1. What is design ?

The act of working out the form of some thing (as by marking a
sketch or out line or plan )
2. What is design interpretation?
Design interpretation means to interpret or under stand the
drawing.
3. Introduction to pressure vessel
Several types of equipment, which are used in the chemical,
petrochemical fertilizer industries are described bellow.
Pressure vessel
Storages vessel
Distillation column i
Heat exchanger
Evaporator
Reactor, etc.
In all this equipment pressure vessel is a basic and generally used in all
above types of industries.
Pressure vessel are usually spherical or cylindrical with domed ends. They
are provide with openings or nozzles with facilities for marking threaded
or flanged joints. Various methods are used for supporting the vessel.

4. Definition of vessel
A container or structural envelope in which material are processed, or
stored.
5. Definition of pressure vessel
A container or structural envelope in which material are processed,
treated, or stored which has been designed to operate at pressure above
15 Psi are knows as pressure vessel.

6. Which codes used make design of pressure vessel?

Various code reference which is used for design and construction of
pressure vessel are as below.
ASME sec viii div-1
IS 2825
BIS 5500
7. Why designing is required for pressure vessel?
The selection of the types of vessel based primarily upon the fictional
service of the vessel. The functional service requirements impose
certain operating conditions such as temperature, pressure, dimensional
limitation and various loads.
If the vessel is not designed properly the vessel may be fail in service.
The design of most structure is based on formulas. Formula may be used
form any relative code/standards so the value derived form that formula
is reliable.
8. Why necessary design of pressure vessel?
If vessel is not designed properly the vessel may be fail in service.
Failure may be occur in one or more manners such by the plastic
deformation resulting form excessive stress, or by elastic instability.
9. What parameter affect the failure of vessel?
Failure may also result form corrosion, wear or fatigue. Design of the
vessel to protect against such as failures involve the consideration of
these factors and the physical properties of the materials.
If the vessel is not properly designed then chances of failure is more
because we dont know what is the maximum operating pressure and
temperature. We dont know about maximum load, pressure or
temperature carrying capacities of the vessel.
10 . Stresses in pressure vessel
Pressure vessel are subjected to various loading which exert stresses
of different intensities in the vessel components.

The various stresses, which are generating during working and service
time, are tabulated below.
11. Loading on pressure vessel
Internal pressure
External pressure
Weight of vessel itself.
Static reaction form piping other vessels, attached equipment,
support such as lugs, saddles, rings, legs, skirts and internals.
Cyclic and dynamic reactions due to wind pressure, seismic
forces
Impact reactions such as those due to fluid shock.
Temperature gradients and differential thermal expansion

12. What is components of design pressure vessel?

The part which is common in any pressure vessel are described below
Shell
Head or cover
Nozzle
Reinforcement pad
Support
The above parts are common parts of the pressure vessel. The all
above parts of the vessel requires designing before fabrication.
Some useful formula and calculation described in next topic.
13. Design of shell
Shell is a major components of vessel. Shells are made form sheet or
plate. Seamless or welded pipe may be also used.
There is two types of shell
1. Cylindrical shell
2. Spherical shell
Generally a cylindrical shell is mostly used for construction of pressure
vessel.