TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS
1. CHAPTER 1 -ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Impact of power quality problems on end users
1.3 Categories or power quality variation
1.4 Power quality standards
2. CHAPTER 2- Flexible Alternative Current Transmission System

2.1Role of FACTs device

2.2Categorization of PFCDs
a) Shunt facts controller
i)
Static Synchronous Compensator
ii)
Static VAR Compensator
b) Series facts controller
i)
Static Synchronous Series Compensator
ii)
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
c) Combined Series-Series controller
i)
Interline Power Flow Controllers
d) Combined Series-Shunt Connected Controller
i) Unified Power Flow Controller
ii) Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller

2.3 Conclusion

1
1
1
3
5

7
7
7
8
8
11
12
12
14
15
15
17
18
20

20

3. CHAPTER 3- DISTRIBUTED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER

21

3.1 Introduction
3.2 DPFC topology
3.3 DPFC operating principle
A) Eliminate DC link
B) Distributed series converter
3.4 Advantages of DPFC
3.5 DPFC Control

21
22
23
23
26
27
28

4 .CHAPTER 4-POWER QUALITY TERMS AND REACTIVE POWER CONTROL

4.1 Need of Reactive power control

32

4.2 Real, Reactive and Apparent power

32

4.3 Power factor

34

4.4 Reactive power

35

4.5 Reactive power control

36

5. CHAPTER5- MATLAB AND SIMULINK INTRODUCTION

37

6. CHAPTER 6- SIMULATION MODELS AND EXAMINING RESULTS

43

6.1 simulation models

43

6.2 Examining simulation results

45

6.3 Power quality improvement

48

CONCLISION

49

REFERENCES

50

List of Figures
Fig no.

Fig name

Page no.

1.1

Typical Short duration RMS voltage variations

2.1

Categorization of PFCDs

2.2

Static Synchronous Compensator

2.3

Distribution Static Compensator

10

2.4

Static VAR Compensator

12

2.5

Static Synchronous Series Compensator

13

2.6

Schematic diagram of an IDVR

14

2.7

Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor

15

2.8

Interline Power Flow Controller

16

2.9

Unified Power Flow Controller

18

2.10

Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller

20

3.1

Flow Chart from UPFC to DPFC

21

3.2

DPFC basic structure

22

3.3

Configuration of DPFC

23

3.4

Active power exchange between DPFC converters

24

3.5

Utilize grounded Y-

25

transformer to the filter

Zero-sequence harmonic
3.6

Route the harmonic current by using the grounding

of the Y -

26

transformer

3.7

D-facts Concept

27

3.8

DPFC control structure

29

3.9

Block diagram of the series converters in Mat lab/Simulink 29

3.10

Block diagram of series control structure in

3.11

Mat lab/Simulink

30

The shunt control configuration

31

(a) For fundamental frequency

(b) For third-harmonic frequency
5.1

Simulink library browser

41

5.2

Sources and sinks

42

6.1

Simulation diagram of three phase system without DPFC 43

6.2

Simulation diagram of Three phase system with DPFC

44

6.3

Three-phase load voltage Sag waveform without DPFC

45

6.4

Three-phase load voltage Sag waveform with DPFC

45

6.5

Three-phase load current Swell waveform without DPFC

46

6.6

Three-phase load current Swell waveform with DPFC

46

6.7

Total harmonic distortion of load voltage without DPFC

47

6.8

Total harmonic distortion of load voltage with DPFC

47

List of Tables
Table no.

Table name

Page no

1.1

power quality problems and their causes

1.2

Categories of power Quality Variation-IEEE 1159-1995

1.3

Power quality standards

5.1

Simulation system parameters

48

List of Abbreviations
DPFC

Distributed power flow controller

FACTS

Flexible alternating current transmission system

UPFC

Unified power flow controller

DVR

Dynamic voltage restorer

STATCOM

Static compensator

IEC

International electro technical commission

PFCDs

Power floe control device system

SVC

Static VAR Compensator

SSC

Static synchronous compensator

TCSC

Thyristor controlled series capacitor

HVDC

High voltage direct current

EMTP

Electromagnetic transients program

VSC

Voltage source converter

BESS

Battery energy storage system

UCES

Ultra capacitor energy storage

SVPWM

Space vector pulse width modulation

IGBT

Isolated gate Bi-polar transistor

VSI

Voltage source inverter

PWM

Pulse width modulation

SSSC

Static synchronous series compensator

IDVR

Interline dynamic voltage restorer

PID

proportion, integration and derivation controller

IPFC

Interline power flow controller

RBFNN

Radial basis function neutral network

SMIB

Single machine infinite bus

PSO

practical swarm optimization

GUPFC

Generalized unified power flow controller

D-FACTS

Distributed flexible alternate current transmission system

PLL

Phase locked loop

THD

Total harmonic distortion

ABSTRACT
According to growth of electricity demand and the increased number of non-linear loads
in power grids, providing a high quality electrical power should be consider. In the last decade,
the electrical power quality issue has been the main concern of the power companies. Power
quality is defined as the index which both the delivery and consumption of electric power affect
can be defined as any problem is manifested on voltage, current, or frequency deviation that
results in power failure.
Most serious threats for sensitive equipment in electrical grids are voltage sags (voltage
dip) and swells (over voltage) . These disturbances occur due to some events, e.g., short circuit
in the grid, inrush currents involved with the starting of large machines, or switching operations
in the grid.
In this paper, voltage sag and swell of the power quality issues are studied and
distributed power flow controller (DPFC) is used to mitigate the voltage deviation and improve
power quality. The DPFC is a new FACTS device, which its structure is similar to unified power
flow controller (UPFC). In spite of UPFC, in DPFC the common dc-link between the shunt and
series converters is eliminated and three-phase series converter is divided to several single-phase
series distributed converters through the line. The case study contains a DPFC sited in a singlemachine infinite bus power system including two parallel transmissions.
In this paper, a distributed power flow controller introduced in as a new FACTS device,
is used to multi gate voltage and current waveform deviation and improves power quality in a
matter of seconds. This paper is which simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The
presented simulation results validate the DPFC ability to improve the power quality.