 (6) (1974) 108112.
[9] D.E. Metzger, L.W. Florschuetz, D.I. Takeuchi, R.D. Behee, R.A. Berry, Heat
transfer characteristics for inline and staggered arrays of circular jets with
crossow of spent air, J. Heat Transfer 101 (August) (1979) 526531.
[10] L.W. Florschuetz, R.A. Berry, D.E. Metzger, Periodic stream wise variations of
heat transfer coefcients for inline and staggered arrays of circular jets with
crossow of spent air, J. Heat Transfer 102 (February) (1980) 132137.
[11] L.W. Florschuetz, C.R. Truman, D.E. Metzger, Stream wise ow and heat
transfer distributions jet array impingement with crossow, J. Heat Transfer
103 (May) (1981) 337342.
[12] L.W. Florschuetz, D.E. Metzger, D.I. Takeuchi, R.A. Berry, Multiple jet
impingement heat transfer characteristic experimental investigation of
inline and staggered arrays with crossow, NASA Contractor Report, 3217,
1980.
[13] L.W. Florschuetz, D.E. Metzger, C.R. Truman, Jet array impingement with
crossow correlation of streamwise resolved ow and heat transfer
distributions, NASA Contractor Report 3373, 1981.
[14] M. Fenot, J.J. Vullierme, E. Dorignac, Local heat transfer due to several
congurations of circular air jets impinging on a at plate with and without
semi-connement, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 44 (2005) 665675.
[15] P. Brevet, C. Dejeu, E. Dorignac, M. Jolly, J.J. Vullierme, Heat transfer to a row of
impinging jets in consideration of optimization, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45
(2002) 41914200.
[16] J.C. Baily, R.S. Bunker, Local heat transfer and ow distributions for impinging
jet arrays of dense and sparse extent, ASME paper No. GT-2002-30477,
2002.
[17] Ting Wang, M. Lin, R.S. Bunker, Flow and heat transfer of conned
impingement jets cooling using a 3D transient liquid crystal scheme, Int. J.
Heat Mass Transfer 48 (2005) 48874903.
[18] B. Facchini, M. Surace, Impingement cooling for modern combustors:
experimental analysis of heat transfer and effectiveness, Exp. Fluids 40
(2006) 601611.
[19] E. Esposito, S.V. Ekkad, Jet impingement heat transfer visualization using a
steady state liquid crystal method, J. Heat Transfer 128 (August) (2006) 738.
[20] M. Goodro, J. Park, P. Ligrani, M. Fox, H-K Moon, Effects of Mach number and
Reynolds number on jet array impingement heat transfer, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer 50 (2007) 367380.
[21] J. Park, M. Goodro, P. Ligrani, M. Fox, H.-K. Moon, Separate effects of Mach
number on jet array impingement heat transfer, J. Turbomach. 129 (April)
(2007) 269280.
[22] L. Gao, S.V. Ekkad, R.S. Bunker, Impingement heat transfer, Part I: linearly
stretched arrays of holes, J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer 19 (1) (2005) 5765.
[23] R. Hebert, S.V. Ekkad, L. Gao, R.S. Bunker, Impingement heat transfer, Part II:
effect of streamwise pressure gradient, J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer 19 (1)
(2005) 6671.
[24] U. Uysal, P.-W. Li, M.K. Chyu, F.J. Cunha, Heat transfer on internal surfaces of a
duct subjected to impingement of a jet array with varying jet hole-size and
spacing, J. Turbomach. 128 (January) (2006) 158165.
[25] Y. Huang, S.V. Ekkad, J.C. Han, Detailed heat transfer distributions under an
array of orthogonal impinging jets, J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer 12 (1) (1998)
7379.
[26] R.J. Goldstein, J.F. Timmers, Visualization of heat transfer from arrays of
impinging jets, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 25 (1982) 18571868.
[27] S.V. Garimella, V.P. Schroeder, Local heat transfer distributions in conned
multiple air jet impingements, J. Electron. Packag. 123 (2001) 165172.
[28] Jung-Yang San, Mao-De Lai, Optimum jet-to-jet spacing of heat transfer for
staggered arrays of impinging air jets, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 44 (2001)
39974007.
[29] A.J. Robinson, E. Schnitzler, An experimental investigation of free and
submerged miniature liquid jet array impingement heat transfer, Exp.
Therm. Fluid Sci. 32 (1) (2007) 113.
[30] N.T. Obot, T.A. Trabold, Impingement heat transfer within arrays of circular
jets: Part 1 effects of minimum, intermediate, and complete crossow for
small and large spacings, J. Heat Transfer 109 (November) (1987) 872879.
[31] D. Lytle, B.W. Webb, Air jet impingement heat transfer at low nozzle plate
spacings, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 37 (1994) 16871697.
[32] V. Katti, S.V. Prabhu, Experimental study and theoretical analysis of local heat
transfer distribution between smooth at surface and impinging air jet from a
circular straight pipe nozzle, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, in press. doi: 10.1016/
j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.12.024.