Exemplification

For the figured circuit (see fig. 7.16) we want to determine the currents through receivers,
knowing that the generators supplies a system of symmetrical voltages of direct succession and
the triphasic receivers have all the phase equal (are balanced receivers).

Figure 7.16 Supplying scheme for triphase receivers supplied by a

triphasic generator with the parameters ( E, Z g )
We assume that the values of the receivers impedances Z R1 , Z R2 , Z R3 , the values of the
impedances of mutual coupling Z m1 , Z m2 and the values of the impedances of the supplying lines
Z m , Z mC and the values of the null wires impedances Z n1 , Z n2 , Z n3 are known. The parameter of
the triphasic generator are: the supplying voltages E1 E ; E 2 a 2 E ; E 3 a E ; the impedance
of a phase: z g .
Let also mention that a consumer is Y connected at the generator output (symbolised by
the index 1) and the other two consumers are connected in (with the index 3), are connected at
generator through a supplying line with the parameters Z 1 , Z m1 .
To find the currents through receivers we should first accomplish the first mentioned step:
1. Well eliminate the mutual couplings for the receivers 1 and 2 for the supplying line
with the above mentioned relations.

Figure 7.17
2. The transformation of the receiver 2 connected in an equivalent one connected in Y
with the equivalent impedance

z Y2

Z Z R2 Z m

3
3

(7.85)

Thus will appear in a triphasic receiver Y connected with the null wire isolated N, then with
Z NO .

Figure 7.18
3. Making the monophasic schema of calculus, considering the above observation, well
get:

Figure 7.19
4. Using the scheme with any of the methods from the sinusoidal regime well determine
the currents I g , I l , I 1, I 2 , I 3 .
For example: for I g well determine the equivalent impedance at the generator terminals.
Z R2 Z m 2

Z R3

Z e1

Z R3

Z R2 Z m 2

3
Z e2 Z l Z ml Z l1

Z eg

Z R

Z R

Z ml Z e2

Z ml Z e 2

(7.86)
(7.87)
(7.88)

Then:
I g1

E
Z g Z eg

Then, using the rule of current divisor, well obtain:

(7.89)

I 11

Z e1

Z e1 Z R1 Z m1

Ig

Z R Z m I 1
I l1
Z e Z R Z m g
1

(a)
(7.90)
(b)

Applying again the rule of the current divisor well also get the currents I 21 , and I 31 of the first
phase
I 21

Z R3

Z R3

Z R2 Z m 2

I l1

(a)

(7.91)
ZR Zm
2

I 31

I l1

ZR
3

ZR Zm
2

(b)

5. Taking into account the succession of the system of supplying voltages (SSD), well
obtain the currents through the other phases of each triphasic receiver and through the supplying
voltage.
I 11

is given by 7.40 (a)

Ex: I 1 2 a 2 .I 11
I 1 3 a.I 11 ,

(7.92)
etc

Obs. If the system of supplying voltages is SSI, then well accomplish the same steps as
for DSS, except that within the last step (5o) the system of currents will have inverse succession.
If the system of supplying voltages would have been a homopolar one (SSH) then the
algoritm would have the steps:

Figure 7.20
6. One applies the methods known from the calculus in complex for the different currents
which are to be calculated.
7. The system of currents will also be homopolar, for example for the first receiver:
I 11 I 1 2 I 1 3 , , etc.
(7.93)

Powers Absorbed By Triphasic Balanced Receivers Supplied By Direct Symmetrical

Voltages
In the case of the triphasic balanced receivers supplied by direct symmetrical voltages:
U1 U1
U 2 a2 U 1

(7.94)

U 3 a U 1

The currents absorbed by these I 1 , I 2 , I 3 will also form a DSS of sinusoidal quantities,
which will have an identical diference of phase with respect to the homoqeneous phase
voltages (fig. 7.21). Well consider the general case of the Y connected receiver with null wire
(with 4 wires).

V1

I1

V2

I2

Balanced

V3
VN

I3

triphasic
receiver

IN

Figure 7.21
The complex apparent power absorbent by this receiver will be:
S V 1 I 1* V 2 I *2 V 3 I *3 V 0 I N

But: I N I 1 I 2 I 3
Substituting in (7.95) we find:
*
*
*
*
S V 1 I1 V 2 I 2 V 3 I 3 V 0 I1 I 2 I 3
V 1 V 0 I 1 V 2 V 0 I 2 V 3 V 0 I 3
*

*
1

*
2

(7.95)
(7.96)

(7.97)

*
3

U 10 I U 20 I U 30 I
But for voltages we have the expression (7.94) and the current form a DSS of sinusoidal
quantities too, then:
*
*
*
*
S U 10 I 1 a 2 U 10 a I 1 a U 10 a 2 I 1 3 U 10 I 1
(7.98)
3 U1 e j U I1 e j U 3 U 1 I1 e j 3 U f I f e j P jQ
The total active power absorbed by the three phases of the triphasic system is then:
P Re S 3 U 10 I 1 cos U 10 , I 1
(7.100)
3 U f I f cos 3 U l I l cos
Lets also notice that the total apparent power is actually given in (7.65) too, representing
in fact the total value of the instantaneous power of the 3 phases of the triphasic system. It has
then a well defined physical meaning.
The total reactive power of the three phases is:

Q Im S 3 U 10 I 1 sin U 10 , I 1

(7.101)

3 U f I f sin 3 U l I l sin
The total apparent power absorbed will be:
S S 3 U f I f 3 U l Il

(7.102)

Obviously at balanced triphasic receivers I N o and the potentials U 1 , U 2 , U 3 of the

phases will be quite the phase voltages relative to an exterior point with null potential, this
meaning that actually the relation found for S, P, Q given by (7.99) (7.102) will also valid for
balanced triphasic receivers supplied through 3 connection wires (either Y connected or ).
Taking into account that the total active power given by (7.100) actually represents the
active power of the first phase multiplied by 3, it means that we can measure this total power with
a single watt-meter, the voltage-coil of this last one being connected between the phase 1 and the
null wire, and the current-coil being serially connected with this phase (Fig. 7.22).
Similarly one can measure the reactive power if instead the watt-meter is connected a
varmeter.
*

1
2
3
0

*
Balanced
triphasic
receiver

Fig. 7.22
7. Solving Of The Analyse Problem At Unbalanced Triphasic Circuits Supplied By
Known Voltages
7.1. Theorem Of Null Point Potential (Millman)
For the case of n impedances of values Z 1 , Z 2 , ..., Z N connected at a common node N,
pierced by the currents I 1 , I 2 , ..., I N , and if the other terminals of these impedances have the
potentials V 1 , V 2 , ..., V N , then the null point potential is given y the expression:
n

VN

Y
k 1

V k

Y k
k 1

Y 1 V 1 Y 2 V 2 ... Y n V n
Y 1 Y 2 ... Y n

(7.103)

V1 I1

I2 V2

Z1
In
Vn

Zn

Z2

Zk

Ik

Vk

Z n1
I n1
V n1
Fig. 7.23

Dem:
The branched of the star are not inductive coupled between them or with other exterior
branches. Under these circumstances the current through the side k is:
Ik

Uk
Y k V k V N
Zk

(7.104)

Applying Kirchhoffs first theorem in the node N and taking into account in fact that all
the quantities are sinusoidal with identical frequencies, well get:
n

Ik 0

(7.105)

k 1

or:
n

Y k V k V N 0
k 1

hence:
n

k 1

Y k V k V N

Y k 0
k 1

this obviously resulting in the relation (7.103).

The relation (7.103) is valid respective to the point 0 at which the potentials are reported.
Obviously it can coincide with one of the points 1, 2, , n too.
In practice, if the admittance of the sides Y 1 , Y 2 , ..., Y N and the potentials V 1, V 2 , ..., V N are
known, V N is determined with (7.103) and afterwards the currents through sides are determined
using relation of the form (7.104).
Obs. Evidently, the n impedances (admittances) with the access terminals 1, 2, , n can
be treated as an electomagnetic multipole, with the point N interior to the multipole.
In practice if the neutral 0 of the supplying network is accessible, well generally assume
that asymmetrical phase voltages (with *) are given:

U 1 U 10 U10 e j 1
U 2 U 20 U 20 e j 2

(7.106)

U 3 U 30 U 30 e j 3

with the relation:

U1 U 2 U 3 0

(7.107)

The voltage between phases will result under the form:

U 12 U 1 U 2 U 10 U 20
U 23 U 2 U 3 U 20 U 30

(7.108)

U 31 U 3 U 1 U 30 U 10

with:

U 12 U 23 U 31 0

(7.109)

But generally they will be asymmetrical.

If the neutral of the supplying network is not accessible, only the voltage between the
phases of the network may be given:
U 12 U12 e j 12
U 23 U 23 e j 23

(7.110)

U 31 U 31 e j 31

being generally asymmetrical, also satisfying (7.109).

In this case there arent any star-symbolised voltages of the supplying network, except the
case when they are introduced in a conventional and unique way, taking as arbitrary one of the
voltage (from (7.106)), what should correspond to a fake neutral point. These voltages will also
be called auxiliary star-symbolised voltages.
Lets see now how these observations are used with respect to the nature of the receiver.
7.2 Unbalanced Y-connected Receiver With Null Wire
The receiver with all the impedances Y connected, has also in the point N a connection
wire to the null point of the generator through an impedance Z N . Generally the receiver
impedances are distinct: Z 1 Z 2 Z 3 (the receiver is unbalanced) (Fig. 7.24).

U 1N

V1 I1
U 2N
V2 I2
U 3N
V3

I3

V0

Z1

Z2
Z3

IN

ZN
U N0

Figure. 7.24

Because the receiver impedances are distinct and the system of star-symbolised supplying
voltages is asymmetrical, generally the system of currents through the receiver phases is
asymmetrical, then through the null wire will flow a current:
I N I1 I 2 I 3
(7.111)
I
,
I
,
I
The currents through the supplying line 1 2 3 identical with those from the receiver
phases are determined with a relation as (7.104):
I1

U 1N
Y 1 V 1 V N Y 1 U 10 U N 0
Z1

I2

U 2N
Y 2 V 2 V N Y 2 U 20 U N 0
Z2

I3

U 3N
Y 3 V 3 V N Y 3 U 30 U N 0
Z3

(7.112)

The potential V N of the neutral point is determined using Millmans theorem under the
form (7.103):
VN

Y 1 V 1 Y 2 V 2 Y 3 V 3 Y N V 0

(7.113)

Y1 Y 2 Y 3 Y N

with an arbitrary chosen reference point of the potentials. Practically, having in view that the
phase voltages (star-symbilised) of the supplying network, U 10 , U 20 , U 30 are known (from
(7.106)), and that they coincide with the potentials of the terminals in the case when the neutral of
the supplying network is chosen as reference point of the potentials ( V 0 0 ).
In this case:
U 10 V 1 V 0 V 1

U 20 V 2 V 0 V 2

(7.114)

U 30 V 3 V 0 V 3
U N0 V N V 0 V N

Substituting (7.114) in (7.113), we find:

U N0

Y 1 U 10 Y 2 U 20 Y 3 U 30
Y1 Y 2 Y 3 Y N

(7.115)

U N0

given by (7.115) actually represents the voltage-falling along the null wire (it is also
called the neutral displacement).
Thus the currents through the receiver phases will immediately result from (7.112), and
the current through the null wire will result from (7.111).
If the system of supplying voltages is DSS, due to the unbalanced receiver will appear a
displacement of the neutral U N 0 0 , and the phasorial diagram is in fig. 7.25.

U 10U

1N

U 30
U 20
U N0
U 2N
U 3N
Fig. 7.25 Phasorial diagram of the line voltages and of the phase
voltages at an unbalanced receiver supplied by symmetrical voltages

Then, even at the supplying with a symmetrical system of phase voltage, if the receiver is
balanced, U N 0 0 , this making that the voltage falling along the receiver phases should generally
be different. If Z N is small, a great Y N will result, and consequently a reduced displacement of
neutral, because U N 0 0 . In other words, the neutral displacement is neglectable in the networks
with null wire, with a big enough section even if the load is strongly unbalanced. Obviously,
especially al low voltages, the triphasic receivers will always be Y connected with null wire, so
that the phase voltage should have close RMS values.
On the other hand, if the admittance of the null wire Y N is smaller or null (the null wire
is missing), the neutral displacement is important, producing the decreasing of the phase voltage
at some of the phase and the increasing of the voltages at the others, endangering the
installations security.
However, if the sum of the sides admittances is small, this thing being possible for
example due to some conditions of resonance satisfied by the impedances, then the neutral
displacement can reach some impressive value, resulting in phase voltages greater than the
voltages applied from network. The sides of the unbalanced triphasic receiver in this case can be
strongly oversized.
7.3 Y connected Unbalanced Triphasic Receiver Without Null Wire
The unbalanced triphasic receiver ( Z 1 Z 2 Z 3 ) is supplied this time by line-voltages
given by (7.110), generally asymmetrical, but satisfying (7.101) (Then practically only two of
these voltages are independent).
In the case, too, the currents are given by relations of the form (7.104), where V N is
determined using the theorem of the null-point potential, which can be written in this case:
VN

Y1 V 1 Y 2 V 2 Y 3 V 3
Y1 Y 2 Y 3

(7.116)

U 12
U 31
U 23

I1

U 1N
Z1

I2

Z2

I3

Z3

U 2N

U 3N

Figure. 7.26 Unbalanced triphasic receiver Y connected without null-wire

The choosing of the potential arbitrary, and it can be any point from space P0. In practice
the reference point of the potentials P 0 is chosen so as that their expressing with respect to the
voltages between phases should be done as simple as possible.
If the supplying line-voltages are symmetrical, the point O of the supplying network is
preferred as reference potential, if it is accessible, being identical with the potential that a
balanced load supplied by this network should have.

The terminals potentials will be then the (symmetrical) auxiliary phase voltages given by:
V 1 U 10

V 2 U 20
V 3 U 30

3
1
3
1
3

e
e

U 12

(7.117)

U 23
U 31

and the potentials of the neutral will be:

V N U N0

Y 1 U 10 Y 2 U 20 Y 3 U 30
Y1 Y 2 Y 3

(7.118)

If the line voltages are not symmetrical, as null reference potential can be chosen the
potential of a phase. For example, if:
V2 0
(7.119)
the phase 2 is chosen as reference.
V 1 V 1 V 2 U 12

V 3 V 3 V 2 V 2 V 3 U 23

(7.120)

V N V N V 2 U N 2 U 2 N

Substituting in (7.116) the relation (7.120) well find quite the voltage on the second
phase of the receiver:
V N U 2 N

or
U 2N

Y 1 U 12 Y 2 0 Y 3 U 23
Y1 Y 2 Y 3

Y 3 U 23 Y 1 U 12
Y1 Y 2 Y 3

(7.121)
For the phase voltages of the receiver U 1N and U 3 N well get the expressions:
U 1N V 1 V N U 12 U 2 N U 12

Y 3 U 23 Y 1 U 12

Y1 Y 2 Y 3

Y 2 Y 3 U 12 Y 3 U 23 Y 2 U 12 Y 3 U 12 U 23
Y1 Y 2 Y 3

Y1 Y 2 Y 3

(7.122)

Y 2 U 12 Y 3 U 31
Y1 Y 2 Y 3

Similarly:
U 3 N V 3 V N U 23 U 2 N

Y 1 U 31 Y 2 U 23
Y1 Y 2 Y 3

(7.123)

The currents will immediately result from relation of the from (7.104):
I k Y k U kN k = 1, 2, 3
Application
Let`t determine the succession of the phases at a triphasic system which gives direct
symmetrical voltages, using an indicator of phases succession, consisting of 2 bulbs (each of
them with a resistence RB) and a capacitor with capacitance C (Fig 7.27)

1
RB

U 12
U 31 2
U 23
3

RB

Figure 7.27 Indicator or phases successor at a three-phasic system

Solution
Then the system f supplying voltages is directly symmetrical:
U 12 U 12
U 23 a 2 U 12
(7.124)
U 31 a U 12
To see which is the phase succession well calculate the report of the current from the
phases 1 and 2 (on which the bulbs are placed):
U 1N
I1
U
Ra

1N
(7.125)
I2
U 2N
U 2N
Ra
If wed choose the reference potential of the phase 2, then well be able to use for U 1N
and U 2 N the relation (7.122) and (7.121), respectively:
Y 2 U 12 Y 3 U 31
I1
Y U Y 3 U 31
Y1 Y 2 Y 3

2 12
I2
Y 3 U 23 Y 1 U 12
Y 3 U 23 Y 1 U 12
Y1 Y 2 Y 3
But Y 1 Y 2
(7.126)

1
; Y 2 jC , then:
RB

I1
I2

1
U 12 jC a U 12
1 jC a R B
RB

1
jC a 2 RB 1
jC a 2 U 12
U 12
RB

1
3
R
3
1 jC j
RB
1 jC B
C RB
2

2
2
2

3
R
3
B
RB 1
jC j
jC

C R B 1
2
2
2
2

3
C RB
2

3
C RB 1
2

C RB

C R B

(7.126)

Then: I 1 I 2 , this meaning that bulb 1 lights more strongly.

Concluding, the succession of phase will be: the bulb which lights more strongly (1), the
bulb which lights more weakly (2) and the capacitor (3).
The phasorial diagram on this case is in the figure 7.28.
1

U 21
U 1N
U 31
I1
U 2N
U 3N
3

U 23 I
3 I2

2N

Fig. 7.28
Unbalanced receiver in triangle
In this case for the generally unbalanced receiver, with the phase impedances
Z 12 Z 23 Z 31 , the voltages between the supply network phases are generally given (fig. 7.29),
with the relation (7.110).

I 1 I 12Z 12
U 12
U 31
U 23

I 2 I 23Z 23
I 3 I 31Z 31

Figure. 7.29 Unbalanced three-phasic receiver with connection

The phase currents (through the receiver phases) will result directly this time
U
U
U
I 12 12 ; I 23 23 ; I 31 31 ;
Z 12
Z 23
Z 31
And the currents through the conductors of the supply line are:
I 1 I 21 I 31 ; I 2 I 23 I 12 ; I 3 I 31 I 23 ;

(7.128)

(7.129)

Powers in unbalanced three-phase networks. Possibilities to measure them

a) Three-phase Networks with null wire
In this case the three-phase network has 4 connectors (fig. 7.30)
The complex apparent powers will be in this case:
S V1 I1* V2 I 2* V3 I 3* V0 I N*
(7.130)

V 1I1
U 10

V 2I 2

U 20

V 3I 3

U 30
V 0I N
Fig. 7.30 Three-phasic Network with 4 wires
(with null wire)
But I N I1 I 2 I 3 , then:

S V1 I1* V2 I 2* V3 I 3* V0 I1 I 2 I 3
*

V1 V0 I1* V2 V0 I 2* V3 V0 I 3*

(7.131)

U I U I U I P jQ
*
10 1

*
20 2

*
30 3

Then the properties will be:

- the active power ( the real part of S );

P U10 I1 cos U10 , ^ I1 U 20 I 2* cos U 20 , ^ I 2 U 30 I 3 cos U 30 , ^ I 3

- the reactive power ( the imaginary part of S );

Q U10 I1 sin U10 , ^ I1 U 20 I 2* sin U 20 , ^ I 2 U 30 I 3 sin U 30 , ^ I 3

(7.132)

(7.133)
In the relations (7.132) and (7.133) only the sums have a determined meaning, because
each term of these seems is not localise in the sense that it can not be associated to any phase.
Morever some of the active power terms, for example, can be negative, that the whole power
being positive, as happnes in practice with the passive receivers.
The expression (7.132) coresponds to the meaning of the active power with 3 watmeters
(figure 7.31).
Analogues for the reactive power, using the varmeters instead of 3 watmeters.

*
*
*
Fig. 7.31
b) Three-phasic Networks without null wire

V 1 I1
V2
V3

I2
I3
Fig. 7.32

In this case (of tension system with 3 wires null wire) the complex apparent power is:
S V 1 I 1* V 2 I *2 V 3 I *3

(7.134)
With an arbitrary reference point for potentials where necessary the active power with 3
wattmeters, the corner of the voltage coils can be linked anywhere on network or can be let free.
If we should chose the phase 2 as reference, for example, we get the expressiin:
S U 21I1* U 32 I 3* P jQ
(7.135)
- the active power

^ ^
2IUP 11 cos 12, 1 2IUIU 33 cos 32, IU 3

- the reactive power

(7.136)

^ ^
211 sin 12, 1 2IUIUIUQ 33 sin 32, IU 3

(7.137)

The expression (7.136) corresponds to the measuring of the active power with 2
wattmeters connected as in figure 7.33.

1 I1 *

U 31

2
3

U 12
U 23
I3 *
*
Fig. 7.33