1

1. ESTIMATION OF ACID VALUE (ANALYSIS OF OIL)

AIM
To calculate the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the
free fatty acid in 5 gm of oil.
THEORY
Acid value indicates the proportion of free fatty acid present in an oil or fat and may be
defined as the number of milligrams of caustic potash required to neutralize the acid in 1 gm of the
sample. The normal acid value for most samples lies within 0.5. If any titrable acid other than a
fatty acid is present in the sample, it will be an error. A high acid value indicates a stale oil or fat
stored under improper conditions.
PROCEDURE
STANDARDIZATION OF KOH
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Take 20 ml of 0.1 N oxalic acid solution in a 250 ml conical flask.

Add 1 or 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to this solution.
Titrate this solution against KOH taken in a burette.
The appearance of pink color indicates the end point.
From the volume of the KOH solution in burette, find the normality of KOH.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Weigh 5 gm of oil and transfer it into 250 ml conical flask.

Add 50 ml of neutralized alcohol solution to the oil solution.
Heat this mixture for 10 minutes by using the heater.
Take the solution after 10 minutes and add 1 or 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
Titrate this against the KOH solution from the burette.
The appearance of pink color indicates the end point.

ESTIMATION OF ACID VALUE (ANALYSIS OF OIL)

TABULAR COLUMN
Titration I: Standardisation of Potassium hydroxide
Burette solution
: KOH
Pipette solution
: Oxalic acid
Indicator
: Phenolphthalein
End point
: Appearance of pink colour
BURETTE READING
(ml)
INITIAL
FINAL

S.NO VOLUME OF
OXALIC ACID
(ml)

VOLUME OF
KOH
CONSUMED (ml)

Concordant
Value (ml)

1
2

CALCULATION (1)
Volume of oxalic acid

(V1)=

Normality of oxalic acid

(N1)=

Volume of KOH consumed

(V2)=

Normality of KOH consumed

(N2)= V1 N1 / V2

Normality of KOH (N2) = _______________.

Titration II: Estimation of acid value
Burette solution : KOH
Pipette solution : Oil + 50 ml of neutralized alcohol
Indicator
: Phenolphthalein
End point
: Appearance of pink colour
S.NO

WEIGHT OF
OIL
(gm)

BURETTE READING (ml)

INITIAL
FINAL

VOLUME OF KOH
(ml)

1
2

CALCULATION(2)
Acid value =

ml of KOH Normality of KOH Eq.wt of KOH

Weight of Oil Sample

Equivalent weight of KOH = 56.11

Acid Value = __________.
RESULT
The acid value of the given oil sample was found to be___________.

Concordant
Value (ml)

2. ESTIMATION OF SAPONIFICATION VALUE (ANALYSIS OF OIL)

AIM
To calculate the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to completely
saponify 1 gm of Oil.
THEORY
Saponification value indicates the average molecular weight of a fat or oil. The
saponification value may be defined as the number of milligrams of caustic potash required to
neutralize the fatty acids obtained by complete hydrolysis of one gram of oil or fat. Thus
saponification value gives us information whether an oil or fat contains high proportion of
lower or higher fatty acids. For eg., butter has a large proportion of lower fatty acids than lard
and tallow, and has high saponification value. Coconut oil also has a comparatively higher
saponification value.
Applications of saponification value:
Saponification value gives us an idea about the molecular weight of fat or oil.
Oil x Saponification Value = Amount of Lye needed to make soap.

PROCEDURE
1) Weigh 1 gm of oil and transfer into the round bottomed flask.
2) Add 20 ml of 0.5 N alcoholic KOH solution to the round bottomed flask.
3) Follow the above procedure without taking oil for blank titration.
4) Reflux both round bottomed flasks for 1 hour.
5) After reflux, allow both the round bottomed flasks to cool.
6) Titrate both the samples using 0.5 N HCl with phenolphthalein indicator.
7) The disappearance of pink indicates the end point.

RESULT
The saponification value of the given oil sample was found to be_____________.

TABULAR COLUMN
Titration : Estimation of saponification value
Burette solution : HCl
Flask solution
: Alcoholic KOH (with and without oil)
Indicator
: Phenolphthalein
End point
: Disappearance of pink colour
S.NO

VOLUME OF
OIL
SOLUTION
(gl)

VOLUME OF
ALCOHOLIC
KOH SOLUTION (ml)

BURETTE READING
(ml)
INITIAL
FINAL

TITER
VALUE
((ml)

1
2

Blank
( Without Oil)

CALCULATION
Saponification Value
= (Titre value of blank in ml Titre value of sample in ml) x NKOH x Equivalent wt of KOH
Weight of the sample
Saponification value = _________________

3. ESTIMATION OF IODINE VALUE (ANALYSIS OF OIL)

AIM
To determine the amount of unsaturation present in the given oil. ( To determine the iodine
value of an oil)
PRINCIPLE
The Iodine number is defined as the number of grams of iodine which will add to 100
grams of fat or oil. Iodine value shows the degree of unsaturation of the constituent fatty acids in
an oil or fat and is thus a relative measure of the unsaturated bonds present in the oil or fat. Iodine
value is expressed in grams of iodine absorbed by 100 gms of oil or fat. Unsaturated compounds
absorb iodine ( in suitable form) and form saturated compounds. The amount of iodine absorbed in
percentage is the measure of unsaturation in the oil. No oil has zero iodine value and oils are
classified as drying, semi drying and non drying on the basis of iodine value. Oleic acid containing
1 double bond absorbs 90% of iodine, linoleic acid (2 double bonds) absorbs 181% iodine and
linolenic acid (3 double bonds) absorbs 274% iodine. Non drying oils have 1 double bond and
absorbs iodine below 90%. Semi drying oils contain some proportion of double bonds and have
iodine value below 140.Iodine value for coconut oil is 8, for olive 88, for human fat 105, for
linseed about 200.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Wijs Solution:
Dissolve separately 7.5 gm of AR Iodine tetrachloride and 8.5 gm of resublimed iodine in
glacial acetic acid by warming on a water bath. Mix the two solutions and dilute to 1 litre with
glacial acetic acid in cold.
Potassium iodide solution ( 15%)
Dissolve 15 gm of AR potassium iodide in 100 ml of water.
Sodium thiosulphate solution (0.1 N)
Dissolve 25 gm of AR sodium thiosulphate crystals ( Na2S2O3 5H2O) in a 1 litre of
distilled water.
Starch indicator solution
1 ml of starch in 100 ml boiling water.

PROCEDURE
STANDARDIZATION OF SODIUM THIOSULPHATE SOLUTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Pipette out 20 ml of 0.1 N potassium dichromate solution into a clean conical flask.
Add 1 test tube of dilute H2SO4 and 10 ml of 15% KI solution to the conical flask.
Titrate against thiosulphate from the burette until it turned into pale yellow.
Add 1 ml of starch indicator and titrate against thiosulphate solution.
End point is disappearance of blue color.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Weigh 0.5 gm of oil and transfer into Iodine flask.
2. Add 10 ml of chloroform and warm slightly and cool for 10 minutes
3. Add 25 ml of Wijs solution in the same flask and shake vigorously.
4. Then allow the flask to stand for half an hour in dark place.
5. Add 10 ml of KI solution and after that titrate the solution against 0.1 N Sodium
thiosulphate solution until the appearance of yellow color.
6. Add 1 ml of starch indicator and again titrate against the sodium thiosulphte solution from
the burette.
7. Disappearance of blue color indicates end point.
8. Repeat the above procedure without taking sample(ie Oil) and note the corresponding
reading for blank titration.

RESULT
The iodine value of the given oil sample was found to be =___________.

TABULAR COLUMN
Titration I
Standardisation of Sodium thiosulphate:
Burette solution
:Sodium thiosulphate
Pipette solution
:Potassium dichromate
Additional solution :1 test tube of dil H2SO4 solution
Indicator
: Starch
End point
:Disappearance of blue
S.NO

VOLUME OF
K2Cr2O7 SOLUTION
(ml)

BURETTE READING
(ml)
INITIAL

VOLUME OF SODIUM
THIOSULPHATE SOLUTION
(ml)

FINAL

1
2

CALCULATION
Volume of K2Cr2O7
( V1) =
Normality of K2Cr2O7
(N1) =
Volume of sodium thiosulphate solution (V2) =
Normality of sodium thiosulphate solution ( N2) = (V1 x N2) / V2
Titration II
Estimation of Iodine value:
Burette solution
: Std. Sodium thiosulphate solution
Pipette solution
: 20 ml of oil
Additional solution
: 25 ml of Wijs solution + 20 ml of KI ( 15%)+50 ml of water
Indicator
: Starch
End point
: Disappearance of blue color
S.NO

VOLUME OF
SOLUTION (ml)

BURETTE READING
(ml)
INITIAL

VOLUME OF SODIUM
THIOSULPHATE SOLUTION
(ml)

FINAL

Oil solution

V2 =

Blank

V1 =

CALCULATION:
Iodine value = (V1 V2) x N1 x Equivalent weight of Iodine x 100
W x 1000
where
V1 = Volume of thiosulphate required by blank,ml
N1 = Normality of thiosulphate
V2 = Volume of thiosulphate required by sample,ml
W= Weight of the sample
Iodine value = _____________.

4. ESTIMATION OF SILICA CONTENT (ANALYSIS OF CEMENT)

AIM
To estimate the silica content in the given cement sample
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Crucible, Desiccator, Beaker, Water bath, No 40 Wattman filter paper, Pipette, Electric
Bunsen Burner, Stirrer
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Given sample of Portland cement, 1:1 HCl.
PROCEDURE
1) Weigh 2 gm of cement accurately and transfer into china dish
2) Add 2 ml of water to prevent lumping
3) Add 10 ml of 1:1 HCl to this and allow to digest for 10 minutes
4) Add 50 ml of water and transfer the contents from china dish into beaker
5) Add 50 ml of 1:1 HCl into beaker to make it to acidic medium
6) Then filter through No:40 Wattman filter paper
7) Incinerate in the pre weighed crucible
8) Cool it in a desiccator.
9) Weigh the crucible with its content.
10)Find out amount of silica.
CALCULATION:
Weight of cement taken

(w) =

Weight of empty crucible (a) =

Weight of silica + crucible (b) =

g
g

% of silica = ( b a ) x100
w
% of silica = ____________

RESULT
The amount of silica content was found to be =______________.

5) ESTIMATION OF MIXED OXIDE CONTENT (ANALYSIS OF CEMENT)

AIM
To estimate the mixed oxide content in the given cement sample
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Crucible, Desiccator, Beaker, Water bath, No 40 Wattman filter paper, Pipette, Electric
Bunsen Burner, Stirrer
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Given sample of Portland cement, 1:1 HCl, 15% NaOH solution, NH4Cl, NH3, Ammonium
oxalate etc.

PROCEDURE
1) Weigh 2 gm cement and transfer into a china dish
2) Add 2 ml of water to prevent lumping
3) Add 10 ml of 1:1 HCl to this and allow to digest for 10 minutes.
4) Add 50 ml of water and transfer the contents from china dish to a beaker
5) Add 50 ml of 1:1 HCl to this beaker to make the acidic medium
6) Filter the solution through No 40 Wattman filter paper
7) Collect the filtrate in a beaker and make up to 250 ml
8) Pipette out 100 ml of the above solution into a beaker and boil it
9) Add 2 gm of NH4Cl to avoid the precipitation of Ca and Mg compounds
10) Add 20 ml of NH3 to the boiling solution to make the solution alkaline
11) Boil the solution for about 5 minutes until a pale brown jelly precipitate formed
12) Cool the solution and filter the solution into No 40 Wattman filter paper.
13) Then incinerate the in a preweighed crucible and cool it in desiccator.
14) Obtain the amount of mixed oxide content by difference in weight.
CALCULATION:
Weight of cement taken
(w) =
g
Weight of empty crucible
(a) =
g
Weight of mixed oxide content + crucible (b) =
g
% of mixed oxide content (Fe2O3 + Al2O3) = ( b a ) x250 x100
w x 100
% of Mixed oxide content = ____________
RESULT
The amount of mixed oxide content was found to be=_____________.

10

6) ESTIMATION OF CALCIUM OXIDE CONTENT

AIM
To estimate the calcium oxide content in the given cement sample
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Crucible, Desiccator, Beaker, Water bath, No 40 Wattman filter paper, Pipette, Electric
Bunsen Burner, Stirrer.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Given sample of Portland cement, 1:1 HCl, 15% NaOH solution, NH4Cl, NH3, Ammonium
oxalate etc.
PROCEDURE
1) Weigh 2 gm cement and transfer into china dish.
2) Add 2 ml of water to prevent lumping.
3) Add 10 ml of 1:1 HCl to this and allow to digest for 10 minutes.
4) Add 50 ml of water to transfer the contents from china dish to a beaker.
5) Add 50 ml of 1:1 HCl to this beaker to make the acidic medium
6) Filter the solution through No 40 Wattman filter paper
7) Collect the filtrate in a beaker and make it up to 250 ml
8) Pipette out 100 ml of above solution into a beaker and boil it
9) Add 2 gm of NH4Cl to avoid the precipitation of Ca and Mg compounds
10) Add 20 ml of NH3 to the boiling solution to make the solution alkaline
11) Boil the solution for about 5 minutes until a pale brown jelly precipitate formed
12) Cool the solution and filter the solution into No 40 Wattman filter paper.
13) Heat the collected filtrate
14) Dissolve 1 gm of ammonium oxalate in 10 ml of boiling water and add to the boiling
filtrate
15) White precipitate of oxalate is formed during the above procedure.
16) Then filter through No 40 Wattman filter paper.
17) Incinerate the preweighed crucible and cool it in a desiccator.
18) Find the amount of calcium oxide content from the difference in weight.
ESTIMATION OF CALCIUM OXIDE CONTENT
Weight of cement taken
(w) =
Weight of the empty crucible
(a) =
Weight of crucible + calcium oxide (b) =
% of calcium oxide content = ( b a ) x 250 x 100
w x 100
RESULT

)g)
(g)
(g)

The amount of calcium oxide content was found to be =_______________.

11

7) ESTIMATION OF TOTAL FATTY MATTER CONTENT

AIM
To analyze the sample of the given soap and to determine the total fatty matter content
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Grinding bowl, Beaker, Stirrer, Glass plate, Conical flask, Pipette, Burette, Standard flask,
Separating funnel, Water bath, Electric Bunsen Burner, Funnel, Desiccator, China dish.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Given sample of soap, Water, Chloroform, Sodium carbonate, 0.5 N HNO3
PROCEDURE
1) Weigh 5 gm of soap accurately and transfer into 250 ml beaker
2) Add 100 ml hot water to completely dissolve the soap.
3) Add 40 ml of 0.5 N HNO3 until contents were slightly acidic
4) Heat the mixture over water bath until the fatty acids were floating as a layer above the
solution
5) Then cool it suddenly in ice water in order to solidify the fatty acids and separate them.
6) Add 50 ml of chloroform to the remaining solution and transfer it to a separating
funnel.
7) Shake the solution and allow the solution to separate into 2 layers. Drain the bottom
layer.
8) Add 50 ml of chloroform to the remaining solution in the separating funnel
9) Separate the fatty acid dissolved chloroform again as in the previous case and transfer it
to the collected fatty matter.
10) Weigh the fatty matter in a pre weighed china dish.
11) Allow the contents to evaporate and weigh the residue.
12) From the difference in weight, calculate the % of fatty matter in the given soap sample.
CALCULATION
Weight of the china dish

(x) = _____________

Weight of china dish + Soap after drying (y)=______________

% of fatty mater

= (y x) * 100
Weight of soap sample

% of fatty matter = ___________.

RESULT
The percentage of total fatty matter present in the given sample of soap was found to
be_________.

12

8) ESTIMATION OF TOTAL ALKALI CONTENT

AIM
To analyze the given soap sample and to determine the total alkali content
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Beaker, Stirrer, Glass plate, conical flask, Pipette, Burette, Standard flask, separating funnel.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Given sample of soap, Diethyl Ether, Sodium Chloride, 100 g/l aqueous solution,
Sulphuric acid, 1N aqueous solution, Sodium Hydroxide, 1N aqueous solution, Methyl orange
indicator.
PROCEDURE
1) Weigh about 5 gm of soap.
2) Add 100 ml distilled water.
3) Gently heat until complete dissolution.
4) Transfer quantitatively to a separating funnel.
5) Add few drops of methyl orange indicator
6) Add 10 ml of H2SO4 until solution becomes pink.
7) Allow to cool at room temperature.
8) Add 100 ml diethyl ether.
9) Shake vigorously for one minute.
10) Allow to stand still two phases are completely separated.
11) Take the bottom of the aqueous solution layer into a second separating funnel.
12) Carry out the second extraction of the acid solution by shaking with diethyl ether.
13) Take the aqueous acid solution into a conical flask. Wash twice with 50 ml of 1N
Sodium chloride solution by shaking for a minute.
14) Filtrate the resulting conical flask solution with Sodium hydroxide.
The total alkali content, expressed as a percentage (m/M), is given by the formula:
m 4[V1T1 V2T2 ]
% =
m
m
Calculation:
Volume of H2SO4 solution (V1) =
Volume of NaOH solution (V2) =
Normality of H2SO4 (T1)
=
Normality of NaOH (T2)
=
Mass of Soap (M)
=

ml
ml
N
N
g

RESULT
The total alkali content of the given soap sample was found to be___________.

13

9. ESTIMATION OF RESIDUAL CHLORINE IN WATER

AIM
To estimate the amount of residual chlorine in water
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Burette, Pipette, Conical flask, Pestle and mortar.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Potassium iodide, Sulphuric acid, Sodium thio sulphate, Bleaching powder, Starch
Indicator
PROCEDURE
1) Weigh about 0.5 gm of bleaching powder and transfer into mortar
2) Add small amount of water to the bleaching powder and grind them well with the help
of pestle
3) Allow the solution to settle in a few minutes, transfer the liquid portion into a 250 ml
standard flask.
4) Repeat the above procedure until all the contents of bleaching powder are completely
transferred into 250 ml flask.
5) Add additional water to make it exactly 250 ml.
6) Pipette out 10 ml of the Bleaching powder solution (made up solution) into a conical
flask
7) Add 10 ml of 15% KI and 10 ml of 1 N H2SO4 to this solution and then shake well.
8) Titrate against 0.1 N sodium thiosulphate solution until yellow color appeared
9) Add 1 or 2 drops of starch indicator that turns the solution blue.
10) Then titrate against sodium thiosulphate solution until the blue color disappears.
RELATED EQUATIONS
2 KI + Cl2
2 KCl + I2
KI + I2
KI3
I2 + 2 Na2S2O3
2 NaI + Na2S4O6
I2 + Starch
Complex having deep blue complex

RESULT
The amount of Residual chlorine in the water sample was found to be _________%.

14

Titration I:
Standardization of Sodium thio sulphate solution
Burette solution
Pipette solution
Additional solution
Indicator
End point

: Sodium thio sulphate solution

: Standard K2Cr2O7 solution
: 10 ml of H2SO4 + 10 ml of 15% KI
: Starch
: Blue to green

S.NO VOLUME OF K2Cr2O7

SOLUTION
(V1) ml

BURETTE READING
(ml)
FINAL
INITIAL

VOLUME OF SODIUM
THIO SULPHATE SOLUTION
(ml)

2
Volume of K2Cr2O7
Normality of K2Cr2O7
Volume of Na2S2O3
Normality of Na2S2O3

(V1) =
(N1) =
(V2) =
(N2) = (V1xN1) / V2

Titration II:
Estimation of Available Chlorine:
Burette solution: Standard Sodium Thio sulphate solution
Pipette solution : 10 ml of Bleaching powder solution + 10 ml of H2SO4 + 10 ml of 15%KI
: Starch
Indicator
End point
: Blue to colorless
S.NO VOLUME OF BLEACHING BURETTE READING (ml) VOLUME OF SODIUM
POWDER SOLUTION
THIO SULPHATE
INITIAL
FINAL
(V3) ml
SOLUTION (V4)ml

15

CALCULATION
1 equivalent of Cl2 = 1 Equivalent of I2
1000 ml of 1 N Na2S2O3.5H2O solution is equivalent to 35.46 g of Cl2
1000 ml of 0.1 N Na2S2O3.5H2O solution is equivalent to 3.546 g of Cl2
1 ml of 0.1 N Na2S2O3.5H2O is equivalent to 3.546 x 10-3 g of Cl2
Volume of Na2S2O3 solution consumed V4 = ________ ml
V4 ml of N2 normality solution of Na2S2O3.5H2O
is equivalent to
(X1)
= (V4 x N2 x 3.546 x 10-3) / (1 x 0.1)
= _________ g.
10 ml of Bleaching powder solution contains X1 g of Cl2.

250 ml of Bleaching powder solution contains = (X1 x 250) / 10 = X2 g of Cl2.

Weight of bleaching powder taken
=w g
% of chlorine = X2 x 100 / w
= _________ %

16

10. ESTIMATION OF PURITY OF GLYCEROL

BY DICHROMATE METHOD
AIM
To estimate the percentage purity of the given sample of Glycerol by Dichromate method.
THEORY
Glycerol can be quantitatively oxidized by the known excess of acidified K2Cr2O7 into
Carbon dioxide and water:
K2Cr2 O7 + 4 H2SO4 K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4)3 + 3 (O) + 4 H2O
C3 H8 O3 + 10 (O) 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
The amount of dichromate consumed by glycerol can be determined by refluxing glycerol
with a known excess of Potassium dichromate solution and then titrating the unreacted
dichromate against std. Sodium thio sulphate solution using starch indicator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Burette, Pipette, Conical flask, Iodine flask and water bath.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Glycerol (standard and sample), 10% KI solution, starch, dil. H2SO4 , Sodium thiosulphate and
Potassium dichromate solutions.
PROCEDURE
I. Standardization of Sodium thiosulphate:
1) Titrate 20 ml of std. Potassium dichromate solution + 20 ml of dil. H2SO4 + 10 ml of
10% KI solution against Sodium thiosulphate solution.
2) When the solution turns pale yellow, add 1 ml of freshly prepared starch solution and
continue the titration. End point is change of colour from blue to green.
3) Repeat the above procedure for concordant values.
II. Estimation of Glycerol:
1) Pipette out 10 ml of the given sample of glycerol solution into a clean iodine flask.
ml of 0.1 N K2Cr2 O7 and 1 test tube of dil. H2SO4.
2) Heat the contents of iodine flask on a water bath for 60 min and cool.
3) Add 1 test tube of dil. H2SO4 and 10 ml of 10 % KI solution to the above solution.
4) Titrate the liberated iodine against std. Sodium thiosulphate solution using starch
indicator. End point is the colour change from blue to green.
5) Repeat this procedure with pure standard Glycerol.

Add 60

17

RESULT
The percentage purity of the given sample of Glycerol was found to be _________%.
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS
Titration I:
Standardization of Sodium thiosulphate solution
Burette solution

: Sodium thio sulphate solution

Pipette solution

: Standard K2Cr2O7 solution

Additional solution

: 10 ml of H2SO4 + 10 ml of 10% KI

Indicator

: Starch

End point

: Blue to green

S.NO

Volume Of
K2Cr2O7
Solution
(V1) ml

Burette Reading (ml)

Initial
Final

Volume Of Sodium
Thio Sulphate
Solution
(ml)

Concordant
Value (ml)

1
2

Volume of K2Cr2O7 (V1) =

Normality of K2Cr2O7 (N1) =
Volume of Na2S2O3 (V2) =
Normality of Na2S2O3 (N2) = (V1xN1) / V2
Titration II:
Estimation of Glycerol:
Burette solution

: Standard Sodium Thiosulphate solution

Solution in Iodine flask

: 10 ml of Glycerol sample + 60 ml of K2Cr2O7 + 1 test

H2SO4 +10 ml of 10%KI

Indicator

: Starch

End point

: Blue to Green

tube of

18

A. Estimation of Sample Glycerol:

S.NO

Burette Reading (ml)

Initial
Final

Volume Of
Glycerol
Solution
(V3) ml

Volume Of Sodium
Thio Sulphate
Solution (V4)ml

Concordant
Value (ml)

Volume Of Sodium
Thio Sulphate
Solution (V5)ml

Concordant
Value (ml)

1
2

B. Estimation of Standard Glycerol:

S.NO

Volume Of
Glycerol
Solution
(V3) ml

Burette Reading (ml)

Initial
Final

1
2

Volume of thiosulphate corresponding to unreacted dichromate = V4 ml

Volume of unreacted K 2 Cr2 O7 with sample Glycerol =

V4 N 2
= Vsample
N1

Volume of unreacted K 2 Cr2 O7 with s tan dared Glycerol =

V5 N 2
= Vstd
N1

Volume of reacted K 2Cr2O7 = K 2Cr2O7 volume taken initially volume of unreacted K 2Cr2O7
= 60 - volume of unreacted K 2Cr2O7
1 ml of 0.152 N K 2 Cr2 O7 = 10 mg of Glycerol

(60 V

sample

) ml N

0.152

(60 Vstd ) ml N1
0.152

10 = Amount of Glycerol in the sample solution = wsample =

10 = Amount of Glycerol in the s tan dard solution = wstd =

Percentage purity of Glycerol =

mg

mg

weight of sample Glycerol

100
weight of s tan dard Glycerol

wsample
wstd

100

19

11. PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL

Aim:
To assess the quality of coal by proximate analysis.
Apparatus and Equipment Required:
Hot air oven, Muffle Furnace, Crucible, Desiccator and sample of coal.
Procedure:
i) Moisture: About 1 gram of finely powdered air dried coal sample was weighed in a
crucible was placed inside an electric hot air oven maintained at 105 -1100C. The crucible was
allowed to remain in the oven for 1 hour and taken out with a pair of tones cooled in a
desiccator and weighed. Loss in weight was reported as moisture.
Loss of Weight
100
% Moisture =
Weight of coal taken
ii)

Volatile Matter: The dried sample of coal left in the crucible was covered with a lid
and placed in an electric furnace maintained at 925 50 0 C the crucible was taken
out of the oven after 7 minutes of heating. The crucible was cooled first in air and
then in a desiccator and weighed. Loss in weight was reported as volatile matter on
percentage basis.

Loss in weight due to removal of volatile matter

100
% Volatile Matter =
Weight of coal taken

iii)

Ash: The residual coal was then heated in a muffle furnace at 500C for half an hour.
The crucible was taken out and cooled first in air and desiccator and then weighed.
Heating, cooling and weighing was repeated till constant weight was obtained. The
residue was reported as ash on percentage basis.

Weight of ash taken

100
% Ash =
Weight of coal taken

Fixed Carbon = 100 (% of Mositure + % Ash + % Volatile Matter )

Result:
S.No
1.
2
3
4

Proximate Analysis of
Moisture
Volatile Matter
Ash
Fixed Carbon

Percentage

20

Calculation:
Weight of coal taken
Weight of crucible
Wt. of coal + crucible
After heating to 1050C

= g
= g
= g
(Oven)

Loss of Weight
100
i ) % Moisture =
Weight of coal taken
After heating Muffle Furnace 9250C
Loss in weight due to removal of volatile matter
100
ii ) % Volatile Matter =
Weight of coal taken

Heating half an hour in muffle furnace 500C

Weight of ash taken
100
iii ) % Ash =
Weight of coal taken

% of Fixed Carbon = 100 (% of Mositure + % Ash + % Volatile Matter )