Where r is the radius.

Example
Calculate the volume of a sphere with radius 6cm.

This can be done on a calculator by

scientific calculator, use 3.14)

, using the

or if you dont have a

Volume of a cone
The formula for calculating the volume of a cone, where r is the radius and h is the
perpendicular height is:

Example
Calculate the volume of a cone with radius 5cm and height 12cm.

Answer

Volume of a prism
A prism is a solid with a uniform cross section. This means that no matter where it is sliced
along its length, the cross section is the same size and shape (congruent).

A well-known example of a prism is a cylinder and you can see from the image above that the
front face (cross section) is the same size of circle no matter where you slice it.
The formula for the volume of a prism where
height/length of the solid is:

is the area of the cross section and is the

Example
This shape is a triangular prism so the area of the cross section is the area of a triangle.

Answer
Area of the triangle:

Volume of the prism:

Volume of a cylinder

The formula for the volume of a cylinder (circular prism) is derived from the volume of a
prism, where is the radius and is the height/length.

Since the area of a circle =

, then the formula for the volume of a cylinder is:

Example
Calculate the volume of the cylinder shown.

Give your answer correct to 1 significant figure.

Answer

Volume of a hemisphere

Half a sphere is called a hemisphere.

Example
A glass bowl is in the shape of a hemisphere with diameter 13cm.Trisha will fill the bowl
with water so that she can use it for floating candles. What is the maximum amount of water
the glass bowl can hold?
Give your answer in millilitres correct to 2 significant figures.

Answer
Diameter = 13cm therefore the radius =

Volume of Sphere =

Since

, the glass bowl can hold 580 ml (to 2 s.f.)

Volume of composite shapes

To calculate the volume of a composite shape, simply split it into smaller shapes and
calculate their separate volumes.
The volumes of each of the individual shapes are then added together to give the total volume
of the composite shape.

Example
Calculate the volume of the shape shown.
Give your answer correct to 2 significant figures.

Answer
Diameter = 10m therefore the radius =
Volume of cylinder:

Volume of sphere:

Volume of hemisphere

A formula triangle involving force, mass, and acceleration. Cover one up and it gives you the
formula that you need to find the one you're hiding!

Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its speed. It's calulated
using the equation: acceleration = change in speed / time taken.
Speed-time graphs illustrate how the speed of an object changes over time. The
steeper the gradient of the line, the greater the acceleration.

Acceleration
In everyday language we use 'accelerate' to mean speeding up and 'decelerate' to mean
slowing down. In scientific terms 'acceleration' is the rate at which something changes
its speed - faster or slower.
Acceleration depends on two things:

How much the speed changes

How much time the change in speed takes

Calculating acceleration
Acceleration = change in speed / time taken

Example
A bus accelerates from 5 m/s to 25 m/s in 10s
To calculate its acceleration, first find the change in speed.

This is 25m/s - 5m/s = 20m/s

Acceleration = 20m/s 10s = 2m/s2

Use this triangle to help you rearrange the equation to:

change in speed = acceleration x time taken

time taken = change in speed / acceleration

Work and power

Page:
1.

2.

1.

Next

Whenever 'work' is done energy is transferred from one place to another. The
amount of work done is expressed in the equation: work done = force x
distance.
Power is a measure of how quickly work is being done. Power is expressed in
the equation: power = work done / time taken.

Work and force

Work done
Work is done whenever a force moves something.

Everyday examples of work include walking up stairs, or lifting heavy objects. Whenever
work is done energy is transferred from one place to another. Both energy and work are
measured in joules, J.
work done (joules, J) = energy transferred (joules, J)
The amount of work done depends on:

the size of the force on the object

the distance the object moves

Equation
work done (joule, J) = force (newton, N) x distance (metre, m)
How much work is done when a man lifts a box weighing 200N off the floor to a shelf 2m
high?
Work done = force x distance = 200N x 2m = 400J

Higher tier

Use the triangle to help you rearrange the equation to:

force = work done / distance
distance = work done / force

Rearranging equation activity - higher tier only

Check your understanding of this by having a go at the activity.

Power work and time

Power is a measure of how quickly work is being done and so how quickly energy is
being transferred.
More powerful engines in cars can do work quicker than less powerful ones. As a result
they usually travel faster and cover the same distance in less time but also require more
fuel.

Car comparison

Car A (standard)

Car B (sports)

Power

44

240

Top speed (km/h)

160

285

Fuel consumption (litres/100km)

11

Question
If both fuel tanks hold 50 litres how far could each car drive without refuelling?

Answer
Car A
100km x 50/6 = 833km
Car B
100km x 50/11 = 455km (to nearest km)

Higher tier
power (watts, W) = work done (joule, J) / time taken (seconds, s)

Question
What is the power of an engine that does 3000J of work in 60s?

Answer
Power = work done / time taken
Power = 3000J/60s = 50W

Higher tier
Use the triangle to help you rearrange the equation to:

The equation
All of the calculations in this section will be worked out using the distance, speed and time
equation.

An easy way to remember the distance, speed and time equations is to put the letters into a
triangle.

The triangles will help you remember these 3 rules:

On the next page there are some examples to work through.

Have paper and a pen handy, draw the distance, speed and time triangle on your paper, then
try the examples

Example
Iain walked from his parents' farm into town at a steady speed of
The journey took

. How far did Iain walk?

In the first hour he walked

After two hours he had walked

After three hours he had walked

.
.

Now you can try this example

Shona cycles at an average speed of
?

. How far has she travelled if she cycles for

Shona has travelled

Units
It is important that, for all of these calculations, the units used correspond with each other.
If the distance is given in kilometres and the time in hours, then the measurement of speed
should be given in the form of kilometres per hour. This is written as km/h.
This next question shows where you need to be careful with units
Kelly runs from

until

However, the speed is given in

at an average speed of

. How far did she go

, so our time must be given in hours.

Kelly ran

Calculating speed, given distance and time

Alan travels

in

. Find his average speed in

.
Alan's average speed is
Find the speed of a train which travels

.
in

The train is travelling at

Joanna drives for

at an average speed of

Joanna's journey was

long

. How long was her journey