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Introduction to Radiometry
and Photometry, 2nd Edition
BOOK DECEMBER 2014

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1 AUTHOR:
William Mccluney
University of Central Florida
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Retrieved on: 26 February 2016

Introduction to Radiometry and Photometry


Second Edition

William Ross McCluney

ARTECH
HOUSE
BOSTON LONDON
a rte c h house. corn

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data


A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover design by John Gomes

ISBN 13: 978-1-60807-833-2

2014 ARTECH HOUSE


685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062

All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book
may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been
appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of
a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service
mark.

10987654321

Contents
xiii

Introduction

End Notes

xviii

Acknowledgments

xxi

Fundamental Concepts of Radiometry

1.1

Electromagnetic Radiation

1.2

Terminology Conventions

1.3

Wavelength Notations and Solid Angle

1.4

Fundamental Definitions

1.5

Lambertian Radiators and Lambert's Cosine Jaw

13

1.6

Radiance, Irradiance, Intensity, and Flux Relationships

16

1.7

Connection with Electromagnetic Theory

20

1.8

Polarization

22

1.9

Photon Flux

25

1.10

Radiometric Information

28

End Notes

36

Introduction to Radiometry and Photometry

Vi

Fundamental Concepts of Photometry

39

2.1

Light

39

2.2
2.2.1

43

2.2.2

Photometric Definitions
Radiation Luminous Efficacy, K and the V-lambda
Function
Lighting System Luminous Efficacy, K

4750

2.3

Luminance and Brightness

51

2.4

Luminance and Vision

54

2.5

Disability Glare

57

2.6

Discomfort Glare

59

2.7
2.7.1

Illumination
Illuminance Selection
End Notes

60
62

Blackbodies and Other Sources

11

3.1

Blackbody Radiation

71

3.2

Planck's Law

73

3.3

Wien Displacement Law

77

3.4

Luminous Efficacy of Blackbody Radiation

78

3.5

Color and Distribution Temperatures

79

3.6

Emission Into an Imperfect Vacuum

81

3.7

Radiation Exchange

81

3.8

Experimental Approximation of a Blackbody

82

3.9

Other Real Sources

83

End Notes

68

.10

96

Source/Receiver Flux Transfer Calculations

99

4.1

Introduction

99

Contents

VII

4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.2.7

Geometry and Definitions


Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Case

100
102
104
104
105
108
109
110

4.3

Configuration Factor

111

4.4

Net Exchange of Radiation

113

4.5

Summary

114

End Notes

125

The Invariance of Radiance and the Limits of


Optical Concentration

127

5.1

Introduction

127

5.2

Radiance Is a Field Quantity

128

5.3

Pencils of Rays

128

5.4

Elementary Beam Of Radiation

129

5.5

Radiance Invariance

131

5.6

Radiance Invariance at an Interface

132

5.7

Radiance Through a Lens

134

5.8

Radiance in Absorbing and Scattering Media

135

5.9

Concentrating Radiance Meter

136

5.10

The Limits of Optical Concentration

141

End Notes

145

Optical Propertiesof Materials

147

6.1

Introduction

147

6.2

Terminology

148

Introduction to Radiometry and Photometry

VIII

6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5

Surface and Interface Optical Properties


Conductor Optical Properties
Nonconductor Optical Properties
Surface Emission Properties
Angular Dependence of Dielectric Optical Properties
Rough Surfaces

6.4

Bulk Medium Optical Properties

6.5
6.5.1
6.5.2

Properties of Plane Parallel Plates


Nonscattering Media
Scattering Media

6.6

Angular Dependence

6.7
6.7.1
6.7.2

Broadband Angle Properties


Transmittance and Reflectance Equations
Specular and Diffuse Optical Properties

6.8

Spectral Dependence

6.9

Broadband Spectral Properties

6.10

Spectral Selectivity
End Notes

The Detection of Radiation

201

7.1

Introduction

201

7.2

Basic Concepts

202

7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Classification of Detectors
Thermal Detectors
Photemissive Detectors
Semiconductor Devices
Multielement Detectors, Charge Transfer Devices,
and Imagers

208
208
213
218

7.4

Detector Noise

231

7.5

Signal Modulation and Radiation Chopping

234

7.6
7.6.1

Characterization of Detector Performance

237
238

Responsivity, R

227

Contents

ix

7.6.2
7.6.3
7.6.4
7.6.5

Quantum Efficiency, 71
Noise Equivalent Power, NEP
Detectivity, D
Photon Noise-Limited Performance

238
239
240
240

7.7

242

7.7.2
7.7.3

Flux Conditoning Prior to the Detector


Cosine Response Correction
Photopic Correction
Spectral Filtering

242
245
246

7.8

Signal Conditioning Affer the Detector

249

7.9

Detector Calibration

249

7.10

Example Detectors and Their Characteristics

251

End Notes

259

Optical Systems

263

8.1

Introduction

263

8.2

Optical Axis

264

8.3

Idealized (Thin) Lens Theory

265

8.4

Radiance and Irradiance of Images

270

8.5

Vignetting

273

8.6
8.6.1
8.6.2
8.6.3
8.6.4
8.6.5
8.6.6
8.6.7
8.6.8

Aberrations
Spherical Aberration
Chromatic Aberration
Distortion
Coma
Astigmatism
Field Curvature
Correctiug Aberrations
The Diffraction Limit

273
273
276
277
277
278
279
280
280

8.7

Image Quality

282

8.8

Flux Distribution

283

8.9

Nonimaging Optical Systems

285

7.7.1

Introduction to Radiometry and Photometry

8.10

Throughput

287

8.11
8.11.1
8.11.2

Integrating Spheres
Cosine Correction
Transmissometers and Reflectometers

289
292
293

8.12
8.12.1
8.12.2

Monochromators
Spectral Filters
Scanning Monochromators

297
297
304

8.13

Windows

310

8.14

Sources

311

8.15

Goniometers

312

8.16

Transmissometers/Reflectometers

313

8.17

Scattering Meters, Nephelometers, Turbidimeters,


and Haze Meters

313

End Notes

320

Radiometers and Photometers

325

9.1

Introduction

325

9.2

General Design Factors

327

9.3

Broadband Irradiance and Radiance Meters

329

9.4

Restricted Spectral Band Irradiance Meters for the


Ultraviolet through the Infrared

333

9.5

Illuminance and Luminance Meters

333

9.6

Spectro radiometers

334

9.7
9.7.1
9.7.2
9.7.3

Calibration of Radiometers and Photometers

338
340
343

9.7.4
9.7.5

Transfer Standards
Broadband Irradiance Standard Sources
Standard Sources for Spectral'Irradiance and
Spectral Radiance
Absolute Radiometry
Standard Illuminance and Luminance Sources

344
346
351

Contents

Xi

Radiometer/Photometer Calibration Using


Standard Sources
Spectroradiometer Calibration
National Standards Laboratories and Other, Labs
and Instrument Organizations

353

End Notes

355

Metric Primer and Additional Radiometric and


Photometric Quantities and Units

359

10.1

Introduction

359

10.2
10.2.1
10.2.2

The SI System of Units


Basic Metric Principles
Metric Units for Radiometry and Photometry

360
360
363

10.3

The I-P System of Units

364

10.4

Photon Flux Units

364

10.5

Other Quantities and Units

365

End Notes

368

Virtual Measurement: Computerized Optical


Ray Trace Analysis

371

11.1

Introduction

371

11.2

Ray Tracing in Radiometry and Photometry

374

11.3

Rays and Their Limitations in Ray Tracing Programs

374

11.4

Computerized Optical Ray Tracing Methodology

377

11.5

The Ray Tracing Process

378

11.6

Analysis of Results

383

End Notes

391

12

Basic Concepts of Colpr Science

393

12.1

Introduction

393

12.2

Basic Concepts And Definitions

394

9.7.6
9.7.7
9.7.8

10

11

'

"

351
352

Introduction to Radiometry and Photometry

xii

12.3
12.3.1
12.3.2
12.3.3

Systems of Color Specification


Munsell Color System
CIE 1976 (L*a*b) Color Space
Tristimulus Colorimetry

399
400
402
402

12.4

CIE 1931 Color System

404

12.5

CIE 1964 Supplementary Observer Color System

409

12.6

CIE 1976 Uniform Color Space

411

12.7

Color Temperature

414

12.8
12.8.1
12.8.2
12.8.3

Standard Illuminants and Reflection Colorimetry


Blackbody Illuminants
Daylight Illuminants
Reflection Colorimetry

415
417
419
421

12.9

Color Rendering Index

422

12.10

Color Software

425

End Notes

427

Appendix A: Correspondence Between Finite


Elements and the Calculus

431

A. 1

Introduction

431

A.2

Definition of the Derivative

432

A.3

Definition of the Integral

434

A.4

Integrals As Sums

436

A.5

Sums over Solid Angles

437

End Notes

441

Appendix B
Table of Physical and Mathematical Constants

443

About the Author

445

Index

447

Introduction
Radiometry is a system of language, mathematics, and instrumentation
used to describe and measure the propagation of electromagnetic radiation,
including the effects on that radiation of reflection, refraction, absorption,
transmission, and scattering by material substances in their solid, liquid, and
gaseous phases.
Photometry is a system used for the same purpose when the radiation
is to be detected by the human eye, so it applies to a more restricted portion
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Having the languages of radiometry and photometry helps make the
definitions and explanations of various descriptive quantities precise and
meaningful.
Evolution of the subject and the units used. Radiometry and photometry
have evolved considerably over the long history of civilization's development of
science and engineering. In the beginning, the terminology used was invented
by early scientists attempting to make sense of the visible world around them.
Thus, many of the early terms and units predated the more logical and consistent international systems of units and terminology used today, infusing the
early development of this field with a possibly confusing set of names as well as
units for the quantities presented in this book.
For example, the Anglo-Saxon period in England used the North German
foot (335 mm or 12.2 inches in current units) as the basis unit of length and it
was divided into 4 palms or 12 thumbs. A cubit was set to be 2 feet and an elne
to 4 ft. The rod 05 Anglo-Saxon ft) was used for the measurement of larger
distances, including the furlong (10 rods). An acre became 160 square rods and
36,000 Anglo-Saxon feet [1].
From the early English system of physical units there evolved what is
currently known variously as the "inch-pound," "British imperial," and "U.S.
XIII

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