1

1. SYMBOLS
A = Total area of section
Ab = Equivalent area of helical reinforcement.
Ac = Equivalent area of section
Ah = Area of concrete core.
Am = Area of steel or iron core.

Asc =

Area of longitudinal reinforcement (comp.)

Ast =

Area of steel (tensile.)

Al =

Area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement.

Asv = Total cross-sectional are of stirrup legs or bent up bars within distance Sv
Aw = Area of web reinforcement.
A = Area of cross section of one bars.
a = lever arm.
ac = Area of concrete.
B = flange width of T-beam.
b = width.
br = width of rib.
C = compressive force.
c = compressive stress in concrete.
= stress in concrete surrounding compressive steel.
D = depth
d = effective depth

dc = cover to compressive steel

ds = depth of slab
dt = cover to tensile steel
e = eccentricity.
dc/d = compressive steel depth factor
F = shear characteristic force.
Fd = design load
Fr = radial shear force.
F = stress (in general)
fck = characteristic compressive stress of concrete.
Fy = characteristic tensile strength of steel.
H = height.
I = moment of inertia.
Ie = equivalent moment of inertia.
J = lever arm factor.
Ka = coefficient of active earth pressure.
Kp = coefficient of passive earth pressure.
k = neutral axis depth factor (n/d).
L = length.
Ld = development length.
l = effective length of column or length or bond length.
M = bending moment or moment.

Mr = moment of resistance or radial bending moment.

Mt = torsional moment.
Mu = ultimate bending moment
M = circumferential bending moment
m = modular ratio.
n = depth of neutral axis.
nc = depth of critical neutral axis.
Pa = active earth pressure.
Pp = passive earth pressure.
Pu = ultimate axial load on the member (limit state design).
P = percentage steel.
P= reinforcement ratio.
Pa = active earth pressure intensity.
Pe = net upward soil pressure.
Q = shear resistance.

= shear stress.

q= shear stress due to torsion

R = radius.
s = spacing of bars.
sa = average bond stress.
sb = local bond stress.
T = tensile force.

Tu = ultimate torsional moment.

st or t= tensile stress in steel.
tc = compressive stress in compressive steel.
Vu = ultimate shear force due or design load.

Vus

= shear carried by shear reinforcement.

W = point load.
X = coordinate.
xu = depth of neutral axis.
Z = distance.
= inclination.
= surcharge angle.
= unit weight of soil
f = partial safety factor appropriate to the loading.
m = partial safety factor appropriate to the material.
cc = permissible stress in concrete.
cbc = permissible compressive stress in concrete due to bending.
= permissible compressive stress in bars.
st = permissible stress in steel in tension.
st = permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement.
sy = yield point compressive stress in steel.
= co efficient of friction.

sc

2. INTRODUCTION
A water tank is used to store water to tide over the daily requirement. In the construction
of concrete structure for the storage of water and other liquids the imperviousness of
concrete is most essential .The permeability of any uniform and thoroughly compacted
concrete of given mix proportions is mainly dependent on water cement ratio .The
increase in water cement ratio results in increase in the permeability .The decrease in
water cement ratio will therefore be desirable to decrease the permeability, but very
much reduced water cement ratio may cause compaction difficulties and prove to be
harmful also. Design of liquid retaining structure has to be based on the avoidance of
cracking in the concrete having regard to its tensile strength. Cracks can be prevented by
avoiding the use of thick timber shuttering which prevent the easy escape of heat of
hydration from the concrete mass the risk of cracking can also be minimized by
reducing the restraints on free expansion or contraction of the structure.

1. Objective:
1. To make a study about the analysis and design of water tanks.
2. To make a study about the guidelines for the design of liquid retaining Structure
according to is code.
3. To know about the design philosophy for the safe and economical design of water tank.
4. To develop programs for the design of water tank of flexible base and rigid base and the
underground tank to avoid the tedious calculations.
5. In the end, the programs are validated with the results of manual calculation
given in concrete Structure.

2.1 Sources of water supply:

The various sources of water can be classified into two categories:
Surface sources, such as
1. Ponds and lakes,
2. Streams and rivers,
3. Storage reservoirs, and
4. Oceans, generally not used for water supplies, at present.
Sub-surface sources or underground sources, such as
1. Springs,
2. Infiltration wells, and
3. Wells and Tube-wells.

3. WATER DEMAND
3.1 Water Quantity Estimation: The quantity of water required for municipal uses for
which the water supply scheme has to be designed requires following data:
Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day per head) Population to be
served.
Quantity= per demand x Population
3.2 Water Consumption Rate: It is very difficult to precisely assess the quantity of
water demanded by the public, since there are many variable factors affecting water
consumption. The various types of water demands, which a city may have, may be
broken into following class

Water Consumption for Various Purposes:

Types of Consumption
1

Domestic Consumption

Normal Range
(lit/capita/day)
65-300

Average

160

35

2 Industrial and

45-450

135

30

20-90

45

10

45-150

62

25

Commercial Demand
Public including Fire
Demand Uses
Losses and Waste

3.3 Fire Fighting Demand: The per capita fire demand is very less on an average
basis but the rate at which the water is required is very large. The rate of fire demand is
sometimes treated as a function of population and is worked out from following
empirical formulae:

Authority
1
2
3
4

American
Insurance Association
Kuchling's Formula
Freeman's Formula
Ministry
Of Urban Development Manual
Formula

Formula (P in
Q (for 1 lakh
thousand)
Population)
Q(L/min)=4637P(1-0.01
41760
P)
Q(L/min)=3182 P
31800
Q(L/min)=1136.5(P/5+10)
35050
Q(kilo liters/d)=100P for
31623
P>50000

3.4 Factors affecting per capita demand:

Size of the city: Per capita demand for big cities is generally large as compared to that
for smaller towns as big cities have sewered houses.
Presence of industries.
Climatic conditions.
Habits of economic status.
Quality of water: If water is aesthetically $ people and their
. Medically safe, the consumption will increase as people will not resort to private
wells, etc.
Pressure in the distribution system.
Efficiency of water works administration: Leaks in water mains and services; and
unauthorized use of water can be kept to a minimum by surveys.
Cost of water.
Policy of metering and charging method: Water tax is charged in two different ways
on the basis of meter reading and on the basis of certain fixed monthly rate.

3.5 Fluctuations in Rate of Demand:

Average Daily per Capita Demand
= Quantity Required in 12 Months/ (365 x Population)

If this average demand is supplied at all the times, it will not be sufficient to meet the
fluctuations.
Seasonal variation: The demand peaks during summer. Firebreak outs are generally
more in summer, increasing demand. So, there is seasonal variation.
Daily variation depends on the activity. People draw out more water on Sundays and
Festival days, thus increasing demand on these days.
Hourly variations are very important as they have a wide range. During active
household working hours i.e. from six to ten in the morning and four to eight in the
evening, the bulk of the daily requirement is taken. During other hours the requirement
is negligible. Moreover, if a fire breaks out, a huge quantity of water is required to be
supplied during short duration, necessitating the need for a maximum rate of hourly
supply. So, an adequate quantity of water must be available to meet the peak demand. To
meet all the fluctuations, the supply pipes, service reservoirs and distribution pipes must
be properly proportioned. The water is supplied by pumping directly and the pumps and
distribution system must be designed to meet the peak demand. The effect of monthly
variation influences the design of storage reservoirs and the hourly variations influences
the design of pumps and service reservoirs. As the population decreases, the fluctuation
rate increases.
Maximum daily demand = 1.8 x average daily demand
Maximum hourly demand of maximum day i.e. Peak demand
= 1.5 x average hourly demand
= 1.5 x Maximum daily demand/24
= 1.5 x (1.8 x average daily demand)/24
= 2.7 x average daily demand/24
= 2.7 x annual average hourly demand

4. POPULATION FORECAST

10

4.1 Design Periods & Population Forecast:

This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the estimated requirements of
the future. The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme
is known as the design period. Design period is estimated based on the following:
Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.
Expandability aspect.
Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial, commercial
developments& migration-immigration.
Available resources.
Performance of the system during initial period.

4.2 Population Forecasting Methods:

The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given below. The
particular method to be adopted for a particular case or for a particular city depends
largely on the factors discussed in the methods, and the selection is left to the discretion
and intelligence of the designer.
1. Incremental Increase Method
2.Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
3.Simple Graphical Method
4.Comparative Graphical Method
5.Ratio Method
6.Logistic Curve Method
7.Arithmetic Increase Method
8.Geometric Increase Method.

5. WATER TANKS

11

5.1 CLASSIFICATIONS:

Classification based on under three heads:

1. Tanks resting on ground
2. Elevated tanks supported on staging
3. Underground tanks.
Classification based on shapes
1. Circular tanks
2. Rectangular tanks
3. Spherical tanks
4. Intze tanks
5. Circular tanks with conical bottom

6. DESIGN REQUIREMENT OF CONCRETE (I. S. I)

12

In water retaining structure a dense impermeable concrete is

required therefore ,proportion of fine and course aggregates to cement should be such as
to give high quality concrete. Concrete mix lesser than M 20 is not used. The minimum
quantity of cement in the concrete mix shall be not less than 30 kN/m 3.The design of the
concrete mix shall be such that the resultant concrete is sufficiently impervious.
Efficient compaction preferably by vibration is essential. The permeability of the
thoroughly compacted concrete is dependent on water cement ratio. Increase in water
cement ratio increases permeability, while concrete with low water cement ratio is
difficult to compact. Other causes of leakage in concrete are defects such as segregation
and honey combing. All joints should be made watertight as these are potential sources
of leakage. Design of liquid retaining structure is different from ordinary R.C.C.
structures as it requires that concrete should not crack and hence tensile stresses in
concrete should be within permissible limits. A reinforced concrete member of liquid
retaining structure is designed on the usual principles ignoring tensile resistance of
concrete in bending. Additionally it should be ensured that tensile stress on the liquid
retaining ace of the equivalent concrete section does not exceed the permissible tensile
strength of concrete as given in table 1. For calculation purposes the cover is also taken
into concrete area. Cracking may be caused due to restraint to shrinkage, expansion and
contraction of concrete due to temperature or shrinkage and swelling due to moisture
effects. Such restraint may be caused by.
(i) The interaction between reinforcement and concrete during shrinkage due to drying.
(ii) The boundary conditions.
(iii)The differential conditions prevailing through the large thickness of massive concrete
Use of small size bars placed properly, leads to closer cracks but of smaller width. The
risk of cracking due to temperature and shrinkage effects may be minimized by limiting
the changes in moisture content and temperature to which the structure as a whole is
subjected. The risk of cracking can also be minimized by reducing the restraint on the
free expansion of the structure with long walls or slab founded at or below ground level,
restraint can be minimized by the provision of a sliding layer. This can be provided by
founding the structure on a flat layer of concrete with interposition of some material to
break the bond and facilitate movement. Incase length of structure is large it should be
subdivided into suitable lengths separated by movement joints, especially where
sections are changed the movement joints should be provided. Where structures have to
store hot liquids, stresses caused by difference in temperature between inside and
outside of the reservoir should be taken into account. The coefficient of expansion due
to temperature change is taken as 11 x 10-6 / C and coefficient of shrinkage may be
taken as 450 x 10-6 for initial shrinkage and 200 x 10-6 for drying shrinkage.

13

6.1 JOINTS IN LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES:

6.1.1 MOVEMENT JOINTS. There are three types of movement joints.
(i)Contraction Joint. It is a movement joint with deliberate discontinuity without initial
gap between the concrete on either side of the joint. The purpose of this joint is to
accommodate contraction of the concrete. The joint is shown in Fig. (a)

Fig (a)
A contraction joint may be either complete contraction joint or partial contraction joint.
A complete contraction joint is one in which both steel and concrete are interrupted and
a partial contraction joint is one in which only the concrete is interrupted, the reinforcing
steel running through as shown in Fig.(b)

Fig (b)
(ii)Expansion Joint. It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcing steel
and concrete and it is to accommodate either expansion or contraction of the structure. A
typical expansion joint is shown in Fig. (c)

14

Fig(c)
This type of joint is provided between wall and floor in some cylindrical tank designs.
6.1.2 CONTRACTION JOINTS:
This type of joint is provided for convenience in construction. This type of joint requires
the provision of an initial gap between the adjoining parts of a structure which by
closing or opening accommodates the expansion or contraction of the structure.

Fig (d)
(iii) Sliding Joint. It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcement and
concrete and with special provision to facilitate movement in plane of the joint. A
typical joint is shown in Fig. This type of joint is provided between wall and floor in
some cylindrical tank designs.

15

Fig (e)
6.1.3 TEMPORARY JOINTS:
A gap is sometimes left temporarily between the concrete of adjoining parts of a
structure which after a suitable interval and before the structure is put to use, is filled
with mortar or concrete completely with suitable jointing materials. In the first case
width of the gap should be sufficient to allow the sides to be prepared before filling.
Figure (g)

Fig (g)

7. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (I.S.I)

16

7.1 Plain Concrete Structures:

Plain concrete member of reinforced concrete liquid retaining structure may be
designed against structural failure by allowing tension in plain concrete as per the
permissible limits for tension in bending. This will automatically take care of failure due
to cracking. However, nominal reinforcement shall be provided, for plain concrete
structural members.
7.2. Permissible Stresses in Concrete:
(a)For resistance to cracking: For calculations relating to the resistance of members to
cracking, the permissible stresses in tension (direct and due to bending) and shear shall
confirm to the values specified in Table 1.The permissible tensile stresses due to
bending apply to the face of the member in contact with the liquid. In members less
than 225mm thick and in contact with liquid on one side these permissible stresses in
bending apply also to the face remote from the liquid.
(b) For strength calculations: In strength calculations the permissible concrete stresses

shall be in accordance with Table 1. Where the calculated shear stress in concrete alone
exceeds the permissible value, reinforcement acting in conjunction with diagonal
compression in the concrete shall be provided to take the whole of the shear.
7.3 Permissible Stresses in Steel:
(a) For resistance to cracking. When steel and concrete are assumed to act together for
checking the tensile stress in concrete for avoidance of crack, the tensile stress in steel
will be limited by the requirement that the permissible tensile stress in the concrete is
not exceeded so the tensile stress in steel shall be equal to the product of modular ratio
of steel and concrete, and the corresponding allowable tensile stress in concrete.
(b) For strength calculations:
In strength calculations the permissible stress shall be as follows:
a) Tensile stress in member in direct tension 1000 kg/cm2.
b)Tensile stress in member in bending on liquid retaining face of members or face
away from liquid for members less than 225mm thick 1000 kg/cm2.
c) On face away from liquid for members 225mm or more in thickness 1250 kg/cm2.
d)Tensile stress in shear reinforcement For members less than 225mm thickness 1000
kg/cm2 for members 225mm or more in thickness 1250 kg/cm2.

17
e) Compressive stress in columns subjected to direct load 1250 kg/cm2.

7.4 Stresses due to drying Shrinkage or Temperature Change:

(i)Stresses due to drying shrinkage or temperature change may be ignored provided that
(a)The permissible stresses specified above in (ii) and (iii) are not otherwise exceeded.
(b) Adequate precautions are taken to avoid cracking of concrete during the construction
period and until the reservoir is put into use.
(c)Recommendation regarding joints given in article 8.3 and for suitable sliding
layer
beneath the reservoir are complied with, or the reservoir is to be used only for the
storage of water or aqueous liquids at or near ambient temperature and the
circumstances are such that the concrete will never dry out.
(ii)Shrinkage stresses may however be required to be calculated in special cases, when a
shrinkage co-efficient of 300 10 may be assumed.
(iii) When the shrinkage stresses are allowed, the permissible stresses, tensile stresses to
concrete (direct and bending) as given in Table 1 may be increased by 33.33 per cent.
7.5 Floors:
(i) Provision of movement joints.
Movement joints should be provided as discussed in article 3.
(ii) Floors of tanks resting on ground.
If the tank is resting directly over ground, floor may be constructed of concrete with
nominal percentage of reinforcement provided that it is certain that the ground will carry
the load without appreciable subsidence in any part and that the concrete floor is cast in
panels with sides not more than 4.5m.with contraction or expansion joints between. In
such cases a screed or concrete layer less than 75mm thick shall first be placed on the
ground and covered with a sliding layer of bitumen paper or other suitable material to
destroy the bond between the screed and floor concrete. In normal circumstances the
screed layer shall be of grade not weaker than M 10,where injurious soils or aggressive
water are expected, the screed layer shall be of grade not weaker than M 15 and if
necessary a sulphate resisting or other special cement should be used.

18

(iii) Floor of tanks resting on supports

(a) If the tank is supported on walls or other similar supports the floor slab shall be
designed as floor in buildings for bending moments due to water load and self-weight.
(b)When the floor is rigidly connected to the walls (as is generally the case) the bending
moments at the junction between the walls and floors shall be taken into account in the
design of floor together with any direct forces transferred to the floor from the walls or
from the floor to the wall due to suspension of the floor from the wall. If the walls are
non-monolithic with the floor slab, such as in cases, where movement joints have been
provided between the floor slabs and walls, the floor shall be designed only for the
vertical loads on the floor.
(c) In continuous T-beams and L-beams with ribs on the side remote from the liquid, the
tension in concrete on the liquid side at the face of the supports shall not exceed the
permissible stresses for controlling cracks in concrete. The width of the slab shall be
determined in usual manner for calculation of the resistance to cracking of T-beam, L
beam sections at supports.
(d)The floor slab may be suitably tied to the walls by rods properly embedded in both
the slab and the walls. In such cases no separate beam (curved or straight) is necessary
under the wall, provided the wall of the tank itself is designed to act as a beam over the
supports under it.
(e)Sometimes it may be economical to provide the floors of circular tanks, in the shape
of dome. In such cases the dome shall be designed for the vertical loads of the liquid
over it and the ratio of its rise to its diameter shall be so adjusted that the stresses in the
dome are, as far as possible, wholly compressive. The dome shall be supported at its
bottom on the ring beam which shall be designed for resultant circumferential tension in
addition to vertical loads.

7.6 Walls:
(i)Provision of joints
(a)Where it is desired to allow the walls to expand or contract separately from the floor,
or to prevent moments at the base of the wall owing to fixity to the floor, sliding joints
may be employed.

19

(b)The spacing of vertical movement joints should be as discussed in article 3.3 while
the majority of these joints may be of the partial or complete contraction type, sufficient
joints of the expansion type should be provided to satisfy the requirements given in
article
(ii) Pressure on Walls.
(a) In liquid retaining structures with fixed or floating covers the gas pressure developed
above liquid surface shall be added to the liquid pressure.
(b)When the wall of liquid retaining structure is built in ground, or has earth embanked
against it, the effect of earth pressure shall be taken into account.
(iii) Walls or Tanks Rectangular or Polygonal in Plan.
While designing the walls of rectangular or polygonal concrete tanks, the following
points should be borne in mind.
(a) In plane walls, the liquid pressure is resisted by both vertical and horizontal bending
moments. An estimate should be made of the proportion of the pressure resisted by
bending moments in the vertical and horizontal planes. The direct horizontal tension
caused by the direct pull due to water pressure on the end walls, should be added to that
resulting from horizontal bending moments. On liquid retaining faces, the tensile
stresses due to the combination of direct horizontal tension and bending action shall
satisfy the following condition:
(t./t )+ ( c t . /ct ) 1
t. = calculated direct tensile stress in concrete
t = permissible direct tensile stress in concrete (Table 1)
c t = calculated tensile stress due to bending in concrete.
c t = permissible tensile stress due to bending in concrete.
(d)At the vertical edges where the walls of a reservoir are rigidly joined, horizontal
reinforcement and haunch bars should be provided to resist the horizontal bending
moments even if the walls are designed to withstand the whole load as vertical beams or
cantilever without lateral supports.

20

(c) In the case of rectangular or polygonal tanks, the side walls act as two way slabs,
where by the wall is continued or restrained in the horizontal direction, fixed or hinged
at the bottom and hinged or free at the top. The walls thus act as thin plates subjected
triangular loading and with boundary conditions varying between full restraint and free
edge. The analysis of moment and forces may be made on the basis of any recognized
method.
(iv) Walls of Cylindrical Tanks.
While designing walls of cylindrical tanks the following points should be borne in mind:
(a)Walls of cylindrical tanks are either cast monolithically with the base or are set in
grooves and key ways (movement joints). In either case deformation of wall under
influence of liquid pressure is restricted at and above the base. Consequently, only part
of the triangular hydrostatic load will be carried by ring tension and part of the load at
bottom will be supported by cantilever action.
(b)It is difficult to restrict rotation or settlement of the base slab and it is advisable to
provide vertical reinforcement as if the walls were fully fixed at the base, in addition to
the reinforcement required to resist horizontal ring tension for hinged at base, conditions
of walls, unless the appropriate amount of fixity at the base is established by analysis
with due consideration to the dimensions of the base slab the type of joint between the
wall and slab, and , where applicable, the type of soil supporting the base slab.
7.7 Roofs:
(i) Provision of Movement joints:
To avoid the possibility of sympathetic cracking it is important to ensure that movement
joints in the roof correspond with those in the walls, if roof and walls are monolithic. It,
however, provision is made by means of a sliding joint for movement between the roof
and the wall correspondence of joints is not so important.
(ii) Loading:
Field covers of liquid retaining structures should be designed for gravity loads, such as
the weight of roof slab, earth cover if any, live loads and mechanical equipment. They
should also be designed for upward load if the liquid retaining structure is subjected to
internal gas pressure. A superficial load sufficient to ensure safety with the unequal
intensity of loading which occurs during the placing of the earth cover should be
allowed for in designing roofs. The engineer should specify a loading under these
temporary conditions which should not be exceeded. In designing the roof, allowance

21

should be made for the temporary condition of some spans loaded and other spans
unloaded, even though in the final state the load may be small and evenly distributed.
(iii)
Water tightness: In case of tanks intended for the storage of water for domestic
purpose, the roof must be made water-tight. This may be achieved by limiting the
stresses as for the rest of the tank, or by the use of the covering of the water proof
membrane or by providing slopes to ensure adequate drainage.
(iv)
Protection against corrosion: Protection measure shall be provided to the
underside of the roof to prevent it from corrosion due to condensation.
7.8 Minimum Reinforcement:
(a)The minimum reinforcement in walls, floors and roofs in each of two directions at
right angles shall have an area of 0.3 per cent of the concrete section in that direction for
sections up to 100mm, thickness. For sections of thickness greater than 100mm, and less
than 450mm the minimum reinforcement in each of the two directions shall be linearly
reduced from 0.3 percent for 100mm thick section to 0.2 percent for 450mm, thick
sections. For sections of thickness greater than 450mm, minimum reinforcement in each
of the two directions shall be kept at 0.2 per cent. In concrete sections of
thickness225mm or greater, two layers of reinforcement steel shall be placed one near
each face of the section to make up the minimum reinforcement.
(b)In special circumstances floor slabs may be constructed with percentage of
reinforcement less than specified above. In no case the percentage of reinforcement in
any member be less than 0.15% of gross sectional area of the member.
7.9 Minimum Cover to Reinforcement:
(a) For liquid faces of parts of members either in contact with the liquid (such as inner
faces or roof slab) the minimum cover to all reinforcement should be 25mm or the
diameter of the main bar whichever is greater. In the presence of the sea water and soil
sand water of corrosive characters the cover should be increased by 12mm but this
additional cover shall not be taken into account for design calculations.
(b) For faces away from liquid and for parts of the structure neither in contact with the
liquid on any face, nor enclosing the space above the liquid, the cover shall be as for
ordinary concrete member.

8. DOMES

22

A dome may be defined as a thin shell generated by the revolution of a regular curve
about one of its axes. The shape of the dome depends on the type of the curve and the
direction of the axis of revolution. In spherical and conoidal domes, surface is described
by revolving an arc of a circle. The centre of the circle may be on the axis of rotation
(spherical dome) or outside the axis (conoidal dome). Both types may or may not have
as symmetrical lantern opening through the top. The edge of the shell around its base is
usually provided with edge member cast integrally with the shell.
Domes are used in variety of structures, as in the roof of circular areas, in circular tanks,
in hangers, exhibition halls, auditoriums, planetorium and bottom of tanks, bins and
bunkers. Domes may be constructed of masonry, steel, timber and reinforced concrete.
However, reinforced domes are more common nowadays since they can be constructed
over large spans membrane theory for analysis of shells of revolution can be developed
neglecting effect of bending moment, twisting moment and shear and assuming that the
loads are carried wholly by axial stresses. This however applies at points of shell which
are removed some distance away from the discontinuous edge. At the edges, the results
thus obtained maybe indicated but are not accurate.
The edge member and the adjacent hoop of the shells must have very nearly the same
strain when they are cast integrally. The significance of this fact is usually ignored and
the forces thus computed are, therefore, subject to certain modifications. Stresses in
shells are usually kept fairly low, as effect of the edge disturbance, as mentioned above
is usually neglected. The shell must be thick enough to allow space and protection for
two layers of reinforcement. From this point of view 80 mm is considered as the
minimum thickness of shell.

9. MEMBRANE THEORY OF SHELLS OF REVOLUTION

23

Fig shows a typical shell of revolution, on which equilibrium of an element, obtained by

intersection of meridian and latitude, is indicated. Forces along the circumference are
denoted by Nf and are called meridian stresses and forces at right angles to the meridian
plane and along the latitude are horizontal and called the hoop stresses, denoted by
N .Neglecting variations in the magnitudes of Nf and N, since they are very small. The
state of stress in the element is shown in fig (b).

Shell of Revolution
Two forces N
) have the resultant N
)d as shown in Fig.(c) and the resultant acts
normal to the surface pointed towards the inner side. Forces N (r1d ) again have
horizontal resultant of magnitude N (r1 d ) d as shown in Fig (d). It has a component N
(r1d )d sin directed normally to the shell and pointing towards the inner side. These two

24

forces and the external force normal to the surface and a magnitude Pr(rd ) must be in
equilibrium.
Thus,Nf (rd)df+N (r1df)dsinf+Pr(rd)(r1d )= 0
Combining and as r = r2 sinf from Fig. (a)
Nf /r1+N/r2 = -Pr = pressure normal to the surface In this equation Pr is considered
positive when acting towards the inner side and negative when acting towards the outer
side of the shell. Value s and Nf and N will be positive when tensile and negative
compressive.
The equation is valid not only for shells in the form of a surface of revolution, but may
be applied to all shells, when the coordinate lines for = constant and = constant, are the
lines of curvature of the surface.
Forces in shell Force Nf act tangentially to the surface all around the circumference.
Considering the equilibrium of a segment of shell cut along the parallel to latitude
defined by the angle as shown in Fig
2PrNf sin f + W= 0,
Where W= total load in the vertical direction on the surface of the shell above the cut.
This gives,
Nf = -W/2Prsinf
Eq. is readily solved for Nf and N may then be determined by Eq. This theory is
applicable to a shell of any material as only the conditions of equilibrium have been
applied and no compatibility relationships in terms of deformation have been
introduced. It is, therefore, immaterial whether Hooke's law is applicable or not.

10. WATER TANK WITH SPHERICAL BOTTOM

25

Referring to the tank in Fig.(a),supported along the circumference as shown, the

magnitude of Na may be obtained from consideration of equilibrium. If it is required to
obtain Na at section 1 - 1 from calculation of the total downward load, there are two
possibilities. The downward load may be taken to be the weight of water and tank of the
annular part i.e. W1 shown in Fig.(b)

Fig (a)

Fig (b)

Fig. Water tank with spherical bottom.

Alternatively, the downward load may be calculated from the weight of water and tank
bottom of the part i.e. W2 less upward reaction of the support as shown in Fig. For
section which cuts the tank bottom inside the support, the reaction has to be considered
with the weight of water and tank of the annular part. Similar is the case with Intze
reservoir as in Fig. (a), which combines a truncated dome with a spherical segment.
Pattern of the two forces Nf1and Nf2 at point A are shown in Fig (b). To eliminate
horizontal forces on the supporting ring girder, it is necessary that
Nf1cos a1 = Nf2cos a2.

11. DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DOMES

26

The requirements of thickness of dome and reinforcement from the point of view of
induced stresses are usually very small. However, a minimum of 80 mm is provided so
as to accommodate two layers of steel with adequate cover. Similarly a minimum of
steel provided is 0.15% of the sectional area in each direction along the meridians as
well as along the latitudes. This reinforcement will be in addition to the requirements for
hoop tensile stresses.
The reinforcement is provided in the middle of the thickness of the dome shell near the
edges usually some ring beam is provided for taking the horizontal component of the
meridian stress. Some bending moment develops in the shell near the edges. As shown
in Fig. it is normal to thicken the shell near the edges and provide increased curvature.
Reinforcements near the top as well as near the bottom face of the shell are also
provided. The size of the ring beam is obtained on basis of the hoop tension developed
in the ring due to the horizontal component of the meridian stress. The concrete area is
obtained so that the resulting tensile stress when concrete alone is considered does not
exceed 1.1N/mm2 to 1.70 N/mm2 for direct tension and 1.5 N/mm2 to 2.40 N/mm2 for
tension due to bending in liquid resisting structure depending on the grade of concrete.
Reinforcement for the hoop stress is also provided with the allowable stress in steel as
115 N/mm2 (or 150N/mm2) in case of liquid retaining structures and 140 N/mm 2 (or190
N/ mm2) in other cases. The ring should be provided so that the central line of the shell
passes through the centroid of the ring beam. Reinforcement has to be provided in both
the directions. If the reinforcement along the meridians is continued up to the crown,
there will be congestion of steel there. Hence, from practical considerations, the
reinforcement along the meridian is stopped below the crown and a separate mesh, as
shown in Fig (a), is provided. Alternatively, the arrangement of the bars may be made as
shown in plan in Fig (b)
In case of domes with lantern opening with concentrated load acting there, ring beam
has to be provided at the periphery of the opening. The edge beam there will, however,
be subjected to hoop compression in place of hoop tension.
Openings may be provided in the dome as required from other functional or architectural
requirements. However, reinforcement has to be provided all around the opening as
shown in Fig. (c). The meridian and hoop reinforcement reaching the opening should be
well anchored to such reinforcement.

27

The allowable stresses specified in IS 3370 for such tanks are as follows:
Type of stresses: Permissible stress in N/mm 2 High yield strength Plain bars confirming
to deformed bars as per Grade-I of IS 432-1966. IS 1786-1966 or is 1139-1966. Tensile
stress in members under no table of contents entries found direct load.
Direct tensile stress in concrete a may be taken as 1.1 N/mm2, 1.2. N/mm2, 1.32
N/mm2, 1.5 N/mm2, 1.6N/mm2 and 1.7 N/mm2 for M15, M20, M25, M30, M35 and
M40 respectively, the value in tension due to bending
i.e.,being1.5N/mm2,1.7N/mm2,1.82N/mm2,2.0 N/mm2, 2.2 N/mm2 and 2.4 N/mm2.
When steel and concrete are assumed to act together for checking the tensile stress in
concrete for avoidance of cracks, the tensile stress in the steel will be limited by the
requirements that the stress as mentioned above should not be exceeded. The tensile
stress in steel will be modular ratio multiplied by the corresponding allowable tensile
stress in concrete.
Stresses due to shrinkage or temperature change may be ignored if the permissible
stresses in concrete and steel are not exceeded and adequate precautions are taken to

28

avoid cracking of concrete during construction period, until the reservoir is put into use
and if it is assured that the concrete will never dry out. If it is required to calculate
shrinkage stresses, a shrinkage strain of 300 10-6 may be assumed.
When shrinkage stresses are considered, the permissible stresses may be increased by
33

%.

When shrinkage stresses are considered it is necessary to check the thickness for no
crack.
Minimum reinforcement of each of two directions at right angles shall have an area of
0.3% for 100 mm thick concrete to 0.2% for 450 mm thick concrete wall. In floor slabs,
minimum reinforcement to be provided is 0.15%. The minimum reinforcement as
specified above may be decreased by 20%), if high strength deformed bars are used.
Minimum cover to reinforcement on the liquid face is 25 mm or diameter of the bar,
whichever is larger and should be increased by 12 mm for tanks for sea water or liquid
of corrosive character.

29

12. OVERHEAD WATER TANKS AND TOWERS

Overhead water tanks of various shapes can be used as service reservoirs, as a balancing
tank in water supply schemes and for replenishing the tanks for various purposes.
Reinforced concrete water towers have distinct advantages as they are not affected by
climatic changes, are leak proof, provide greater rigidity and are adoptable for all
shapes.
Components of a water tower consists of :(a) Tank portion with
(1) Roof and roof beams (if any)
(3) Floor or bottom slab

(2) Sidewalls
(4) Floor beams, including circular girder

(b) Staging portion, consisting of

(5) Columns

(6) Bracings and

(7)Foundations

Types of water Tanks may be

(a) Square open or with cover at top

(b) Rectangular open or with cover at top

(c) Circular open or with cover at which may be flat or domed.

Among these the circular types are proposed for large capacities. Such circular tanks
may have flat floors or domical floors and these are supported on circular girder.
The most common type of circular tank is the one which is called an Intze Tank. In such
cases, a domed cover is provided at top with a cylindrical and conical wall at bottom. A
ring beam will be required to support the domed roof. A ring beam is also provided at
the junction of the cylindrical and conical walls. The conical wall and the tank floor are
supported on a ring girder which is supported on a number of columns.

30

Usually a domed floor is shown in fig a result of which the ring girder supported on the
columns will be relieved from the horizontal thrusts as the horizontal thrusts of the
conical wall and the domed floor act in opposite direction.
Sometimes, a vertical hollow shaft may be provided which may be supported on the
domed floor.
The design of the tank will involve the following.
(1) The dome: at top usually 100 mm to 150 mm thick with reinforcement along the
meridians and latitudes. The rise is usually l/5th of the span.
(2) Ring beam supporting the dome: The ring beam is necessary to resist the horizontal
component of the thrust of the dome. The ring beam will be designed for the hoop
tension induced.
(3) Cylindrical walls: This has to be designed for hoop tension caused due to horizontal
water pressure.
(4) Ring beam at the junction of the cylindrical walls and the conical wall: This ring
beam is provided to resist the horizontal component of the reaction of the conical wall
on the cylindrical wall. The ring beam will be designed for the induced hoop tension.
(5) Conical slab: This will be designed for hoop tension due to water pressure. The slab
will also be designed as a slab spanning between the ring beam at top and the ring girder
at bottom.
(6) Floor of the tank. The floor may be circular or domed. This slab is supported on the
ring girder.
(7) The ring girder: This will be designed to support the tank and its contents. The girder
will be supported on columns and should be designed for resulting bending moment and
Torsion.
(8) Columns: These are to be designed for the total load transferred to them. The columns
will be braced at intervals and have to be designed for wind pressure or seismic loads
whichever govern.
(9) Foundations: A combined footing is usually provided for all supporting columns. When
this is done it is usual to make the foundation consisting of a ring girder and a circular
slab.

31

Suitable proportions for the Intze.

for case(1) suggested by Reynolds. Total volume ~ 0.585D3
for case (2), the proportion was suggested by Grey and Total Volume is given by
2
4

V1 = p d H =0.39 D 3 . for H = D/2.

V2 =

p.h
( D2 +d 2+ d )=
12

V3 =

p h1
(3 r 2 +h12)
6

0.102D3

= 0.017D3.

With h1 = 3/25D and r = 0.0179D3.

Volume V = 0.4693D3.
With h1 = D/6 and r = 3/10D.
Volume V = 0.493D3.

32

13. DESIGN
13. DETAILS OF DESIGN:
Design of tank:
Design of an Intze tank for a capacity of 900000 lts .
Assuming height of staging is 16 m.
Safe bearing capacity of soil 150 kN/m2 .
Assume Wind pressure as 1500 N/m2 .
Assuming M20 concrete
For which cbc = 7N/mm2, cc = 5N/mm2
Direct tension t = 5N/mm2
Tension in bending = 1.70 N/mm2
Modular ratio m = 13
For Steel stress,
Tensile stress in direct tension =115 N/mm2
Tensile stress in bending on liquid face =115 N/mm2 for t < 225 mm and 125 N/mm 2 for
> 225 mm.
Solution: 1. Dimensions of the tank :
Let the diameter of the cylindrical portion= D =14 m ; R=7 m.
Let the diameter of the ring beam B2 =D0 =10 m . Height h0 of conical dome = 2m.

33

Rise h1 = 1.8 m ; Rise h2 =1.6 m.

The radius R2 of the bottom dome is given by
1.6(2R2 - 1.6) = 52 or R2 =8.61 m.

sin 2 = 8.61 = 0.5807 ;

cos 2 =0.8141 ;

2=35.50

tan 2 =0.7133 ;

cot 2 =1.4019.

Let h be the height of cylindrical portion.

Capacity of tank is given by
V=

D2h + 12 h0(D2 + D02 + DD0) -

2
3 h2 (3R2 - h2)

Required volume = 900,000 litres = 900 m3.

900 = 4

(14)2h +

2
12

(142 + 102 + 14 10) - 3 (1.6)2 (3 8.61 1.6)

34

From which h = 4.78 m. Allowing for free board, keep h = 5 m.

For the top dome, the radius R1 is given by :
1.8(2R1 - 1.8) = 72 or R1 = 14.51 m.
7

sin 1 = 14.51 = 0.4824 ; 1 =28.84 ; cos 1 = 0.8760.

2. Design of top Dome :
Let thickness t1 = 100 m = 0.1 m.
Taking live load of 1500 N/m2, total p per sq. m. of dome
= 0.1 25000 + 1500 = 4000 N/m2.
Meridional thrust at edges =T1=

p R1
1+cos 1
4000 14.51
1+0.8760

=30938 N/m.

30938

Meridional stress = 100 1000 =0.31 N/mm2 (safe)

Maximum hoop stress occurs at the centre and its magnitude is

=

p R1 1

t1
2

4000 14.51
2 0.1

= 290200 N/m2 = 0.29 N/mm2 (safe)

Since the stresses are within the safe limits, provide nominal reinforcement @ 0.3%.
As =

0.3
100 1000
100

=300 mm2.

Using 8 mm bars, A = 50 mm . Spacing =

1000 50
300

160 mm.

Hence provide 8 mm bars @ 160 mm c/c in both the directions.

35

3. Design of top ring beam B1 :

Horizontal component of T1 is given by
P1 = T1 cos 1 = 30938 0.8760 = 27102 N/m.
Total tension tending to rupture the beam = P1

D
2

= 27102

14
2

= 189712

N.
Permissible stress in high yield strength deformed bars (HYSD bars) = 150 N/mm2.
189712
150

A =
sh

= 1265 mm2.
1265

No. of 20 mm bars = 314.16 4.

Actual Ash provided =314.16 4 =1257 mm2.

The area of cross-section of ring beam is given by :

189712
A+ 12 1257

= 1.2

From which, A = 143014 mm2 .

Provide ring beam of 360 mm depth and 400 mm width. Tie the 20 mm rings by 6 mm
dia. nominal stirrups @ 200 mm c/c .

4. Design of cylindrical wall :

Maximum hoop tension occurs at the base of the wall, its magnitude being given by
P =w h .

D
2

14
=9800 5 2 =343000 N/m height

36

Area of steel, Ash =

343000
150

= 2286 mm2 per metre height.

Providing rings on both the faces, Ash on each face = 1143 mm2
Spacing of 12mm rings =

1000 113
1143

= 98.9 mm.

Provide 12 mm rings @ 95 mm c/c at bottom. This spacing can be increased at the

top.
1000 113
95

Actual Ash provided =

= 1190 mm2 on each face.

Permitting 1.2 N/ mm stress on composite section,

343000
1000 t +12 1190 2

= 1.2

From which t = 257.3 mm.

Minimum thickness = 3H + 5 = (3 5 ) +5= 20 cm
However provide t = 300 mm at bottom and taper it to 200 mm at top.
Average t =

300+ 200
2

Ash =

= 250 mm; % of distribution steel = 0.3

0.24 250 1000

100

250100
0.1
450100

=0.24

= 650 mm2. Area of steel on each face =

325mm2
Spacing of 8 mm bars =

1000 50.3
325

= 155 mm.

Hence provide 8 mm bars @ 150 mm c/c on both faces.

Keep the clear cover of 25 mm. Extend the vertical bars of the outer face into the dome
to take care of continuity effects.

37
2

To resist the hoop tension at 2 m below top, Ash = 5 2286 = 914.4 mm2

1000 113
914.4/2

Spacing of 12 mm rings =

= 247 mm. Hence provide the rings @

240 mm c/c in the top 2m height.

3

At 3m below the top, Ash = 5 2286 = 1372 mm2

Spacing of 12 mm rings =

1000 113
1.372/2

= 164.7 mm.

Hence provide rings @ 160 mm c/c in the next 1m height. At 4m below the top,
4

Ash= 5 2286 = 1829 mm2

Spacing of 12mm rings =

1000 113
1829/2

= 123.6 mm

Hence provide rings @ 120 mm c/c for the next 1 m height. In the last 1m height (4m to
5m) provide rings 95mm c/c.
5. Design of ring beam B3 :
This ring beam connects the tank wall with the conical dome. The vertical load at the
junction of the wall with conical dome is transferred to ring beam B3 by meridional
thrust in the conical dome. The horizontal component of the thrust cause hoop tension at
the junction. The ring beam is provided to take up this hoop tension. The load W
transmitted through tank wall, at the top of conical dome consists of the following:
(i)

Load of top dome = T1 sin 1 =30938 0.4824 = 14924 N/m.

(ii)

Load due to the ring beam B1 =0.36 (0.4-0.2) 1 25000 =1800 N/m.

(iii)

Load due to the tank wall = 5

0.2+0.3
1 25000 = 31250 N/m.
2

38

(iv)

Self-load of the beam B3 (1m 0.6 m, say) = (1-0.3) 0.6 25000=10500

N/m.
Total W =58474 N/m.
Inclination of conical dome wall with vertical= 0 = 45

sin 0 = cos 0 = 0.7071= 2 ; tan 0 =1 ;

P =W tan =58474 1 =58474 N/m

w
0

Pw = w h d3 =9800 5 0.6 =29400 N/m.

Hence hoop tension in the ring beam is given by
D

P3 = (PW + Pw) 2

14

= (58474+29400) 2

=615118 N

This to be resisted entirely by steel hoops, the area of which is

Ash = 615118/150 = 4100 mm2.
No. of 30 mm bars = 4100/706.9 =5.8
Hence provide 6 rings of 30 mm bars.
Actual Ash =4241.4
615118

Stress in equivalent section = ( 1000 600 )+ 12 4241.4 = 0.95 N/mm2 < 1.2
Hence safe.
The 8 mm distribution bars (vertical bars) provided in the wall @ 150 mm c/c should
be taken round the above rings to act as stirrups.

39

6. Design of conical dome :

(a) Meridional thrust : The weight of water is given by

Ww =

{(

N.
Let the thickness of conical slab be 400 mm.
Total self weight W is given by
s

14+ 10
2 2 0.4
Ws = 25000
2

= 1066131 N

Weight W at B3 = 58474 N/m

Hence vertical load W2 per metre run is given by
W2 =

( 14210 2) 5 9800+ 2 9800 [ 14 2+ 102+ 14 10 ] 102 2 9800=4392368

4
12
4

( 14 58474 ) + 4392368+ 1066131

10

=255613 N/m

40

Meridional thrust T0 in the conical dome is T0 =

Meridional stress =

W2
cos 0

361437
1000 400

=255613 2 = 361437 N/m

=0.90 N/mm2 (safe)

(b) Hoop tension : Diameter of conical dome at any height above base is
h
( 1410
2 )

'

D = 10 +

= 10 + 2h

Intensity of water pressure p = (5+2- h) 9800 = (7- h)9800 N/m2

Self-weight q = 0.4 1 1 25000 = 10000 N/m2
Hence hoop tension P0 is given by

P0 =

p
+qtan 0
cos 0

D'
2

'
= {( 7h ) 9800 2+ ( 10000 1 ) }

10+2 h'
2

= [13859(7 - h) +10000] (5+h) = (535075+37720 h 13859 h2)

The values of P0 at h = 0, h =1 and h = 2 are tabulated below :

h

hoop tension

0
1
2

535075 N
558936 N
555079 N

For maxima,

d P0'
d h'

= 0 = 37720 2 13859 h.

From which h = 1.361 m

41

Max. P0 = 535075 + 37720(1.361) 13859(1.361)2 = 560739 N

(c) Design of walls :

Meridional stress = 0.9 N/mm2. (safe)
Max. hoop stress = 560739 N, whole of it is resisted by steel.
As = 560739/150 =3738 mm2

Area of each face = 1869 mm2.

Spacing of 16 mm bars =

1000 201
1869

= 107.5 mm

Hence provide 16 mm hoops @ 100 mm c/c on each face.

Actual As =

1000 201
100

= 2010 mm2.
560739

Max. tensile stress in composite section = ( 400 1000 ) +(12 2010 2) = 1.385 N/mm2.
This is more than the permissible value of 1.2 N/mm2 . Hence increase the thickness to
420 mm. This will reduce tensile stress to 1.198 N/mm2.

{ (

) }

420100
In the meridional direction, provide reinforcement @ 0.3 420100 0.1

% 0.21 %

Asd =0.21 4200 =882 mm2, or 441 mm2 on each face.

Spacing of 10 mm bars =

1000 78.5
441

= 178 mm. Hence provide 10 mm bars @

175 mm c/c on each face. Provide clear cover of 25 mm.

42

7. Design of bottom dome

R2 = 8.61 m ; sin 2 =0.5807 ;

cos 2

= 0.8141

Weight of water W0 on the dome is given by

W=

( 1.6 )

(10)2 7
(3 8.611.6) 9800
4
3

N = 4751259 N

Let the thickness of bottom dome be 250 mm.

Self-Weight = 2 R2 h2 t2 25000 = 2 8.61 1.6 0.25 25000 =
540982 N
Total weight WT = 4751259 + 540982 =5292241 N
5292241

Meridional thrust =T2= 10 0.5807 = 290093 N/m

290093
250 1000

Meridional stress =

= 1.16 N/mm2 (safe)

5292241

Intensity of load per unit area =p2 = 2 8.61 1.6 =61142 N/m2

Max. hoop stress at centre of dome =

=
(safe)

61142 8.61
2 0.25

p2 R2
2t 2

= 1052860 N/m2 =1.05 N/mm2

43

Area of minimum steel = 0.3 A = 0.26

s

250100
0.1 = 0.26 %
450100

2500 = 650 mm2 in each direction.

Spacing of 10 mm bars =

100 78.5
650

=121 mm.

Hence provide 10 mm bars @ 120 mm c/c in both the directions. Also, provide 16
mm meridional bars @ 100 mm c/c near water face, for 1 m length, to take care of
the continuity effect. The thickness of the dome may be increased from 250 mm to 280
mm gradually in 1 m length.

8. Design of bottom circular beam B2

1
Inward thrust from conical dome = T0 sin 0 = 361437 2 = 255613 N/m

Outward thrust from bottom dome = T2 cos 0 = 290093 0.8141 = 236165 N/m

Net inward thrust = 255613 236165 = 19448 N/m

10
Hoop compression in beam = 19448 2 = 97240 N

Assuming the size of beam to be 600 mm 1200 mm

Hoop stress =

97240
600 1200

=0.135 N/mm2.This is extremely small.

Vertical load on beam, per metre run = T0 cos 0 + T2 sin 2

1
= 361437 2 + 290093 0.5807 = 424070 N/m

Self weight = 0.6 1.20 1 25000=18000 N/m

44
The load on beam = w= 424070 + 18000 = 442070 N/m.

Let us support the beam on 8 equally spaced columns at a mean diameter of 10 m.

Mean radius of curved beam is R = 5m.

Table : Coefficient For B.M. And Twisting Moment In Circular Beams.

No. of
Supports
4

C1

C2

C3

90

0.137

0.070

0.021

1
19 4

72

0.108

0.054

0.014

10
15 4

60

0.089

0.045

0.009

30
12 4

30
51 7

0.077

0.037

0.007

30
10 4

45

0.066

0.030

0.005

1
9 2

40

0.060

0.027

0.004

1
8 2

10

36

0.054

0.023

0.003

10
7 4

12

30

0.045

0.017

0.002

10
6 4

For Table, 2 = 45 = 4

; = 22.5 = 8

C1 = 0.066 ; C2= 0.030 ; C3= 0.005 ;

radians ;

10
m = 9 2

45

wR2(2 ) = 442070(5)2

( 4 )

= 8680024 N-m

Maximum ve B.M. at support = M0 = C1.wR2. 2 = 0.066 8680024 = 572882 N-m

Maximum +ve B.M. at support = Mc =C2.wR2. 2 =0.030 8680024 = 260401 N-m
Maximum torsional moment = Mmt = C3.wR2. 2 = 0.005 8680024 = 43400 N-m

For M-20 concrete (cbc =7 N/mm ) and HYSD bars (st =150 N/mm ) we have
2

K = 0.378 ; j = 0.874 and R= 1.156

Required effective depth =

572882 1000
600 1.156

= 909 mm

However, keep total depth = 1200 mm from shear point of view.

Let d = 1140 mm.

Max. shear force at supports, F0 = wR = 442070 5 8

( )

= 868002 N

S.F. at any point is given by F = wR( - )

At =

5 (22.5 - 9.5)
m , F = 442070
180 = 501512 N

B.M. at the point of maximum torsional moment (

M

10
m = 9 2 ) is given by

= wR2( sin + cot cos - 1)

(sagging)

46

= 442070 (5)2

sin 9.5 + cot 22.5 cos 9.5 1

8
8

= - 1421 N-m (sagging) = 1421 N-m (hogging)

The torsional moment at any point is given by
M

= wR2 [ cos cot sin () ]

At the supports, = 0;

M0t = wR2[ - ] = zero.

At the mid-span, = = 22.5o = 8 rad.

M

cos
= wR2 cos sin sin

= zero.

Hence we have the following combination of B.M. and torsional moment:

(a) At the supports

M0 = 572882 N-m (hogging or negative) ;

M0t = zero.

(b) At mid-span :

Mc = 260401 N-m (sagging or positive) ;

M0t = zero.

47

(c) At the point of max. torsion (

1
=9 2

= 1421 N-m (hogging or negative) ;

Mmt = 43400 N-m

Main and Longitudinal Reinforcement

(a) Section at point of maximum torsion

T = Mmaxt = 43400 N-m ;

Where MT = T

Ast1 =

1+ D/b
1.7

= 43400

= M =1421 ;

1+1.2/ 0.6
1.7

Me1 = 1421 + 76588 = 78009 N-m or,

M e1
st jd

78009 1000

= 150 0.874 1160 = 513 mm2

Me1 = M+MT

= 76588 N-m

48

No. of 25 mm bars = 513/491 = 1.05

Let us provide a minimum of 2 bars.

Since Mt > M ,

Me2 =MT M = 76588 1421 = 75167 N-m

Ast2 =

75167 1000
150 0.874 1160

= 494.3 mm2

No. of 25 mm bars 1. However, provide a minimum of 2 bars. Thus, at the

point of maximum torsion, provide 2-25 mm bars each at the top and bottom.

(b)Section at max. hogging B.M. (support)

M0 = 572882 N-m = Mmax

M0t = 0

5728821000

Ast = 150 0.874 1160 = 3767 mm2

No. of 25 mm bars = 3767/491 = 7.7 8. Hence provide 6

Nos. of 25 mm bars in one layer and 2 bars in the second layer. These will be
provided at the top of the section, near supports.

(c)Section at max. Sagging B.M. (mid span)

49

Mc t = 0

Mc = 260401 N-m ;

For positive B.M., steel will be to other face, where stress in steel ( st ) can be
taken as 190 N/mm2. The constants for M20 concrete having c =7 N/mm2 and m =13
will be
k = 0.324 ;

j = 0.892 and R= 1.011 ; Ast =

260401 100
190 0.892 1160

= 1325 mm2

No. of 25 mm bars = 1325/490 = 2.7

At the supports, provide 6-25 mm bars at the top layer and 2-25 mm bars in the
second layer. Continue these upto the section of maximum torsion (i.e. at m = 9.5o
=0.166 rad.) at a distance = R m = 5 0.166 = 0.83 m or equal to Ld = 52 =
1300 mm from supports.
At this point, discontinue four bars while continue the remaining four bars. Similarly,
provide 4 bars of 25 mm at the bottom, throughout the length. These bars will take
care of both the max. positive B.M. as well as maximum torsional moment.

Transverse Reinforcement
(a) At point of max. torsional moment :
At the point of max. torsion, V = 501512 N
T

Ve = V +1.6 b

where T = Mmt = 43400 N-m ;

43400
V = 501512 + 1.6
e
0.6

ve =

Ve
617245
=
b d 600 1160

b = 600 mm = 0.6 m

= 617245 N

= 0.887 N/mm2

50
c max

This is less than

100 A s
bd

= 1.8 N/mm2 for M20 concrete; Hence O.K.

100 (4 491)
600 1160

Hence from table ;

= 0.282
0.23 N/mm2

Since cve > c , shear reinforcement is necessary. The area of cross section Asv of the
stirrups is given by
Asv =

T . sv
b1 d1 sv

V . sv
2.5 d 1 sv

Where b1 = 600 - (40 2) - 25 = 495 mm ;

d1 = 1200 - (40 2) - 25 = 1095 mm

A sv
Sv

43400 1000

501512

= 495 1095 150 + 2.5 1095 150 = 1.755

Minimum transverse reinforcement is governed by

A sv
Sv

Hence depth

=
A sv
Sv

0.8870.23
600
150

A sv ve c

b
Sv
sv

= 2.628.

= 2.628

Using 12 mm 4 lgd stirrups, Asv = 4 113 = 452 mm2

Or Sv =452/2.628 = 172 mm
However, the spacing should be not exceed the least of x1 ,
where

x1+ x2
4

and 300 mm,

51

x1 = short dimension of stirrup = 495 + 25+12 = 532 mm

y1 = long dimension of stirrup = 1095 + 25+ 12 = 1032 mm
x 1 + y 1 532+1032
=
=391 mm
4
4

Hence provide 12 mm 4 lgd stirrups @ 170 mm c/c.

(b) At the point of max. shear (supports).

At supports, Fo = 868002 N ;
100 A s
bd

At supports,
c

v=

868002
600 1160

100 (8 491)
600 1160

= 1.25 N/mm2

= 0.564

0.31 N/mm2. Hence shear reinforcement is necessary.

Vc = 0.31 600 1160 = 215760

Vs = Fo Vc = 868002 215760 = 652242 N

The spacing of 10 mm 4 lgd stirrups having Asv = 314 mm2 is given by

sv=

sv . A sv . d
Vs

150 314 1160

652242

= 83.8 mm

This is small. Hence use 12 mm 4 lgd stirrups, having :

150 452.39 1160

2
Asv = 4 4 (12) = 452.39 mm2 at spacing s v =
120 mm
652242

(c) At mid-span:

52

At the mid-span, S.F. is zero. Hence provide minimum/nominal shear reinforcement,

Asv 0.4

b . sv f y

given by

Or

A sv 0.4 b
=
sv
fy

For HYSD bars, fy = 415 N/mm2

A sv 0.4 600
=
sv
415

= 0.578

Choosing 10 mm 4 lgd stirrups, Asv = 314 mm2.

314

Sv = 0.578 = 543 mm
Max. permissible spacing = 0.75d = 0.75 1160 = 870 or 300 mm, whichever is less.
Hence provide 10 mm 4 lgd stirrups @ 300 mm c/c.
Side Face Reinforcement: Since the depth is more than 450 mm, provide side face
reinforcement @ 0.1 %.

A l=

0.1
( 600 1200 ) = 720 mm2 .
100

Provide 3-16 mm bars on each face, having total A l=6 201 = 1206 mm2.

9. Design of columns: The tank is supported on 8 columns, symmetrically placed on a

circle of 10 m mean diameter. Height of staging above ground level is 16 m. Let us
divide this height into four panels, each of 4 m height. Let the column be connected to
raft foundation by means of a ring beam, the top of which is provided at 1 m below the
ground level, so that the actual height of bottom panel is 5 m.

(a) Vertical load on columns

53

1. Weight of the water = Ww + Wo = 4392368+4751259 = 9143627 N

2. Weight of tank :

(i)

Weight of top dome + cylindrical walls etc. = W = 58474 14 = 2571821 N

(ii)

Weight of conical dome = Ws = 1066131 N

(iii)

Weight of bottom dome = 540982 N

(iv)

Weight of bottom ring beam = 18000 10 = 565487 N

Total weight of tank = 4744421 N

Total superimposed load = 9143627 + 4744421 = 13888048 N

Load per column = 13888048/8 1736000 N.

Let the column be of 700 mm diameter.

2
Weight of column per metre height = 4 (0.7) 1 25000 = 9620 N

Let the brace be of 300 mm 600 mm size.

2
n

cos
n

sin

Length of each brace = L = R

cos
8
sin

=5

= 3.83 m

54

Clear length of each brace = 3.83 0.7 = 3.13 m

Weight of each brace = 0.3 0.6 3.13 25000 = 14085 N

Hence total weight of column just above each brace is tabulated below:
Brace GH:
W = 1736000+4 9620 = 1774480 N
Brace EF:
W = 1736000+8 9620+14085 = 1827045 N
Brace CD:
W = 1736000+12 9620+2 14085 = 1879610 N
Bottom of column:
W = 1736000+17 9620+3 14085 = 1941795 N

(b) Wind loads: Intensity of wind pressure = 1500 N/m2. Let us take a shape factor of 0.7
for sections circular in plan.

55

Wind load on tank, domes and ring beam

=

2
(5 14.4 ) + 14.2 1.9 + ( 212.8 )+(10.6 1.2) 1500 0.7
3

= 134720 N
This may be assumed to act at about 5.7 m above the bottom of ring beam.
Wind load on each panel of 4 m height of columns
=

( 4 0.7 8 ) 1500 0.7 +(0.6 10.6)1500

= 23520 + 9540 = 33060 N

56
1

Wind load at the top end of top panel = 2 23520=11760 N. The wind loads are shown
in fig. The point of contra flexure O1 , O2 , O3 and O4 are assumed to be at the mid-height
Level
O4

Qw (N)
146480

Mw (N-m)
134720 7.7+11760 2 = 1060860

O3

179540

134720 11.7+11760 6+33060 2 = 1712900

O2

212600

134720 15.7+11760 10+33060(6+2) = 2497180

134720 20.2+11760 14.5+33060(10.5+6.5+2.5)=

1060860
of each panel. The shear forces Qw and moment Mw due to wind at these planes are given
below :
O1

245660

The axial thrust Vmax =

4 Mw
n Do

4 Mw

= 8 10 = 0.05 Mw in the farthest leeward column, the

shear
force Smax = 2Qw/n = 0.25Qw in the column on the bending axis at each of the above
levels and bending moment M = Smax
Level
O4
O3
O2
O1

h
2

Vmax
53040
85650
124860
170950

in the columns are tabulated below:

Smax (N)
36620
44890
53150
61420

M (N-m)
73240
89780
106300
153550

The farthest leeward column will be subjected to be superimposed axial load plus Vmax
given above. The column on the bending axis, on other hand, will be subjected to
superimposed axial load plus a bending moment M given above. These critical
combinations for various panels of these columns are tabulated below:
Farthest Leeward column

Column on Bending axis

57

Panel
O4 O4'
O3 O3'
O2 O2'
O1 O1'

Axial load (N)

1774480
1827045
1879610
1941795

Vmax (N)
53040
85650
124860
170950

Axial load (N)

1774480
1827045
1879610
1941795

M (N-m)
73240
89780
106300
153550

According to I.S. Code, when effect of wind load is to be considered, the permissible
1

stresses in the material may be increased by 33 3 %. For the farthest leeward column
the axial thrust Vmax due to wind load is less than even 10% of the superimposed axial
load. Hence the effect of wind is not critical for the farthest leeward column. However,
column situated on the bending axis need be considered to see the effect of maximum
B.M. of 153550 N-m due to wind, along with the superimposed axial load of 1941795 N
at the lowest panel. Use M20 concrete, for which and cbc = 7 N/mm2 and cc = 5
1
N/mm2 For steel, st = 230 N/mm2. All of three can be increased by 33 3 % when

taking into account wind action.

Diameter of column = 700 mm. Use 12 bars of 30 mm dia. at an effective cover of 40
mm.

A sc = (30)2 12
4

= 8482 mm2

Equivalent area of column = 4 (700) +(131)8482 = 486629 mm2

2
A sc d ' 2
d + (n-1)
, where
64
8

Equivalent moment of inertia =

d = 700 mm ; d' = 700 - 2 40 = 620 mm

2

Ic =

8482(629)

(700)4 +(131)
64
8

Direct stress in column =

cc

= 1.66766 1010 mm4

' = 1941795/486629 = 3.99 N/mm2

58

Bending stress in column = cbc ' =

153550 1000
350
1.6676 1010

= 3.22 N/mm2

For the safety of the column, we have the condition,

cc ' cbc '
+
1
cc cbc

Or

0.60 + 0.35 < 1

or

3.99
3.22
+
<1
1.33 5 1.33 7

0.95 < 1

Hence safe.

Use 10 mm wire rings of 250 mm c/c to tie up the main reinforcement. Since the
columns are of 700 mm diameter, increase the width of curved beam B2 from 600 mm to
700 mm.

10. Design of braces: The bending moment m1 in a brace is given by equation its
maximum value being governed by:

( 8 )= 12 cot

tan +

Solving this graphically, we get = 24.8

(m1)max =

Q w1 . h1+ Qw 2 . h2

cos 2 sin +
2
n
nsin
n

( )

For the lowest junction C, h1 =5 m and h2 = 4 m

(m1)max =

( 245660 5 )+(212600 4) 2
180
cos 24.8 sin ( 24.8 +
)
2
8
= 222540 N-m
8 sin
8

The maximum shear force (Sb)max in a brace is given by equation, for = 8

59

(Sb)max =

2 cos

2
( 2 sin )
8
8
( 245660 5 )+(212600 4)

2
3.93 8 sin
8

For =

8 , the value of m1 is given by:

[ ( m1 ) ]= =
8

= 112870 N

( 245650 5 )+(212600 4) 2

cos sin +
2
8
8 8
8 sin
8

Twisting moment at = 8

= 221786 N-m

is M t = 0.05 m1 = 0.05 221786 = 11090 N-m

Thus the brace will be subjected to a critical combination of max. shear force (Sb)max and

a twisting moment (M t) when the wind blows parallel to it (i.e. when = 8

).

The brace is reinforced equally at top and bottom since the sign of moment (m1) will
depend upon the direction of wind.
For M20 concrete, c = cbc = 7 N/mm2 , m=13, also st = t =230 N/mm2 ; k =
0.283 ;
j = 0.906 and R= 0.897. Depth of N.A = 0.283d. Let Asc =Ast = p b d and dc
= 0.1 d
Equating the moment of equivalent area about N.A.
1
2
b(0.283 d ) + ( 131 ) p bd ( 0.283 d0.1 d )=13 p bd ( d0.283 d )
2

From which p = 0.0056

Since the brace is subjected to the both B.M. as well as twisting moment, we have
Me1 = M + MT

where M = B . M = (m1)max = 222540 N-m

60

MT = T

( 1+1.7D /b )

where T = Mt = 11090 N-m

Let D = 700 mm.

MT = 11090

1+700/300
1.7

= 21745 N-m

Me1 = 222540 + 21745 = 244285

In order to find the depth of the section, equate the moment of resistance of the section
to the external moment.
b.n.

[ ]

c
n
d + ( mc 1 ) A sc . c ' ( dd c )=M e 1
2
3

Here c = 1.33 7 = 9.31 N/mm2 ; mc = 1.5 m = 1.5 13 = 19.5 ;

c'=

9.31(0.2830.1)
0.283

= 6.02 N/mm2

Hence,
300 0.283 d

9.31
0.283
1
d + ( 19.51 ) ( 0.0056 300 d ) 6.02 ( 10.1 ) d
2
3
3

244285 10

Or

358 d + 168.4 d =244285 10

. From which d = 680 mm

Adopt D = 700 mm so that d = 700-25-10 = 665 mm

Asc = Ast = p bd = 0.0056 300 700 = 1176 mm2
No. of 20 mm bars = 1176/314 = 3.74

61

Hence provide 4 Nos. of 20 mm bars each at top and bottom.

100 A s 100 4 491
=
=0.94 .
bd
300 700

Maximum shear = 112870 N

11090
Ve = V + 1.6 T/b = 112870 + 1.6 0.3 = 172017 N
ve =

172017
300 700

=0.82 N/mm2

This is less than c .max but more than c = 0.37 N/mm2. Hence transverse
reinforcement is necessary.
A sv =

T . sv
V . sv
+
b1 d 1 sv 2.5 d 1 sv

b1 = 300 (25 2)-20 = 230 mm

Where

; d1 = 700-(25 2)-20 =630 mm.

2
Using 12 mm 2 lgd stirrups, A sv =2 4 (12) = 226 mm2.

A sv
11090 100
112870
=
+
= 0.333+ 0.312=0.645
sv
230 630 230 2.5 630 230

Minimum transverse reinforcement is given by

A sv ve c

b
sv
sv

sv=

A sv 0.820.37
=
300=0.587
sv
230

A sv
226
=
=350 mm
0.645 0.645

This spacing should not exceed least of x1 ,

x1 + y1
4

and 300 mm

62

Where x1 = short dimension of stirrup = 230+20+12=262 mm

y1 =long dimension of stirrup = 630+20+12 = 662 mm.
x 1 + y 1 262+662
=
4
4

=231 mm.

Hence provide 12 mm 2 lgd stirrups at 230 mm c/c throughout. Since the depth of
section exceeds 450 mm, provide the side face reinforcement @ 0.1 %.
A l=

0.1
(300 700) = 210 mm2 .
100

Provide 2-10 mm bars at each face, giving total A l=4 78.5 = 314 mm2.
Provide 300 mm 300 mm haunches at the junction of braces with columns and
reinforce it with 10 mm bars.

11. Design of raft foundation

Vertical load from filled tank and columns = 1941795 8 = 15534360 N
Weight of water = 9143627. Vertical load of empty tank and columns = 6390733 N
1

Vmax due of wind load = 170959 8 , which is less than 33 3 % of the super
imposed load. Assume self weight etc. as 10% = 1553436 N
Total load = 15534360 + 1553436 = 17087796 N
Area of foundation required = 17087796/150000 =

113.9 m2
Circumference of column circle = 10 = 31.42 m
Width of foundation =

113.9
31.32

= 3.64 m. Hence inner diameter = 10 3.64 = 6.36

63

Outer diameter = 10 + 3.64 = 13.64 m.

2
2
Area of annular raft = 4 (13.64 6.36 ) = 114.35 m2

4
4
Moment of inertia of slab about a diametrical axis = 64 [ 13.64 6.36 ] =1618.8 m4

Total load, tank empty = 6390733+1553436 = 7944169 N

Stabilizing moment = 7944169

13.64
2

= 54179233 N-m

Let the base of the raft be 2m below ground level.

Mw at base = (134720 23.7) + (11760 18) + 33060(14+10+6) = 4396344 N-

m
Hence the soil pressure at the edges along a diameter are
(a) tank full :

17087796 4396344 13.64

114.35
1618.8
2

= 167956 N/m2 or 130912 N/m2

64

(b) tank empty :

7944169 4396344 13.64

114.35
1618.8
2

= 87994 N/m2 or 509551 N/m2

Under the wind load, the allowable bearing capacity is increased to 150 1.333 = 200
kN/m2, which is greater than the maximum soil pressure of 167.96 kN/m2. Hence the
foundation raft will be designed only for super-imposed load.
The layout of the foundation is shown in fig. A ring beam of 700 mm
width may be provided. The foundation will be designed for an average pressure p:
15534360
135849 N/m2
114.35

p=

1 1

The overhang x of raft slab = 2 2 ( 13.646.36 )0.7 = 1.47 m

2

(1.47)
= 146778 N-m ; S.F. = 135849 1.47 = 199698 N
B.M. = 135849
2

d=

146778 1000
1000 0.897

= 405 mm

Provide 450 mm thick slab with effective depth of 410 mm. Decrease the total depth of
250 mm at the edges.
A st =

146778 1000
230 0.906 410

= 1718 mm2

Spacing of 16 mm bars =

1000 201
1718

= 117 mm. Hence provide 16 mm radial

bars @ 110 mm c/c at the bottom slab.

Area of distribution steel =

Spacing of 10 mm bars =

0.15
1000 450
100
1000 78.5
675

= 675 mm2

= 116 mm. Hence provide 10 mm bars @

110 mm c/c at the support. Increase this spacing to 200 mm at the edge.

65

Design of circular beam of raft: The design of circular beam of raft will be practically
similar to the circular beam B2 provided at the top of the columns.
Design load =

15534360
10

= 494474 N/m

The circular beam B2 was designed for w = 442070 N/m. Hence the B.M. etc. will be
increased in this ratio of 494474/442070 = 1.119

Max. (-) B.M. at support = Mo = 572882 1.119 = 640790 N-m

Max. (+) B.M. at mid span = Mc =260401 1.119 = 291268 N-m

Max. torsional moment Mmt = 43400 1.119 = 48545 N-m
B.M. at the point of max. torsion = 1421 1.119 = 1589 N-m
At

1
=m =9 ,
2

F = 501512 1.119 = 560960 N

Max. shear force at supports = 868002 1.119 = 970893 N

Use b = 700 mm = diameter of columns. Use M 20 concrete.
st

= 230 N/mm2 .

d=

640790 1000
700 0.897

= 1010 mm

However, keep total depth of 1200 mm from shear point of view. Using an effective
cover of 60 mm, d= 1140 mm

Main or longitudinal reinforcement:

(a) Section at point of maximum torsion
T = Mmaxt = 48545 N-m ;

= M = 1589 N-m ; Me1 = M + MT

66

D/b
Where MT = T 1+ 1.7

A st =

1200/ 700
= 48545 1+ 1.7

M e1
79098 1000
=
st j d 230 0.906 1140

A st 2 =

= 77509 N-m

Me1 = 1589 + 77509 = 79098 N/m

Since MT>M ,

= 333 mm2 ;

No. of 25 mm bars = 333/491 1

Me2 = MT M = 77509 -1589 = 75920

75920 1000
230 0.906 1140

= 319.6 mm2

No. of 25 mm bars = 319.6/491

However provide minimum of 2 bars each at top and bottom.

(b) Section at max. hogging B.M. (support)
Mo = 640760 N-m = Mmax ;
A st =

640790 1000
230 0.906 1140

Mot = 0

= 2697 mm2 ;

No. of 25 mm bars = 2697/491

5.49
However, provide 6 bars of 25 mm at the bottom of the section, near supports.
(c) Section at max. sagging B.M. (mid-span)
Mc = 291268 N-m ;

A st =

M ct = 0

291268 1000
230 0.906 1140

= 1226 mm2

No. of 25 mm bars = 1226/491 2.5

Hence the scheme of reinforcement along the span will be as follows :

At supports, provide 6-25 mm bars at bottom of section. Continue these upto the
section of maximum torsion (i.e. at m = 9.5 = 0.116 rad.), at a distance = R m = 5

67
0.166 = 0.83 or equal to L =
d

. st 230
=
=
4 bd 4 1.12

52 = 52 25 = 1300 mm

whichever is more.
Beyond this, discontinue 2 bars, while the remaining 4 bars may be continued
throughout the length.
Similarly, provide 4-25 mm bars at top, throughout the length. These bars will take
care of both the maximum positive B.M. as well as maximum torsional moment.

Transverse reinforcement:
(a) At the point of minimum torsional moment
V = 560960 N-m
T
V = V + 1.6
e
b
ve =

672152
700 1140

This is less than

= 0.84 N/mm2
c max

100 A s 100( 3 491)

=
bd
700 1140
c

A sv =

48545
= 560960 + 1.6 0.7
= 672152 N

= 1.8 N/mm2. Hence O.K.

= 0.185

= 0.22 N/mm2. Hence shear reinforcement is necessary.

T . sv
V . sv
+
b1 d 1 sv 2.5 d 1 s v

where

b1 = 700-(40 2)-25 = 595 mm

68

d1 = 1200-(40 2)-25 = 1095 mm

A sv
48545 1000
560960
=
+
=1.215
sv
595 1095 230 2.5 1095 230

Minimum transverse reinforcement is governed by

A sv ve c

b
sv
sv

A sv
sv

Hence adopt

A sv 0.840.22
=
700
sv
230

= 1.887

= 1.887. Using 12 mm 4 lgd stirrups,

Asv = 4 113 = 452 mm2.

sv = 452/1.887 240 mm.

However, spacing should not exceed least of x1 ,

x1 + y1
4

and 300 mm, where

x1 = short dimension of stirrup = 595+25+12 = 632 mm

y1 = long dimension of stirrup = 1095+25+12 = 1132 mm
x 1 + y 1 632+1132
=
4
4

= 441 mm.

Hence provide 12 mm 4 lgd stirrups @ 240 mm c/c.

(b) At the point of max. shear (supports)

At supports, Fo = 970893 N

v=

970893
700 1140

= 1.22 N/mm2.

At supports,

100 A s 100(6 491)

=
0.37
bd
700 1140

69

Hence c 0.26 N/mm2. Hence shear reinforcement is necessary.

Vc = 0.26 700 1140 = 207480 N
V = F V = 970893 207480 = 763413 N
s
o
c

2
The spacing of 12 mm 4-lgd stirrups having A sv = 4 (12) = 452.4 mm2 is given by

sv=

sv . A sv . d 230 452.4 1140

=
= 155.3 mm
V
763413

Hence provide 12 mm 4-lgd stirrups @ 150 mm c/c.

(c) At mid-span: At the mid-span, S.F. is zero, Hence provide minimum/nominal shear
reinforcement given by
Asv 0.4

b . sv f y

or

A sv 0.4 b 0.4 700

=
=
=0.675
sv
fy
415

Choosing 10 mm 4-lgd stirrups, Asv =314 mm2.

sv = 314/0.675 = 465 mm

Max. permissible spacing = 0.75d = 0.75 1140 = 855 or 300 mm, whichever is less.
Side Face Reinforcement: Since depth is more than 450 mm, provide side face
reinforcement @ 0.1%
A l=

0.1
( 700 1200 )= 840 mm2
100

Provide 3-16 mm bars on each face, having total A l = 6 201=1206 mm2.

12. Details of reinforcement: Shown in figure.

70

71

72

14. ESTIMATION

14.1 Detailed estimation:

Detailed estimate is an accurate estimate and consists of working out the quantities of
each item of works, and working the cost. The dimensions, length, breadth and height of
each item are taken out correctly from drawing and quantities of each item are
calculated, and abstracting and billing are done.
The detailed estimate is prepared in two stages:
Details of measurement and calculation of quantities:
The details of measurements of each item of work are taken out correctly from plan and
drawing and quantities under each item are calculated in a tabular form named as details
of measurement form.
Abstract of estimated cost:
The cost of each item of work is calculated in a tabular form the quantities already
computed and total cost is worked out in abstract estimate form. The rates of different
items of work are taken as per schedule of rates or current workable rates for finished
item of work.
Detailed estimation:
S. DESCRIPTION NOS L (m) B
No OF WORK
(m)

A (m2)

191.55 2

Earthwork in
excavation

H or
D
(m)

QTY
(m3)

REMARKS

383.09

A= d /4

13.842 / 4
= 191.55

2 Earthwork in
filling

77.2

154.4
A=ar ( Excavation)ar ( Annular raft )
=191.55-114.35
=77.2

73

R.C.C work in 1
Foundations

114.35 2

228.7

R.C.C work in 8
Columns

0.385

52.36

17

A= / 4 (0.7)2
0.385

R.C.C work in 8
Bracings @
4m from G.L

3.13

0.3

0.21

0.7

0.66

A=0.3 0.7=0.21

R.C.C work in 8
Bracing @ 8
m from G.L

3.13

0.3

0.21

0.7

0.66

A=0.3 0.7

R.C.C work in 8
Bracings @ 12
m from G.L

3.13

R.C.C work in 1
circular girder

0.21

0.3

0.21

0.7

0.66

A=0.3 0.7
0.21

0.7

0.84

1.2

26.39

Circumference=2 r

2 (5)
= 31.42

A=2 rh

R.C.C work in
Bottom dome 1

86.56

10 R.C.C work in 1
Conical Slab

0.25

106.63 0.4

21.64

2 8.61 1.6=86.56

42.65

A= ( R+ r)l
( 7+5 ) 2 2=106.63

11 R.C.C work in 1
Ring
Beam
(B3)

0.7

0.42

0.6

18.87

R= 7+0.15 = 7.15

Circumference=2 r

74
2 ( 7.15 ) = 44.92

12 R.C.C work in 1
Cylindrical
wall

0.25

13 R.C.C work in 1
Ring beam
(B1)

0.4

219.91

S . A=2 Rh

54.98

2 7 5=219.91

0.144

0.36

Circumference=2 r

6.33

2 (7)
= 43.98
A=2 r (r (r h))

14 R.C.C work in
Top dome
1

164.10 0.1

16.41

2 rh
2 14.51 1.8
164.10

Total R.C.C work

15 Plastering in
1
CM (1:2) for
Inner surface
Of Top dome
(12mm)
16 Plastering in
1
CM (1:6) for
outer surface
Of Top dome
(12mm)
17 Plastering in
1
CM (1:2) Ring
Beam(B1)

470.31
A=2 rh

163.54 0.012 1.96

2 14.46 1.8=163.54
r =14.51-0.05 = 14.46

173.82 0.012 2.09

A=2 rh

2 14.56 1.9=173.82
h=1.8+0.1 = 1.9
r=14.51+0.05= 14.56

43.98

0.0094

0.41

ar(Plaster)
=
-ar(without plaster)

ar(Total)

= 0.384 0.2120.36
0.2
= 0.0094
[2

=2

(7)=43.98]

75

18 Plastering in 1
CM
(1:2)
for
Inner
surface Of
cylindrical
wall
(12mm)
19 Plastering in 1
CM (1:6) for
outer surface
Of
cylindrical
wall
(12mm)
20 Plastering in 1
CM
(1:2)
Ring
Beam
(B3)

0.012 219.91 5

2.63

A=2 rh
= 2 (7)(5)
=219.91

0.012 227.76 5

2.73

r = 7+0.25 = 7.25
A=2 rh
= 2 (7.25)(5)
=227.76

44.92

0.024

1.08

ar(Plaster)=ar(Total)ar(without plaster)

=0.712 0.624 0.7

0.6
= 0.024

Circumference=2 r
= 2 (7.15) = 44.92

21 Plastering in
CM(1:2) for
inner
surface of
conical
slab(12mm)
22 Plastering in
CM(1:6) for
outer
surface of
conical
slab(12mm)

A= ( R+ r) l

106.63 0.012 1.28

( 7+5 ) 2 2

= 106.63

23 Plastering in 1
CM (1:2) for
Inner surface
Of
bottom

A= ( R+ r)l

113.74 0.012 1.36

( 7.4+ 5.4 ) 2 2
= 113.74
R = 7+0.4=7.4
r = 5+0.4=5.4

A=2 rh

101.59 0.012 1.22

2 8.74 1.85=101.59
[

r=8.61+ 0.125 = 8.74]

76
[h = 1.6+0.25 =1.85]

dome (12mm)

24 Plastering in 1
CM (1:6) for
outer surface
Of
bottom
dome (12mm)
25 Plastering in 1
CM (1:6) for
inner surface
Of
circular
girder (12mm)
26 Plastering in 1
CM (1:6) for
outer surface
Of
circular
girder (12mm)
27 Plastering in
CM (1:6) for
bracings at 4m
from G.L
(12mm)
28 Plastering in
CM (1:6) for
bracings at 8m
from G.L
(12mm)
29 Plastering in
CM (1:6) for
bracings at
12m from G.L
(12mm)
30 Plastering in
CM (1:6) for
columns

85.35

0.012 1.02

A=2 rh

2 8.49 1.6=85.35
[ r =8.61-0.125 = 8.49 ]

0.012 0.38

1.2

0.45

Circumference=2 r

= 2 (5) = 31.42

0.012 0.43

1.2

0.52

r = 5+0.7 = 5.7

Circumference=2 r

= 2 (5.7) = 35.81
3.13

0.2

0.626

ar(Plaster)=ar(Total)ar(without plaster)
=0.324 0.724 0.3
0.7

= 0.025

3.13

0.2

0.626

3.13

0.2

0.626

0.216

17

3.67

ar(Plaster)=ar(Total)ar(without plaster)

77
/4 (0.724)2 /4 (0.7)2

(12mm)

= 0.412 0.385 = 0.027

Total plastering

22.29

31 Thick
water 1
proof cement
painting
for tank
portion

723.91
173.82+33.4+227.76+
89.84+113.74+85.35
( Ring beam B1 =
2 rb
2 r h+2 ]
= 2 (7)(0.36)+ 2[
2 (7)(0.2)]
=15.8+17.9 = 33.4 )
( Ring beam B3 =
2 rb
2 r h+2 ]
= 2 (7.15)(0.6)+ 2[
2 (7.15)(0.7)]

=26.95+62.89 =89.84 )

32 Total White
washing

1253.8 723.91+80.66
8
+150.24+ 299.07
[ Circular girder area =

2 r1h + 2 r2h
= 2 (5)(1.2) + 2
(5.7)(1.2)
=37.69+42.97
=80.66 ]
[ Bracing area = 24(2
(3.13 0.3) + 2

78
(3.13 0.7))
= 150.24 ]
[ Column area = 8 (

2 rh)
= 8 ( 2 (0.35)
(17))
= 299.07 ]

ABSTRACT
S.NO

DESCRIPTION
OF WORK

QTY
OR
NOS

Earth work in
excavation

383.09

Beldars
Mazdoors
Total

26
20

Earth work in
Filling In
foundation

154.4

Beldars
Bhisthi
Mazdoors
Total

15
5
10

RATE
RS
PS

COST
RS
PS

250
250

6500
5000
11500

250
285
250

3750
1425
2500
7675

250

5000

Disposal
of 228.7
surplus earth in
a lead 30m
Mazdoors

20

79

Total

5000
24,175

Total cost of
earth work

14.2 DATA SHEET:

RCC M- 20 Nominal mix (Cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate)

corresponding to Table 9 of IS 456 using 20mm size graded machine crushed hard
granite metal (coarse aggregate) from approved quarry including cost and
conveyance of all materials like cement

FOUNDATION
MATERIALS
20mm HBG graded metal Cum
Sand
Cement
1st Class Mason
2nd Class Mason
Mazdoor (Both Men and Women)
Concrete Mixer 10/7 cft
(0.2/0.8cum)capacity
Cost of Diesel for Miller
Cost of Petrol for Vibrator
Water (including for curing)
Add 20% in Labour (1st Floor)
Add MA 20%
Add TOT 4%
TOTAL COST

UNIT QTY RATERS AMOUNT

RS
Cum 62.48 1405.04
87786.89
Cum 124.97 509.92
63724.70
Cum 41.58 1820
75675.60
Day
10
285
2850
Day
20
285
5700
Day
25
250
6250
Hour
Liter
Liter
KL

6.2
2.4
3.7
1.5

250
53
67
77

1550
127.20
247.90
115.50
48805.55
48805.55
9761.11
351400

80

COLUMNS
MATERIALS
20mm HBG graded metal Cum
Sand
Cement
1st Class Mason
2nd Class Mason
Mazdoor (Both Men and Women)
Concrete Mixer 10/7 cft (0.2/0.8cum)
capacity
Labour centering
Material hire charges for centering
Water (including for curing)
Add 20% in Labour (1st Floor)
Add MA 20%
Add TOT 4%
TOTAL COST

UNIT QTY RATERS AMOUNT

RS
Cum 28.61 1405.04
40198.19
Cum 14.30 509.92
7291.85
Cum 9.52
1820
17326.40
Day
6
285
1710
Day
10
285
2850
Day
15
250
3750
Hour
Cum
Cum
KL

2
2
2
1.5

250
971
89
77

500
1942
178
115.50
15172.38
15172.38
3034.47
109241.17

RING BEAM AT TOP

MATERIALS
20mm HBG graded metal Cum
Sand
Cement
1st Class Mason
2nd Class Mason
Mazdoor (Both Men and Women)
Concrete Mixer 10/7 cft (0.2/0.8cum)
capacity

UNIT QTY RATERS AMOUNT

RS
Cum 3.45 1405.04
4847.38
Cum 1.72 509.92
877.06
Cum 1.15
1820
2093
Day
1
285
285
Day
2
285
570
Day
3
250
750
Hour

250

250

81

Labour centering
Material hire charges for centering
Water (including for curing)
Add 20% in Labour (1st Floor)
Add MA 20%
Add TOT 4%
TOTAL COST

Cum
Cum
KL

2
2
1.5

971
89
77

1942
178
115.5
2381.58
2381.58
476.31
17147.41

DOMED ROOF
MATERIALS
20mm HBG graded metal Cum
Sand
Cement
1st Class Mason
2nd Class Mason
Mazdoor (Both Men and Women)
Concrete Mixer 10/7 cft (0.2/0.8cum)
capacity
Labour centering
Material hire charges for centering
Water (including for curing)
Add 20% in Labour (1st Floor)
Add MA 20%
Add TOT 4%
TOTAL COST

CONICAL SLAB

UNIT QTY RATERS AMOUNT

RS
Cum 8.96 1405.04 12589.15
Cum 4.48
509.92
2284.44
Cum 2.98
1820
5423.60
Day
3
285
855
Day
6
285
1710
Day
13
250
3250
Hour
Cum
Cum
KL

1
15
15
1.5

250
971
89
77

250
14565
1335
115.5
8475.53
8475.53
1695.10
61023.85

82

MATERIALS
20mm HBG graded metal Cum
Sand
Cement
1st Class Mason
2nd Class Mason
Mazdoor (Both Men and Women)
Concrete Mixer 10/7 cft (0.2/0.8cum)
capacity
Labour centering
Material hire charges for centering
Water (including for curing)
Add 20% in Labour (1st Floor)
Add MA 20%
Add TOT 4%
TOTAL COST

UNIT QTY RATERS AMOUNT

RS
Cum 23.3 1405.04 32737.43
Cum 11.65 509.92
5940.56
Cum 7.75
1820
14105
Day
4
285
1140
Day
10
285
2850
Day
19
250
4750
Hour
Cum
Cum
KL

0.86
10
10
1.5

250
971
89
77

215
9710
890
115.5
14490.69
14490.69
2898.13
104333

CYLINDRICAL WALL
MATERIALS
20mm HBG graded metal Cum

UNI
T
Cum

Sand

Cum

Cement
1st Class Mason
2nd Class Mason
Mazdoor (Both Men and Women)
Concrete Mixer 10/7 cft (0.2/0.8cum)
capacity
Labour centering
Material hire charges for centering
Water (including for curing)
Add 20% in Labour (1st Floor)

Cum
Day
Day
Day

QTY RATERS AMOUNT

RS
30.0
1405.04
42207.40
4
15.0
509.92
7658.99
2
9.99
1820
18181.80
8
285
2280
18
285
5130
40
250
10000

Hour

0.96

250

Cum
Cum
KL

2
2
1.5

971
89
77

240
1942
178
115.5
17586.73

83

Add MA 20%
Add TOT 4%
TOTAL COST

17586.73
3517.34
126624.49

RING BEAM AT BOTTOM

MATERIALS
20mm HBG graded metal Cum
Sand
Cement
1st Class Mason
2nd Class Mason
Mazdoor (Both Men and Women)
Concrete Mixer 10/7 cft (0.2/0.8cum)
capacity
Labour centering
Material hire charges for centering
Water (including for curing)
Add 20% in Labour (1st Floor)
Add MA 20%
Add TOT 4%
TOTAL COST

UNIT QTY RATERS AMOUNT

RS
Cum 10.31 1405.04 14485.96
Cum 5.15
509.92
2626.08
Cum 3.43
1820
6242.60
Day
3
285
855
Day
6
285
1710
Day
9
250
2250
Hour
Cum
Cum
KL

0.96
2
2
1.5

250
971
89
77

240
1942
178
115.5
6129.02
6129.02
1225.80
44128.98

MATERIALS

UNIT

20mm HBG graded metal Cum

Cum

Sand
Cement
1st Class Mason

Cum
Cum
Day

QTY RATERS AMOUNT

RS
14.4
1405.04
20260.67
2
7.21
509.92
3676.52
4.79
1820
8717.80
6
285
1710

CIRCULAR GIRDER

84

2nd Class Mason

Mazdoor (Both Men and Women)
Concrete Mixer 10/7 cft (0.2/0.8cum)
capacity
Labour centering
Material hire charges for centering
Water (including for curing)
Add 20% in Labour (1st Floor)
Add MA 20%
Add TOT 4%
TOTAL COST

Day
Day

12
16

285
250

3420
4000

Hour

0.96

250

Cum
Cum
KL

2
2
1.5

971
89
77

240
1942
178
115.5
8852.09
8852.09
1770.41
63735.08

BRACING AT 4m from G.L.

MATERIALS
20mm HBG graded metal Cum
Sand
Cement
1st Class Mason
2nd Class Mason
Mazdoor (Both Men and Women)
Concrete Mixer 10/7 cft (0.2/0.8cum)
capacity
Labour centering
Material hire charges for centering
Water (including for curing)
Add 20% in Labour (1st Floor)
Add MA 20%
Add TOT 4%
TOTAL COST

UNIT QTY RATERS AMOUNT

RS
Cum 0.36 1405.04
505.81
Cum 0.18
509.92
91.78
Cum 0.12
1820
218.40
Day
0.18
285
51.30
Day
0.40
285
114
Day
0.98
250
245
Hour
Cum
Cum
KL

0.38
2
2
1.5

250
971
89
77

95
1942
178
115.5
711.35
711.35
142.27
5121.76

UNI

QTY RATERS AMOUNT

BRACING AT 8m from G.L.

MATERIALS

85

20mm HBG graded metal Cum

Sand
Cement
1st Class Mason
2nd Class Mason
Mazdoor (Both Men and Women)
Concrete Mixer 10/7 cft (0.2/0.8cum)
capacity
Labour centering
Material hire charges for centering
Water (including for curing)
Add 20% in Labour (1st Floor)
Add MA 20%
Add TOT 4%
TOTAL COST

T
Cum
Cum
Cum
Day
Day
Day

0.36
0.18
0.12
0.18
0.40
0.98

1405.04
509.92
1820
285
285
250

Hour

0.38

250

Cum
Cum
KL

2
2
1.5

971
89
77

RS
505.81
91.78
218.40
51.30
114
245
95
1942
178
115.5
711.35
711.35
142.27
5121.76

BRACING AT 12m from G.L.

MATERIALS

UNIT QTY

20mm HBG graded metal Cum

Sand
Cement
1st Class Mason
2nd Class Mason
Mazdoor (Both Men and Women)
Concrete Mixer 10/7 cft (0.2/0.8cum)
capacity
Labour centering
Material hire charges for centering
Water (including for curing)
Add 20% in Labour (1st Floor)

Cum
Cum
Cum
Day
Day
Day

0.36
0.18
0.12
0.18
0.40
0.98

RATE
RS
1405.04
509.92
1820
285
285
250

Hour
Cum
Cum
KL

0.38
2
2
1.5

250
971
89
77

AMOUNT
RS
505.81
91.78
218.40
51.30
114
245
95
1942
178
115.5
711.35

86

Add MA 20%
Add TOT 4%
TOTAL COST

711.35
142.27
5121.76

Plastering with
CM(1:6) & (1:2) (12 mm thick)
Material
Cement Mortar
1:6
1:2
Mason 1st class
Bhisthi
Mazdoor (unskilled)
Add MA 20%
Add TOT 4%
Grand Total

Unit

cum
cum
day
day
day

Qty
22.29
13.71
8.58
30
10
30

Rate

Amount
RS

1889
3200

25898.19
27456
8550
2850
7500
14450.83
2890.16
89595.18

285
285
250

Painting to new walls of tank portion with 2 coats of water proof cement paint of
approved brand and shade over a base coat of approved cement primer grade I
making 3 coats in all to give an even shade after thoroughly brushing the surface to
remove all dirt and remains of loose powdered materials, including cost and
conveyance of all materials to work site and all operational, incidental, Labour
charges etc. complete for finished item of work as per SS 912 for walls
Material
Epoxy primer for Hi bond floor &
protective coatings : Procoat SNP2 or
Zoriprime EFC 2
1st class painter
Mazdoor
cost of water proof cement paint

Unit

Qty

Rate

Amount
RS

Pack

20

548

10960

Day
Day
Cum

4
4
40

355
250
35

1420
1000
1400

87

1st class painter

Mazdoor (unskilled)
Add MA 20%
Add TOT 4%
Total cost

Day
Day

2
2

355
250

710
500
3198
639.60
19827.60

Painting to new columns of tank portion with 2 coats of water proof cement paint of
approved brand and shade over a base coat of approved cement primer grade I
making 3 coats in all to give an even shade after thoroughly brushing the surface to
remove all dirt and remains of loose powdered materials, including cost and
conveyance of all materials to work site and all operational, incidental, Labour
charges etc. complete for finished item of work as per SS 912 for walls
Material
Cost of cement primer
1st class painter
2nd class painter
cost of water proof cement paint
1st class painter
Mazdoor (unskilled)
Add MA 20%
Add TOT 4%
Total cost

Unit

Qty

Rate

Pack
Day
Day
Cum
Day
Day

15
1
1
6
1
1

100
355
250
35
355
250

Total cost of project:

Total cost of R.C.C

8,92,999

Total cost of steel

= 20,53,898

Total cost of plastering

89,595

Total cost of painting

23,449

Total cost of earthwork

24,175

Amount
RS
1500
355
250
210
355
250
584
116.8
3620.80

88

Over all cost

= 30,84,116

Add 15 % contractors profit

4,62,617

Add 3 % contingency

92,524

Total Cost

36,39,257

15. CONCLUSION
Storage of water in the form of tanks for drinking and washing purposes,
swimming pools for exercise and enjoyment, and sewage sedimentation tanks
are gaining increasing importance in the present day life. For small capacities
we go for rectangular water tanks while for bigger capacities we provide
circular water tanks. Design of water tank is a very tedious method. Without
power also we can consume water by gravitational force.
Intze tank is constructed to minimize the project cost why because lower
dome in this construction resists the horizontal thrust.

89

16. REFERENCES
Table 16.2. Coefficients for moment in cylindrical wall fixed at base(As per IS3370)
Moment = Coefficient (wH3) Nm/m

Co efficient at points

H2
DT

0.1 H

0.2 H

0.3 H

0.4 H

0.5 H

0.6 H

0.7 H

0.8H

0.4

+ 0.0005

+ 0.0014

+ 0.0021

+ 0.0007

- 0.0042

-0.0150

- 0.0302

- 0.0529

0.8

+ 0.0011

+ 0.0037

+ 0.0063

+ 0.0080

+ 0.0070

+ 0.0023

+ 0.0068

0.0024

1.2

+ 0.0012

+ 0.0042

+ 0.0077

+ 0.0103

+ 00112

+ 0.0090

+ 0.0022

- 0.0108

1.6

+ 0.0011

+ 0.0041

+ 0.0075

+ 0.0107

+ 0.0121

+ 0.0111

+ 0.0058

- 0.0051

2.0

+ 0.0010

+ 0.0035

+ 0.0068

+ 0.0099

+ 0.0120

+ 0.0115

+ 0.0075

- 0.0021

3.0

+ 0.0006

+ 0.0024

+ 0.0047

+ 0.0071

+ 0.0090

+ 0.0097

+ 0.0077

+ 0.0012

4.0

+ 0.0003

+ 0.0015

+ 0.0028

+ 0.0047

+ 0.0066

+ 0.0077

+ 0.0069

+ 0.0023

5.0

+ 0.0002

+ 0.0008

+ 0.0016

+ 0.0029

+ 0.0046

+ 0.0059

+ 0.0059

+ 0.0028

6.0

+ 0.0001

+ 0.0003

+ 0.0008

+ 0.0019

+ 0.0032

+ 0.0046

+ 0.0051

+ 0.0029

8.0

0.0000

+ 0.0001

+ 0.0002

+ 0.0008

+ 0.0016

+ 0.0028

+ 0.0038

+ 0.0029

90
10.0

0.0000

+ 0.0000

+ 0 0001

+ 0.0004

+ 0.0007

+ 0.0019

+ 0.0029

+ 0.0028

12.0

0.0000

+ 0.0000

+ 0.0001

+ 0.0002

+ 0.0003

+ 0.0013

+ 0.0023

+ 0.0026

14.0

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

+ 0.0001

+ 0.0008

+ 0.0019

+ 0.0023

16.0

0.0000

0.0000

-0.0001

- 0.0002

-0.0001

+ 0.0004

+ 0.0013

+ 0.0019

Table 1:
Permissible stresses in concrete
All values in N/mm2
Grade
Of concrete

permissible stresses in compression

Bending

Direct

cbc

cc

permissible stress in bond

for plain bars in tension
(average)
bd

M 10

3.0

2.5

M 15

5.0

4.0

0.6

M 20

7.0

5.0

0.8

M 25

8.5

6.0

0.9

M 30

10.0

8.0

1.0

M 35

11.5

9.0

1.1

M 40

13.0

10.0

1.2

M 45

14.5

11.0

1.3

M 50

16.0

12.0

1.4

Table 1.1:

91
Grade of
Concrete
Tensile

M10

M15

M20

M25

M30

M35

1.2

2.0

2.8

3.2

3.6

4.0

M40 M45

4.4

4.8

Stress (N/mm )

Table 2:
Moments for circular girders
For 8 columns

B.M@

B.M@

Support

centre

0.0083Wr

0.00416Wr

Torsion

0.0006Wr

M50

5.2

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17 . REFERENCE BOOKS

I.S 456:2000 for RCC.

I.S 800:1984 for STEEL.
I.S 872 Part I and Part II.
I.S 3373 (Part IV-1967).
Reinforced concrete structures (B.C Punmia).
Element of environmental engineering (BIRIDI).
. Estimating, costing and evaluation (B.N. Datta).
. Standard schedule of rates (SSR)

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