DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

- Domestic violence happens when one person in an intimate relationship or marriage tries to dominate
and control the other person.
- There are forms of domestic violence. These are the following:
a) Physical violence/abuse involves the use of physical force against another like hitting, biting,
forcing drug/alcohol use, or assault with a weapon.
b) Sexual violence/abuse involves the violation of an individuals bodily integrity. Examples are
sexual contact, rape, prostitution, and limiting reproductive rights such as abortion.
c) Psychological abuse often characterized by intimidation, threats of harm, and isolation. This
includes instilling fear in an intimate partner through threatening behavior, such as damaging
property or abusing pets, constant supervision, or controlling what the victim does and who they
talk to.
d) Emotional abuse involves undermining an individuals sense of self-worth or deteriorating ones
self-esteem. Examples of emotional abuse include constant criticism, name-calling,
embarrassing, mocking, humiliating, and treating like a servant.
e) Economic abuse involves making or attempting the victim financially dependent on the abuser.
Examples of economic abuse include preventing an intimate partner from working or gaining and
education, and controlling the financial resources.
-

Laws regarding domestic violence include the following

o Republic Act No. 9262
Anti-Violence Against Women and their children (VAWC) Act of 2004.
It is hereby declared that the State values the dignity of women and
children and guarantees full respect for human rights. The State also
recognizes the need to protect the family and its members particularly
women and children, from violence and threats to their personal safety
and security.
References:
[1] http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2004/ra_9262_2004.html
[2] http://www.stopvaw.org/forms_of_domestic_violence

GANG AND YOUTH VIOLENCE

WHAT IS A GANG?
- A gang is an organization of two or more individuals who form an alliance for a common purpose;
- A gang identifies with and claims a territory in the community and engages individually or collectively in
violence and other criminal activity.
What are factors in joining a gang?
-Politics
-Mental Health issues
-Problematic Family
-Lack of Faith foundation
-Racism
-Presence of easily available drugs or weapons
-Migration
WHY DO YOUTH JOIN GANGS?
They join for a great number of reasons, including safety, friendship, status, recognition, curiosity, excitement,
money, out of a sense of tradition due to generational commitment, peer pressure and drug abuse, just to

name a few.
TYPES OF GANG MEMBERS:
The Hardcore
- These are the original gangsters (OGs), the leaders or shot callers who are down for the gang and will
do whatever it takes to defend it. They are the most violent.
The Regular Gang Members
- They are the typical soldiers who pay dues and defend the gang. They get involved in situational and
sometimes planned events, which include violence.
The Associate
- They hang around gang members and may be involved in every aspect of their life but have no authority
over other gang members and may not be present in official meetings. They can be very dangerous given
that fact that they have something to prove and follow no designated rules.
GANG TYPES:
Traditional Gangs
- have been around for many generations and have strong foundations.
- they are also known as the super-gangs because they have national and/or international ties.
Business and Profit Gangs
- they are formed for financial gain (drugs, prostitution, human and weapon trafficking)
Drug Gangs (they are under the business and profit gang)
- focus in the business of selling drugs and have sales market territories.

Hate-Group Gangs
- These gangs target homosexuals and minorities.
Copycat and Delinquent Gangs
- These two types of gangs do not have strong foundations and may pop-up one day and disappear the next.
They are the easiest gangs to address and prevent.
Street Gangs
- At the street level, their groups are usually larger but are less cohesive as an organization. They have a code
of loyalty and generally have ill-defined roles for its members, who are usually younger on average but with a
wide age range. These gangs operate in residential territories and its members may sell drugs. They are
controlled by inter-gang rivalries.
Third Generation Gangs
- Also known as terrorists, these gangs have evolved political aims. They are the most complex gangs and
operate or aspire to operate at the global end of the spectrum, using their sophistication to garner power, aid
financial acquisition and engage in mercenary type activities. In some instances, however, they have sought to
further their own political and social objectives.
Hybrid Gangs
- They are a new type of gang; they often mimic traditional street gangs in their way of dressing, their tattoos,
hairstyles and attitudes and in their graffiti but may or may not follow expected rules and contain a
mix of self-developed activities and behaviours.

 Prison Gangs
- For some gang members joining a prison gang is an actual goal. After their incarceration, the new inmates
have the opportunity to join a prison gang and learn their ways. Prison gangs are functional and thriving within
the corrections system and the reality is that there is an endless stream of people wanting to join their ranks.
*incarcerate - to put (someone) in prison
*graffiti - unauthorized writing or drawing on a public surface.
GANG SYMBOLS
Tattoos
Graffiti (Figure 1)
Gang Related Art Drawing (Figure 2)

Violence is used within the gang to:

Defend or expand gang turf
Recruit new members
Keep members from leaving
Exclude or remove undesirable members
Exercise revenge or seek redress for actual or perceived wrongs, no matter how slight they might be
Enhance perceptions of power and invincibility
Gain respect or dominance over others
Enforce rules
KIDNAPPING AND ABDUCTION
Kidnapping, in criminal law, offense involving taking and conveying away a person against his or her will, either
by force, fraud, or intimidation. Originally the word applied only to the abduction of children, but early in English
law it was employed to designate the same offense with regard to adults. Formerly, in common law, the offense
of kidnapping was confined to the taking of persons from their own to another country, but such a restriction
does not exist in the common law today.
In most of the U.S. the crime of kidnapping is defined by statute. Merely enticing a competent adult away is not
sufficient to constitute the crime. The crime can only exist when an abduction is carried out against the will of
the person, either actually or constructively. For example, inducing a laborer to go to a distant place to work, by
holding out extravagant promises that the employer does not intend to fulfill, does not come within the scope of
this crime; but getting a sailor intoxicated and taking him aboard a strange ship, with design to detain him until
the vessel is under way, and then to persuade or coerce him to serve as a seaman, has been held to
constitute kidnapping.
Kidnapping is also committed if the consent to such removal is induced by fraud, or if the victim is legally
incompetent to give a valid consent, as in the case of a young child or of a feeble-minded person. The
essential elements of kidnapping and of false imprisonment are about the same, except that the former
includes, in addition to a detention, the act of carrying away the victim to another place, usually for the purpose
of avoiding discovery.

The penalty for kidnapping is generally severe in the U.S., and most states also make it a crime to attempt or
conspire to commit a kidnapping. A federal law, popularly known as the Lindbergh Act, which was enacted in
1932 after the kidnapping of the child of the American aviator Charles Lindbergh, makes it a federal crime,
punishable by life imprisonment, to kidnap a person and transport that person to another state. This law was
amended in 1934 making conspiracy to commit a kidnapping also a federal crime. In 1968 the U.S. Supreme
Court invalidated that section of the Lindbergh Act that gave the jury the power to recommend the death
penalty for kidnapping.
A person legally entrusted with the custody of another may not, of course, be guilty of kidnapping that person.
A parent, however, may be guilty of kidnapping his or her own child if custody of the child has been given to
another by court order or decree. When the parents have separated without legal decree, one may take the
child from the other even by trick or deception, without committing the offense of kidnapping.
In some parts of the world, kidnapping has now become a terrorist activity. In the 1980s, for example, some
U.S. citizens have been kidnapped and held by terrorist groups operating in Lebanon.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1084 AN ACT TO AMEND Sec. TWO HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SEVEN OF THE
REVISED PENAL CODE
Section 1. Section two hundred and sixty-seven of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by section two of
Republic Act Numbered Eighteen, is hereby further amended to read as follows:
Section 267. Kidnapping and serious illegal detention. Any private individual who shall kidnap or detain
another, or in any other manner deprive him of his liberty, shall suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua to
death;
1. If the kidnapping or detention shall have lasted more than five days.
2. If it shall have been committed simulating public authority.
3. If any serious physical injuries shall have been inflicted upon the person kidnapped or detained; or if
threats to kill him shall have been made.
4.

If the person kidnapped or detained shall be a minor, female or a public officer.

The penalty shall be death where the kidnapping or detention was committed for the purpose of extorting
ransom from the victim or any other person, even if none of the circumstances above mentioned were present
in the commission of the offense.
abduct [ab dkt]
(past and past participle abducted, present participle abducting, 3rd person present singular abducts)
transitive verb
1. snatch somebody away: to take somebody away by force or deception
2. pull something away: to pull something, e.g. a muscle, away from the midpoint or midline of the body or
of a limb. See also adduct
[Early 17th century. < Latin abduct-, past participle of abducere "lead out" < ducere "lead"]
-abduction, noun

kidnap [kd np]

(past and past participle kidnapped or kidnaped, present participle kidnapping or kidnaping, 3rd
person present singular kidnaps)

transitive and intransitive verb

abduct somebody: to take somebody away by force and hold him or her prisoner, usually for ransom
[Mid-17th century. < kid1 + nap "to steal," origin ?]
-kidnapper, noun
Sexual Harassment
I. Definitions of Sexual Harassment

unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature that makes one feel uncomfortable, fearful, or powerless,
and interferes with ones schoolwork; can happen to anyone male or female, student or adult
employee

unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a
sexual nature in which submission to or rejection of such conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an
individual's work or school performance or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work or school
environment

II. Types of Sexual Harassment

1. Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment
"Quid pro quo" means "this for that" or when a perpetrator makes conditions of employment
contingent on the victim providing sexual favors. An example of this form of sexual harassment
occurs if a teacher (or any school employee) stipulates that ones grade (or participation on a team, in
a play, etc.) will be based on whether you submit to unwelcome sexual conduct. This abuse of
authority is illegal regardless of whether one refuses sexual demands or submits to them.
2. Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment
Verbal, physical, or visual forms of harassment that are sexual in nature "sufficiently
severe, persistent, or pervasive" and unwelcome fall under the category of Hostile Environment
Sexual Harassment. A single, severe incident such as a sexual assault could create a hostile
environment. More commonly, a "hostile environment" is created by a series of incidents.

III. Examples of Sexual Harassment

Sexual comments about ones body

Sexual advances/propositions/ suggestions

Sexual touching

Sexual graffiti

Sexual gestures

Sexual "dirty" jokes

Spreading rumors about other students' sexual activity

Touching oneself in a sexual fashion in front of others

Talking about one's own sexual activities in front of others

Showing offensive/sexual pictures, stories, objects

IV. Options for Action

Say "No" clearly. Express in direct language (verbal or written) that behavior must stop.

Document the harassment. Keep a written log, keep track of dates, times, and behavior.

Get emotional support. Friends/family can be good outlets.

Document your work. Keep copies of performance evaluations and memos that attest to the quality of your
work.

Explore company channels. Talk to a supervisor and/or contact the personnel officer or human resources
department.

File a complaint. If the problem can't be solved through company policy, you may choose to pursue a legal
remedy.
Rape
I. Definition of Rape
nonconsensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration of the victim by body parts or objects using force,
threats of bodily harm, or by taking advantage of a victim who is incapacitated or otherwise incapable
of giving consent
the penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral
penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim

DROWNING
According to the World Health Organization, drowning is defined as "the process of experiencing respiratory
impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid." Drowning may result in death or complete recovery.
However, victims may often sustain long term physical or mental disability. Most drownings occur within a short
distance of safety, whether in the bathtub, the edge of a pool or by the shoreline, and most are often
preventable.
Because the head is submerged, air and oxygen can't get into the lungs and the victim suffocates. The tissues
and organs in the body require oxygen to function, and begin to fail within a matter of minutes if deprived of it.
Without oxygen, the heart muscle can become irritable and cause its electrical system to malfunction,
preventing the heart from beating. Brain damage occurs within six minutes when deprived of oxygen rich blood
flow.
TYPES OF DROWNING
Wet drowning
In the drowning sequence, laryngeal spasm occurs by water entering the upper airways. In most drowning
cases, the spasm relaxes and water enters the lungs. This was known as wet drowning.
Dry-drowning
In 10% to 20% of drowning cases, the laryngeal spasm does not relax and no water enters. This is known as
dry-drowning.
However, it is now felt that there is no clinical difference between wet and dry drowning and the distinction
does not affect patient treatment or outcome.
TREATMENT
The treatment for a possible drowning is a first aid emergency. Often, once the victim has been removed from
the water, CPR may be necessary and emergency medical services should be activated.
Care for the drowning patient will depend upon the situation surrounding the event, and how they have
responded to pre-hospital care. The initial approach will be to stabilize vital signs by addressing the ABCs
(airway, breathing, and circulation) to make certain the patient is breathing, has a good heart beat and
adequate blood pressure to circulate blood to the organs of the body.
If the drowning occurred because of an injury, those injuries need to be assessed at the same time the patient
is being evaluated for the consequences and complications of drowning (injury to the brain, head, heart, and
lungs).

If a medical illness caused the drowning (for example, a seizure or heart attack), then the underlying illness will
need assessment and treatment. Supportive care is often required for the lungs because they can become
inflamed due to aspiration (inhalation) of water during the drowning process. Pneumonia and acute respiratory
distress syndrome (ARDS) are potential complications.
Scuba diving events may require hyperbaric oxygen therapy should there be a potential risk of decompression
illness. Many drowning victims are awake and stable by the time they arrive in the emergency department.
Depending upon the circumstances, these patients may be observed for a period of time and discharged
home.
The need for follow up will depend upon the events leading up to the drowning, the resuscitation of the victim,
the complications that arise from the drowning event, and other underlying medical conditions.

PREVENTION
As with any accident, prevention is the key.
- Learning how to swim should be a priority for all children and for people of all ages.
- A home swimming pool should always be fenced and secure. Motion detectors may be helpful should the
fence fail to keep out unsupervised children.
- When participating in water sports, the use of a personal floatation device (life jacket) is mandatory. Pool toys
are not a substitute.
- Alcohol is a major contributor to drowning accidents. Water and alcohol don't mix.
- Never leave an infant unattended in a bath tub or near water.
- Never leave a child unattended near water, whether that is a swimming pool or natural water.
Know where you are swimming:
- Make certain the depth is at least 10 feet if you decide to dive into the water.
- Know about the dangerous undercurrents and waves that occur in fresh or sea water.
- Avoid dangerous marine animals such as jellyfish and fire coral.
- Know the depth of ice before walking on it (for any frozen body of water.)
- Never swim alone.

Poisoning
Payongayong, Barce, Pangilinan
8-Ilang-Ilang
Poison- It is often used to describe any harmful substances, particularly corrosive substances and harmful
pollutants. Biologically speaking, poisons are substances that cause disturbances or illness to an organism,
usually through chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient amount is
absorbed by an organism. The fields of medicine and zoology usually distinguishes a poisons from toxins and
venoms. Other poisons are generally defined as substances absorbed through epithelial linings such as the
skin or gut.
Toxins- are poisons produced by some biological function in nature.
Venoms- defined as toxins that are injected by a bite or sting to cause their effect.
Poisoning- is when someone gets poisoned. It can be done either intentionally or unintentionally. It can occur
when you inhale, swallow, or touch something that makes you very ill. Some poisons can even cause death.
*In Biology, any substance, if given in large amounts, is poisonous and can cause death.
___________________________________________________________
Types of Poisoning
Acute poisoning- is exposure to a poison on one occasion or during a short period of time.
Symptoms develop in close relation to the exposure. Absorption of a poison is necessary for systemic
poisoning.
Chronic poisoning- is a long term, repeated, or continuous exposure to a poison where symptoms do not
occur immediately. The patient becomes gradually ill. Chronic poisoning occurs in exposure to biomagnified
poisons such as mercury and lead.
___________________________________________________________

Toxicology- study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and diagnosis of biological poisoning.

Initial Management for Poisons

Ensuring adequate cardiopulmonary function and providing aid for any symptoms such as seizures,
shock, and pain.
Poisons that have been injected (from animals) can be treated by binding the affected body part with
a pressure bandage and by placing the affected body part in hot water, with a temperature of 50C.
The pressure bandage stops the flow of the poison throughout the body, and the hot water breaks
down the poison. However, this treatment only works on protein-molecule-composed poisons.
In the majority of poisonings, the mainstay of management is to treat the symptoms rather than the
poison.
Decontamination- treatment of a recently INGESTED poison may involve gastric decontamination to
decrease absorption.
>Types of common decontamination ways: activated charcoal (charcoal), whole bowel irrigation (cleansing
the bowel through dose of polyethylene glycol), gastric lavage (stomach pump), Nasogastric aspiration
(placement of a tube via nose down into the stomach for suction), Emesis (ineffective because using
ipecac for one to vomit doesnt help; vomiting doesnt help), Cathartics (decreasing absorption by
increasing the expulsion of the poison in the gastrointestinal tract)
For inhaled poison, get the person into fresh air right away.
For poison on the skin, take off any clothing touched by the poison. Then, rinse the persons skin with
running water for 15 to 20 minutes.
For poison in the eyes, rinse the persons eyes with running water for 15-20 minutes.
For the poison that has been swallowed, DO NOT DO ANYTHING until you have spoken with a
specialist.
___________________________________________________
Preventing Poisoning
Never share prescription medicines
Take your medicines as directed by your director
Read labels for over-the-counter medicines
Keep household chemicals on safe places, never mix them.
Keep all medicines locked up in a safe place, unreachable by children

References: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/poisoning.html
www.poisons.co.nz
www.wikipedia.org
FIRES
While fires can start at anytime and anywhere, below are descriptions of the four most common types of
fires. Acknowledging these types of fires may help you to reduce or even eliminate the risk of starting a fire.
1. The most common type of fire in the U.S. is the kitchen fire. The reason that the kitchen is the source of
many fire hazards is because the kitchen is where heat, electricity, water, and grease come together.
The most common type of kitchen fire is the grease fire. A grease fire is extremely dangerous as it can get out
of control quickly and spread from the stove throughout the kitchen and into other rooms of the house.
Many grease fires occur because someone leaves a frying pan on the stove unattended. They also occur
when someone overheats a pan during attended cooking if the grease catches fire. Grease fires can cause
serious injury and extensive property damage.
Other types of kitchen fires include oven fires and appliance fires. Fires can also get started in the kitchen
when electricity comes in contact with water.
2. Electrical fires are another common type of fire. Electrical fires are caused by a number of different factors,

including faulty appliances, worn or faulty electrical wiring, improper use of electrical outlets and worn out
breaker boxes.
Older homes often do not have the proper wiring to handle the amount of electrical appliances in use today.
Often old wiring inside walls becomes frayed or worn, causing shorts and sparks that can ignite.
Old breaker boxes are made to shut off electrical current when the circuit becomes overloaded as a fire
prevention measure, but often the connections are worn or broken and do not activate the breaker switch.
Lighting is another cause of electrical fires, which can be triggered by improper wiring or the use of bulbs that
are higher in wattage than the amount recommended for the lighting appliance.
3. Heater fires are among the most common types of fires in the months of December, January and February.
Portable heaters should always have automatic shutoffs that activate when they overheat as a fire precaution.
Coil space heaters are especially hazardous because the coils will ignite anything combustible nearby. Always
keep any type of space heater a minimum of three feet from anything combustible. That includes curtains,
bedding, clothing and furniture. Always shut space heaters off when youre not in the room.
Extension cords should not be used with space heaters as they generate too much electricity and can start a
fire.
4. Another major type of fire is smoking-related. Fires caused by cigarettes account for 1,000 deaths in the
U.S. every year. Many times the smoker is not the person who dies.
Most smoking fires are started by embers igniting on furniture, bedding and trash cans. Smokers should
always be sure cigarettes are completely extinguished before emptying ashtrays into the trash.
Never smoke in bed and never smoke when you are tired, inebriated, or drowsy from medication. Do not place
ashtrays on flammable surfaces like couches, chairs, or beds where they can tip over and start a fire.
The best way to prevent smoking-related fires is to smoke outside the house and have a can filled
with sand to extinguish cigarette butts.

Classes of Fire - A, B, C, D, and K

Fires are classified by the types of fuel they burn.
Class A
Class A Fires consist of ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, trash or anything else that leaves an ash.
Water works best to extinguish a Class A fire.
Class B
Class B Fires are fueled by flammable or combustible liquids, which include oil, gasoline, and other similar
materials. Smothering effects which deplete the oxygen supply work best to extinguish Class B fires.
Class C
Class C Fires. Energized Electrical Fires are known as Class C fires. Always de-energize the circuit then use a
non-conductive extinguishing agent. Such as Carbon dioxide.
Class D
Class D Fires are combustible metal fires. Magnesium and Titanium are the most common types of metal fires.
Once a metal ignites do not use water in an attempt to extinguish it. Only use a Dry Powder extinguishing
agent. Dry powder agents work by smothering and heat absorption.
Class K
Class K Fires are fires that involve cooking oils, grease or animal fat and can be extinguished using Purple K,
the typical agent found in kitchen or galley extinguishers.
Sound like a lot?
An easy way to remember these types of Fires is (beat) Class A leaves an Ash, (beat) Class B boils,(beat)
Class C has current (beat), and Class D has Dense Material (beat), And dont forget the most overlooked,
Class K for Kitchen.