Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introduction to Radiometry
and Photometry, 2nd Edition
BOOK DECEMBER 2014
CITATIONS
READS
1 AUTHOR:
William Mccluney
University of Central Florida
19 PUBLICATIONS 508
CITATIONS
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ARTECH
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BOSTON LONDON
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10987654321
Contents
xiii
Introduction
End Notes
xviii
Acknowledgments
xxi
1.1
Electromagnetic Radiation
1.2
Terminology Conventions
1.3
1.4
Fundamental Definitions
1.5
13
1.6
16
1.7
20
1.8
Polarization
22
1.9
Photon Flux
25
1.10
Radiometric Information
28
End Notes
36
Vi
39
2.1
Light
39
2.2
2.2.1
43
2.2.2
Photometric Definitions
Radiation Luminous Efficacy, K and the V-lambda
Function
Lighting System Luminous Efficacy, K
4750
2.3
51
2.4
54
2.5
Disability Glare
57
2.6
Discomfort Glare
59
2.7
2.7.1
Illumination
Illuminance Selection
End Notes
60
62
11
3.1
Blackbody Radiation
71
3.2
Planck's Law
73
3.3
77
3.4
78
3.5
79
3.6
81
3.7
Radiation Exchange
81
3.8
82
3.9
83
End Notes
68
.10
96
99
4.1
Introduction
99
Contents
VII
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.2.7
100
102
104
104
105
108
109
110
4.3
Configuration Factor
111
4.4
113
4.5
Summary
114
End Notes
125
127
5.1
Introduction
127
5.2
128
5.3
Pencils of Rays
128
5.4
129
5.5
Radiance Invariance
131
5.6
132
5.7
134
5.8
135
5.9
136
5.10
141
End Notes
145
147
6.1
Introduction
147
6.2
Terminology
148
VIII
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.4
6.5
6.5.1
6.5.2
6.6
Angular Dependence
6.7
6.7.1
6.7.2
6.8
Spectral Dependence
6.9
6.10
Spectral Selectivity
End Notes
201
7.1
Introduction
201
7.2
Basic Concepts
202
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
Classification of Detectors
Thermal Detectors
Photemissive Detectors
Semiconductor Devices
Multielement Detectors, Charge Transfer Devices,
and Imagers
208
208
213
218
7.4
Detector Noise
231
7.5
234
7.6
7.6.1
237
238
Responsivity, R
227
Contents
ix
7.6.2
7.6.3
7.6.4
7.6.5
Quantum Efficiency, 71
Noise Equivalent Power, NEP
Detectivity, D
Photon Noise-Limited Performance
238
239
240
240
7.7
242
7.7.2
7.7.3
242
245
246
7.8
249
7.9
Detector Calibration
249
7.10
251
End Notes
259
Optical Systems
263
8.1
Introduction
263
8.2
Optical Axis
264
8.3
265
8.4
270
8.5
Vignetting
273
8.6
8.6.1
8.6.2
8.6.3
8.6.4
8.6.5
8.6.6
8.6.7
8.6.8
Aberrations
Spherical Aberration
Chromatic Aberration
Distortion
Coma
Astigmatism
Field Curvature
Correctiug Aberrations
The Diffraction Limit
273
273
276
277
277
278
279
280
280
8.7
Image Quality
282
8.8
Flux Distribution
283
8.9
285
7.7.1
8.10
Throughput
287
8.11
8.11.1
8.11.2
Integrating Spheres
Cosine Correction
Transmissometers and Reflectometers
289
292
293
8.12
8.12.1
8.12.2
Monochromators
Spectral Filters
Scanning Monochromators
297
297
304
8.13
Windows
310
8.14
Sources
311
8.15
Goniometers
312
8.16
Transmissometers/Reflectometers
313
8.17
313
End Notes
320
325
9.1
Introduction
325
9.2
327
9.3
329
9.4
333
9.5
333
9.6
Spectro radiometers
334
9.7
9.7.1
9.7.2
9.7.3
338
340
343
9.7.4
9.7.5
Transfer Standards
Broadband Irradiance Standard Sources
Standard Sources for Spectral'Irradiance and
Spectral Radiance
Absolute Radiometry
Standard Illuminance and Luminance Sources
344
346
351
Contents
Xi
353
End Notes
355
359
10.1
Introduction
359
10.2
10.2.1
10.2.2
360
360
363
10.3
364
10.4
364
10.5
365
End Notes
368
371
11.1
Introduction
371
11.2
374
11.3
374
11.4
377
11.5
378
11.6
Analysis of Results
383
End Notes
391
12
393
12.1
Introduction
393
12.2
394
9.7.6
9.7.7
9.7.8
10
11
'
"
351
352
xii
12.3
12.3.1
12.3.2
12.3.3
399
400
402
402
12.4
404
12.5
409
12.6
411
12.7
Color Temperature
414
12.8
12.8.1
12.8.2
12.8.3
415
417
419
421
12.9
422
12.10
Color Software
425
End Notes
427
431
A. 1
Introduction
431
A.2
432
A.3
434
A.4
Integrals As Sums
436
A.5
437
End Notes
441
Appendix B
Table of Physical and Mathematical Constants
443
445
Index
447
Introduction
Radiometry is a system of language, mathematics, and instrumentation
used to describe and measure the propagation of electromagnetic radiation,
including the effects on that radiation of reflection, refraction, absorption,
transmission, and scattering by material substances in their solid, liquid, and
gaseous phases.
Photometry is a system used for the same purpose when the radiation
is to be detected by the human eye, so it applies to a more restricted portion
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Having the languages of radiometry and photometry helps make the
definitions and explanations of various descriptive quantities precise and
meaningful.
Evolution of the subject and the units used. Radiometry and photometry
have evolved considerably over the long history of civilization's development of
science and engineering. In the beginning, the terminology used was invented
by early scientists attempting to make sense of the visible world around them.
Thus, many of the early terms and units predated the more logical and consistent international systems of units and terminology used today, infusing the
early development of this field with a possibly confusing set of names as well as
units for the quantities presented in this book.
For example, the Anglo-Saxon period in England used the North German
foot (335 mm or 12.2 inches in current units) as the basis unit of length and it
was divided into 4 palms or 12 thumbs. A cubit was set to be 2 feet and an elne
to 4 ft. The rod 05 Anglo-Saxon ft) was used for the measurement of larger
distances, including the furlong (10 rods). An acre became 160 square rods and
36,000 Anglo-Saxon feet [1].
From the early English system of physical units there evolved what is
currently known variously as the "inch-pound," "British imperial," and "U.S.
XIII