2014-11-17 CE35000 Linear Momentum

Conservation of Linear
Momentum
Prof. Balzs M. Fekete
Office: Steinman Room #188
Hours: Monday Thursday 12:30pm 2:00pm
E-Mail: bfekete@ccny.cuny.edu
Website: http://tulip.ccny.cuny.edu/CE35000
Username: CE35000 Password: fluidMechanics
2014-11-17
CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics
th
4 Test Results
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
40%
35%
Percentage [%]
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
100>
80-100
60-80
40-60
20-40
0-20
0%
Grades
2014-11-03
th
4 Test Results
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
140
120
Grade
100
80
60
40
20
0
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Time [min]
2014-11-03
Conservation of Mass Continuity

DB sys
n^ dA=0
= b dV + b U
Dt
t cv
cs
M sys = dV
cv
dV + U
n^ dA=0
t cv
cs
Rate of change of
the mass in the
control volume
2014-11-17
Net rate of mass

passing through
the control volume
Possible Velocity Configurations
2014-11-17
Mass Flow Rate
dm
m=
=Q= A U
dt
dm
n dA=0
m=
= U^
dt A
U=
2014-11-17
n^ dA
U
A
Sink Flow Video

For incompressible
flow, the volume
flowrate into a control
volume equals the
volume flowrate out of
it.
The overflow drain
holes in a sink must be
large enough to
accommodate the
flowrate from the
faucet if the drain hole
at the bottom of the
sink is closed. Since
the elevation head for
the flow through the
overflow drain is not
large, the velocity there
is relatively small.
Thus, the area of the
overflow drain holes
must be larger than the
faucet outlet area.
2014-11-17
Steady Incompressible Flow - Example

A great danger to workers in confined spaces involves the consumption of breathable
air (oxygen) and its replacement with other gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2).
To prevent this from happening, confined spaces need to be ventilated. Although there
is no standard for air exchange rates, a complete change of the air every 3 minutes
has been accepted by industry as providing effective ventilation.
A worker is performing maintenance in a small rectangular tank with a height of 10 ft
and a square base 6 ft by 6 ft. Fresh air enters through an 8-in.-diameter hose and
exits through a 4-in. diameter port on the tank wall. The flow is assumed steady and
incompressible.
Determine: (a) the exchange rate needed (ft3/min) for this tank and (b) the velocity of
the air entering and exiting the tank at this exchange rate.
V =W LH =6 [ ft ] 6 [ ft ]10 [ ft ] =360 [ ft 3 ]
[ ]
V 360 [ ]
ft 3
Q= =
=120
t 3 [ min ]
min
2014-11-17
Steady Incompressible Flow Solution
dV + U^
n dA=0
t cv
cs
n^ dA=0
U
dV =0
t cv
in ==out
U out Aout U in Ain =0 U out Aout =U in Ain=Q
cs
[ ]
3
ft
120
min
Q
U in = =
=5.73 [ fps ]
2
Ain
8
[ ft ]
12
4
[ ]
3
U out =
ft
120
min
Q
=
=22.9 [ fps ]
2
Aout
4
[ ft ]
12
4
2014-11-17
Steady Compressible Flow Example

Air flows steadily between two sections in a long, straight portion of 4-in. inside
diameter pipe. The uniformly distributed temperature and pressure at each
section are given. The average air velocity (nonuniform velocity distribution) at
section (2) is 1000 fps. Calculate the average air velocity at section (1).
2014-11-17
10
Steady Compressible Flow Solution
dV + U^
n dA=0
t cv
cs
n dA=
U^
cs
dV =0
t cv
dm 2 dm1
=0
dt
dt
dm2 dm1
=
1 A1 U 1 =2 A2 U 2
dt
dt
A1= A2
p
RT
o
2
p2 T 1
[
18.4
[
psi
]
540
R]
U 1= U 2 U 1=
U 2=
1000 [ fps ]=219 [ fps ]
o
1
p1 T 2
100 [ psi ] 453 [ R ]
2014-11-17
11
Two Fluids Example

Moist air (a mixture of dry air and water vapor) enters the dehumidifier at the
rate of 600 lbm/hr. Liquid water drains out at the rate of 3.0lbm/hr. Determine
the flow-rate of the dry air and the water vapor leaving the dehumidifier.
2014-11-17
12
Two Fluids Solution
dm1 dm2 dm3

n^ dA=
+
+
=0
U
dt
dt
dt
cs
dm2 dm1 dm3
=
=600 [ lbm / hr ]3 [ lbm/ hr ]=597 [ lbm/ hr ]

dt
dt
dt
dm2 dm1 dm3 dm 4 dm5

=
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
2014-11-17
13
Non-Uniform Flow Example

Incompressible, laminar water flow develops in a straight pipe having radius R. At
section (1), the velocity profile is uniform; the velocity is equal to a constant value U and
is parallel to the pipe axis everywhere. At section (2), the velocity profile is axisymmetric
and parabolic, with zero velocity at the pipe wall and a maximum value of umax at the
centerline.
(a) How are U and umax related?
(b) How are the average velocity at section (2) and umax related?
2014-11-17
14
Non-Uniform Flow Solution

dV + U
n^ dA=0
t cv
cs
dV =0
t cv
n dA= 1 U^
n dA+ 2 U^
n dA=0
U^
( 1)
cs
U^
n
dA
=
A
u
=
R
U
1
1
1 1 1
1
u1=U
(1 )
n dA= 2 U^
n dA2
2 U^
dA 2=2 r dr
u 2=u max
1=2
( 2)
( )]
r
1
R
( 2)
(2 )
n^ 2 r dr= 2 u max
2 U
0
R
[ ( )]
2 u max 2 1
0
r
R
[ ( )]
[ ]
r
1
R
r dr1 R 2 U 1=2 u max
2 r dr
r
r
2
R
U =0
2
2 4R 0
u max
R2
2
u max R U =0 umax =2 U U 2=
2
2
2014-11-17
15
Shop Vac Filter Video

For incompressible flow
through a device, the
volume flowrate (flow area
times the average normal
velocity) is constant.
The air velocity at the inlet
nozzle of a shop vac is
quite large (about 100 ft/s)
and the flow area is
relatively small (about 1.5
square in.). Within the
vacuum cleaner the air
passes through a largearea, folded paper filter
(about 1500 square in.)
with a small average
velocity (about 0.1 ft/s).
The filter provides a large
particle collection surface
with a small velocity and
pressure drop across it.
2014-11-17
16
Flow Through a Contraction Video

As stipulated by the continuity
equation, for an incompressible
flow, the average velocity is
inversely proportional to the crosssectional area of the flow.
The flow of water through the twodimensional channel shown is
made visible by the insertion of tiny
air bubbles within the flow. It is
clear that as the fluid moves
through the narrower portion of the
passage its average velocity
increases. Also, because the flow
is incompressible, the volume of a
given portion of water remains
constant as it flows along. Hence,
the area of the rectangular patch of
bubbles starting at the left hand
portion of the flow is the same as
the area of this patch of bubbles as
it passes through the contraction,
even though it is no longer
rectangular in shape.
2014-11-17
17
Moving Non-Deforming Control Volume
= U c + W
DB sys
n dA
= cv b dV +cs b W^
Dt
t
Continuity Equation
b=1
2014-11-17
n^ dA=0
dV
+
cs
t cv
18
Moving Control Volume Example

An airplane moves forward at a speed of 971 km hr-1. The frontal intake area of the jet
engine is 0.80 m2 and the entering air density is 0.736 kg m-3. A stationary observer
determines that relative to the Earth, the jet engine exhaust gases move away from the
engine with a speed of area is 1050 km hr-1. The engine exhaust area is 0.588 m2 and
the exhaust gas density is 0.515 kg m-3. Estimate the mass flow-rate of fuel into the
engine in kg hr-1.
2014-11-17
19
Moving Control Volume Solution
n^ dA=0
b
dV
+
b
W
cs
t cv
dm fuel in
1 A1 W 1 +2 A2 W 2=0
dt
dm fuel in
=2 A2 W 21 A1 W 1
dt
b dV =0
cv
t
U 1=W 1 +U plane =0 W 1=U plane
U 2=W 2 +U plane W 2=U 2U plane
U 2 =1050 [ km hr 1 ] (751 [ km hr 1 ] )=2021 [ km hr 1 ]

dm fuel in
dt
2014-11-17
0.515 [ kg m
0.736 [ kg m3 ] 0.80 [ m2 ] 971 [ km hr 1 ] 1000 [ m km1 ]

( 580,800571,700 ) [ kg hr 1 ] = 9100 [ kg hr 1 ]
] 0.558 [ m2 ] 2021 [ km hr1 ] 1000 [ m km1 ]
20
Relative Velocity Example

Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady rate of 1000 ml s-1.
The exit area of each of the two nozzles is 30 mm2. Determine the average speed of the
water leaving the nozzle, relative to the nozzle, if (a) the rotary sprinkler head is
stationary, (b) the sprinkler head rotates at 600 rpm, and (c) the sprinkler head
accelerates from 0 to 600 rpm.
2014-11-17
21
Relative Velocity Solution
b dV =0
cv
t
n^ dA=0
b
dV
+
b
W
cs
t cv
out Aout W out in Ain W in=0
A2 W 2 + A3 W 3 A1 W 1=0
Q= A1 W 1= A2 W 2 + A3 W 3
1000 [ ml s1 ]
Q
1
[
]
W 2 =W 3 =
=
=16.7
m
s
2
2 A2 230 [ mm ]
U 2 =U 3 =W 2 U
2014-11-17
U = R
22
Moving and Deforming Control Volume

DB sys
n^ dA
= b dV + b W
Dt
t cv
cs
Continuity Equation
b=1
dV + W
n^ dA=0
t cv
cs
dV 0
t cv
n^ dA
W
cs
Has to be evaluated in relative velocity terms
2014-11-17
23
Deforming Control Volume Example

A syringe is used to inoculate a cow. The plunger has a face area of 500 mm2. The liquid
in the syringe is to be injected steadily at a rate of 300 cm3 min-1. The leakage rate past
the plunger is 0.10 times the volume flow-rate out of the needle. With what speed should
the plunger be advanced?
2014-11-17
24
Deforming Control Volume Solution
dV + W
n^ dA=0
t cv
cs
dV + dm2 + Q =0
leak
t cv
dt
dV = ( l A1 +V needle ) t dV = A1 t
cv
cv
dm 2
=Q
dt
l
=U p
t
Q 2 +Q leak Q 2 +0.1 Q 2
Q2
A1 U p + Q 2 +Q leak =0 U p=
=
=1.1
A1
A1
A1
2014-11-17
25
Linear Momentum Equation

Newton's second law of motion for a system:
Time rate of change of
Sum of the external forces
=
the linear momentum
acting on the system
D
dV = F sys
U
Dt sys
Any reference or coordinate system for which this statement is true is called inertial.
A fixed coordinate system is inertial. A coordinate system that moves in a straight line
with constant velocity and is thus without acceleration is also inertial.
2014-11-17
26
D sys
U
dV + U
U
n^ dA
U
dV
=
Dt sys
t cv
cs
the linear momentum =
of the system
2014-11-17

the linear momentum
of the content of the
control volume
Net rate of change of

linear momentum through
the control surface
27
U
dV + U
U
n^ dA= F
t cv
cs
For a control volume that is fixed and thus inertial and non-deforming,
2014-11-17
28
Smoke Stack Plume Momentum Video

A change in the
momentum of a fluid
(such as a change in
speed or direction of
flow) requires a non-zero
resultant force.
The exhaust gas flowing
within a smokestack has
vertical momentum only.
As the fluid leaves the
stack it interacts with the
horizontal wind. This
interaction produces a
non-zero force on the
exhaust gas and causes
it to develop a horizontal
motion. In addition, the
vertical momentum is lost
to the surrounding air and
the exhaust gas
eventually flows along
with the wind.
2014-11-17
29
Marine Propulsion Video

Many propulsive devices produce
their thrust by changing the
momentum of a fluid. For example,
the thrust from a rocket engine is a
result of ejecting massive quantities
of fuel at a very high speed through
an appropriately designed nozzle.
Similarly, a jet engine ingests low
speed air and ejects it at a much
higher speed.
The thrust produced by the propeller
on a boat is also a result of
increasing the speed of a portion of
the water surrounding it. The flow
field around the model boat shown is
made visible by using tiny reflective
particles that reflect light differently
depending on their orientation within
the flow. The high-speed jet of water
expelled backward is easily visible.
This jet of water was produced by
the force of the boat (i.e., the
propeller) pushing against the water,
thereby imparting momentum to the
water. The equal and opposite force
of the water on the propeller is the
thrust that propels the boat.
2014-11-17
30
Force Due to Water Jet Video

A jet of fluid deflected
by an object puts a
force on the object. This
force is the result of the
change of momentum of
the fluid and can
happen even though the
speed (magnitude of
velocity) remains
constant.
If a jet of water has
sufficient momentum, it
can tip over the block
that deflects it. The
same thing can happen
when a garden hose is
used to fill a sprinkling
can. Similarly, a jet of
water against the
blades of a Pelton
wheel turbine causes
the turbine wheel to
rotate.
2014-11-17
31
Changing Flow Direction Example
A horizontal jet of water exits a nozzle with a uniform speed of U1 = 10 ft/s, strikes a vane,
and is turned through an angle . Determine the anchoring force needed to hold the vane
stationary if gravity and viscous effects are negligible.
U
dV + U
U
n^ dA= F
t cv
cs
n dA= F x
u U^
cs
n dA= F z
w U^
w 2=0
2
dm
F Ax =
U ( 1cos )
dt
2014-11-17
|U |=U 1=U 2=10 [ fps ]
w 2 A2 U 2w 1 A1 U 1= F z
u 2=U cos
cos A U A U = F x
2
A1= A2= A
cs
u 2 A2 U 2u1 A1 U 1= F x
u1=U
U
dV =0
t cv
w 2=U sin
sin A U 2= F y
dm
F Az =
U sin
dt
32
Changing Flow Direction Solution
2014-11-17
33
Change in Speed Figure
2014-11-17
34
Change in Speed Example

Water flows through a nozzle attached to the end of a laboratory sink faucet with a flowrate of 0.6 l s-1. The nozzle inlet and exit diameters are 16 mm and 5 mm, respectively,
and the nozzle axis is vertical. The mass of the nozzle is 0.1 kg. The pressure at section
(1) is 464 kPa. Determine the anchoring force required to hold the nozzle in place.
U
dV + U
U
n^ dA= F
t cv
cs
U
dV =0
t cv
n^ dA=|w|dA
U
n dA= F Amn g p1 Amw g + p 2 A2

U U^
cs
) ( )
dm1
dm2
w1 ) +
w 2 ) =F Am n g p1 Am w g + p 2 A2
(
(
dt
dt
dm1
dm 2
F A=
w 1
w 2 + m n g + p 1 A1 + mw g p2 A2
dt
dt
dm
= A U
dt
dm1 dm2 dm
=
=
dt
dt
dt
dm
F A=
w 1w 2 ) + mn g + p1 A1 +m w g p 2 A2
(
dt
2014-11-17
35
Air Jet Momentum Flux Video

The video shows a simple
demonstration of momentum flux
and a reaction force. Compressed
shop air is blown through a nozzle
to produce a jet of air that
impinges on a scale. The air jet is
made visible through the use of the
Schlieren optical method, as
shown in the image below.
The air jet carries a certain amount
of momentum as it impinges the
scale. This produces a measurable
force that is converted to a digital
readout on the scale.
Making use of an appropriate
control volume, as shown below,
and summing the forces and
momentum fluxes in the vertical
direction, and making use of
Newton's 2nd Law, we see that the
force measured by the scale is
equal to the momentum flux at the
nozzle.
2014-11-17
36

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Conservation of Linear

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Conservation of Mass Continuity

Net rate of mass

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Possible Velocity Configurations

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Mass Flow Rate

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Sink Flow Video

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Steady Incompressible Flow - Example

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Steady Incompressible Flow Solution

U out Aout U in Ain =0 U out Aout =U in Ain=Q

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Steady Compressible Flow Example

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Steady Compressible Flow Solution

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Two Fluids Example

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Two Fluids Solution

dm1 dm2 dm3

=600 [ lbm / hr ]3 [ lbm/ hr ]=597 [ lbm/ hr ]

dm2 dm1 dm3 dm 4 dm5

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Non-Uniform Flow Example

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Non-Uniform Flow Solution

r dr1 R 2 U 1=2 u max

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Shop Vac Filter Video

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Flow Through a Contraction Video

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Moving Non-Deforming Control Volume

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Moving Control Volume Example

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Moving Control Volume Solution

U 2 =1050 [ km hr 1 ] (751 [ km hr 1 ] )=2021 [ km hr 1 ]

0.736 [ kg m3 ] 0.80 [ m2 ] 971 [ km hr 1 ] 1000 [ m km1 ]

] 0.558 [ m2 ] 2021 [ km hr1 ] 1000 [ m km1 ]

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Relative Velocity Example

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Relative Velocity Solution

out Aout W out in Ain W in=0

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Moving and Deforming Control Volume

Has to be evaluated in relative velocity terms

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Deforming Control Volume Example

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Deforming Control Volume Solution

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Linear Momentum Equation

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics

Linear Momentum Equation

Time rate of change of

CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics