Beruflich Dokumente
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I. INTRODUCTION
Core loss in a magnetic material occurs when the material is
subjected to a time varying magnetic flux.
The actual
physical nature of this loss is still not completely understood
and a simplistic explanation of this complex mechanism is as
follows. Energy is used to effect magnetic domain wall
motion as the domains grow and rotate under the influence of
an externally applied magnetic field. When the external field
is reduced or reversed from a given value, domain wall motion
again occurs to realize the necessary alignment of domains
with the new value of the magnetic field. The energy
associated with domain wall motion is irreversible and
manifests itself as heat within the magnetic material. The rate
at which the external field is changed has a strong influence
upon the magnitude of the loss, and the loss is generally
proportional to some function of the frequency of variation of
the magnetic field. The metallurgical structure of the
magnetic material, including its electrical conductivity, also
has a profound effect upon the magnitude of the loss. In
electrical machines, this loss is generally termed the core loss.
Traditionally, core loss Pc has been divided up into two
components: hysteresis loss Ph and eddy current loss Pe .
Pc = Ph + Pe
(1)
= kh fB + ke f B ,
where f is the frequency of the external magnetic field, B is
flux density, k h , k e and n are the coefficients, which depend
on the lamination material, thickness, conductivity, as well as
other factors. However, this formula is only applicable under
the assumption that the maximum magnetic flux density of 1.0
Tesla is not exceeded and the hysteresis loop is under the
static situation, which is not practical in electrical machines.
When the magnetic flux density is over 1.0 Tesla or the field
frequency becomes high, there is a big discrepancy between
the calculation based on (1) and experimental results.
n
Pc = Ph + Pe
= k h fB
( a + bB )
+ ke f 2 B 2 ,
(2)
Pc = Ph + Pe + Pa
= k h fB n + ke f 2 B 2 + k a f 1.5 B1.5 ,
(3)
Pc / f = Ph / f + Pe / f
(4)
= kh B + ke f B ,
which is a linear equation in frequency at each flux density
B . Now, the core loss data are used to plot curves of
Pc / f vs. f for different values of flux density B from the
lowest frequency to the highest frequency. The curves should
be straight lines and can be represented by
n
Pc / f = D + Ef .
(5)
The intercept D on the vertical axis ( Pc / f ) must be the
hysteresis energy loss and equal to
D = kh B n .
(6)
0.5
350
f=10 Hz
300
250
f=60 Hz
200
f=200 Hz
150
f=400 Hz
100
f=1000
Hz
50
0
0.00
1.00
B=0.7 T
0.4
0.3
B=1.0 T
0.2
B=1.4 T
0.1
B=1.7 T
0
0
2.00
1000
2000
3000
Frequency f(Hz)
(7)
(8)
0.5
Specific Core loss per
cycle P(W/kg/Hz)
B=0.7 T
0.4
B=1.0 T
0.3
B=1.2 T
0.2
B=1.4 T
0.1
B=1.7 T
0
(2) can be
Pc / f = Ph / f + Pe / f + Pa / f
f B 1.5 + k e fB 2 .
(9)
f , not frequency
f , for different
Pc / f = D + G f + E ( f ) 2 ,
(10)
we
have
D = k h B n , G = k a B 1.5
and
20
40
Square root of frequency
60
= kh Bn + ka
E = ke B 2 .
(3), including cold rolled motor lamination steels, nonoriented silicon steels, thin-gauge silicon steels, powdered
metal alloys and both annealed and un-annealed materials. As
an example, Fig. 1 shows the core loss versus magnetic flux
density for AK 26-M47 provided by the steel material
manufacturer. Fig. 2 shows the curves of core energy loss
Pc / f versus frequency f of AK 26 M-47, and Fig. 3 shows
the curves of core energy loss Pc / f versus
M47.
f of AK 26-
original data
4
3
2
calculation
of (1)
80
original data
60
40
calculation of
(1)
20
0
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
Flux density B(T)
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
100
original data
calculation of
(2)
0.5
1.5
1.5
80
original data
60
40
calculation of
(2)
20
0
original data
4
3
2
calculation of
(3)
1
0
1
Flux density B(T)
0.5
1
1.5
Flux density B(T)
6
specific core loss P(W/kg)
0.5
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
original
data
calculation
of (3)
0.5
1.5
0.1
Coefficient n
Coefficiency kh
0.08
0.06
kh (f )
0.04
0.02
0
0
200
400
Frequency f(Hz)
Fig.10 Coefficient
kh
Coefficient ke
ke(f )
0.0001
0
original
data
150
100
calculation
of (1)
50
0
1
ka
200
200
400
600
Frequency f(Hz)
0.0003
ke
600
250
0.0004
0.0002
200
400
Frequency f(Hz)
Fig. 12 Coefficient
0.0005
Fig. 11 Coefficient
n(f)
600
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
is supposed to be unchangeable
with
200
250
original
data
150
100
calculation
of (2)
50
300
200
150
calculation
of (2)
100
50
0
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
Flux density B(T)
250
original
data
150
100
calculatio
n of (3)
50
0
350
300
original
data
250
200
150
100
calculation
of (3)
50
0
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
give
Pc / f = Ph / f + Pe / f + Pa / f
original
data
= k h B ( a+ bB + cB ) + k a
2
calculation
of (1)
1
Flux density B(T)
original
data
250
(12)
Pc = Ph + Pe + Pa
= k h fB ( a+ bB + cB ) + k e f 2 B 2 + k a f 1.5 B1.5 ,
f B 1.5 + k e fB 2 .
(11)
Ph = Pc Pe Pa ,
(13)
for different frequencies, which results in the relationship of
hysteresis loss versus flux density for each definite frequency,
Ph = Ph (B) . Finally, four different hysteresis loss values
are chosen to be substituted into the logarithm of
Ph = k h fB ( a +bB +cB ) , giving four
2
simultaneous linear
original
data
3
2
calculation
of (11)
original data
60
40
calculation
of (11)
20
0
0
0
1
Flux density B(T)
200
original data
150
100
calculation
of (11)
50
0
1
250
1
Flux density B(T)
80
160
140
original data
120
100
80
60
40
20
calculation of
(11)
original
data
200
150
100
calculation
of (11)
50
0
0
0.5
1.5
V. CONCLUSION
[6]
[7]
D.C.Jiles, Frequency dependence of hysteresis curves in nonconducting magnetic materials, IEEE Trans. Magn. Vol. 29, pp.
.3490-3492, Nov. 1993.
[8]
[9]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]