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f X ( x )dx.
$!#
! !"
!
1
= xi pi = xi P( X = xi ) .
i
2 b
x
1 x
dx =
ba
ba 2
b2 a 2
a+b
=
=
2(b a )
2
x /
dx = ye y dy = ,
E( X ) =
kP ( X
= k) =
k =0
= e
k =1
k!
k =0
ke
( k 1)!
= e
i =0
i
i!
=e
k
k =1
k
k!
= e e = .
1
2
1
xe
( x ) 2 / 2 2
dx =
y 2 / 2 2
dy +
$!ye
!#!!
"
2
1
( y + )e
y 2 / 2 2
y 2 / 2 2
e
dy = .
!!#!!!"
$2!
2
Y = E (Y ) =
y fY ( y )dy.
y > 0
dy
y fY ( y )dy =
g ( x ) f X ( x )dx.
k =0
k =0
E (X 2 ) = k 2 P ( X = k ) = k 2 e
=e
k
k!
= e k 2
k (k 1)! = e (i + 1)
k =1
i =0
k =1
k
k!
i +1
i!
i
i
i
= e i + = e i + e
i =0 i! i =0 i!
i =1 i!
i
m +1
= e
+ e = e
+ e
i =1 (i 1)!
m =0 m!
= e (e + e ) = 2 + .
f X 2 ( x2 )
x1
(a) 2 = 1
x2
(b) 2 = 10
= E[( X ) 2 ] > 0.
2
X
= ( x )2 f X ( x )dx > 0.
X
2
X
(x
2 x + 2 ) f X ( x )dx
+
x f X ( x )dx 2 x f X ( x )dx + 2
= E (X
= E (X
) [E ( X )]
___
2
=X X .
= X X = (2 + ) 2 = .
2
Var ( X ) = E[( X ) ] =
(x )
( x ) 2 / 2 2
dx.
2 2
Ento,
( x ) 2 / 2 2
dx =
2 .
e
dx
=
,
2 2
10
Portanto: Var( X ) = 2
2
mn = X = E ( X n ),
n 1
n
n
n
k
n k
n k
(
)
=
E
X
(
)
=
m
(
)
.
k
k k
k =0
k =0
11
E ( X ) =
n
1
3
!
(
n
1
)
, n par.
3
!
(
n
1
)
,
n par,
n
E (| X | ) = k
2 k! 2k +1 2 / , n = (2k + 1), n mpar.
Funo Caracterstica
X ( ) = E (e
jX
)=
e jx f X ( x )dx.
X ( ) = e jk e
k =0
j k
(
e
)
e j
( e j 1)
=e
=e e
=e
.
k!
k!
k =0
n
jk
k n k
X ( ) = e p q = ( pe j )k q n k =( pe j + q)n .
k =0
k =0 k
k
n
1
2
jx
( x ) 2 / 2 2
jy y 2 / 2 2
dy = e
dx (fazendo x = y )
j
1
2
y / 2 2 ( y j 2 2 )
dy
2 2
X ( ) = e
e ( u + j
)( u j 2 ) / 2 2
du
j 2 2 / 2
1
2 2
e u
/ 2 2
du = e ( j
2 / 2)
X ( ) = e
2 2 / 2
f X ( x) =
1
2
x 2 / 2 2
14
k! k =0
k!
k =0
2
k
2 E( X )
2
k E( X )
= 1 + jE ( X ) + j
+!+ j
k + !.
2!
k!
jX
X ( )
1 X ( )
= jE ( X ) or E ( X ) =
.
=0
j =0
X ( )
2
E( X ) = 2
,
2
j
=0
15
X ( )
k
E( X ) = k
, k 1.
k
j
=0
(
e
1)
distribuio de Poisson. X P( ).
X ( ) = e
j
X ( )
e j
= e e je j ,
E( X ) =
1 X ( )
=
j =0
2 X ( )
e j
j 2
e j
2 j
=
e
e
(
je
)
+
e
j
e ,
2
2
1
X ( )
1 2 2
2
2
2
E( X ) = 2
=
(
j
+
j
)
=
+
2
2
j
j
=0
Mas,
2 = E(X 2 ) E(X)2 = 2 + 2 =
16
X ( ) = ( pe j + q) n
X ( )
= jnpe j ( pe j + q)n 1
E( X ) =
1 X ( )
= np
j =0
2 X ( )
2
j
j
n 1
j 2
j
n 2
(
)
=
j
np
e
(
pe
+
q
)
+
(
n
1
)
pe
(
pe
+
q
)
2
2
1
2
2 2
X ( )
(
)
E( X ) = 2
=
np
1
+
(
n
1
)
p
=
n
p + npq.
2
j
=0
X2 = E ( X 2 ) E ( X ) 2 = n 2 p 2 + npq n 2 p 2 = npq.
17
E( X ) =
x2
dx
=
2 + x 2
E( X ) =
x
2 + x 2 dx. Avaliando o lado direito da integral:
2
1 2 + x 2 dx = ,
+
x
0 2 + x 2 dx. fazendo x = tan
+
/ 2 tan
/ 2 sin
x
2
0 2 + x 2 dx = 0 2 sec2 sec d = 0 cos d
/ 2 d (cos )
/2
=
= log cos 0 = log cos = ,
0
cos
2
+
Desigualdade de Chebychev
Considere um intervalo de largura 2 simetricamente
centrado em torno da mdia com mostrado na figura.
Qual a probabilidade de X ser encontrado fora deste
intervalo?
Ou seja P(| X | ) ?
= E [( X ) ] = ( x )2 f X ( x )dx
2
|x |
2 f X ( x )dx 2
|x |
|x |
( x )2 f X ( x )dx
f X ( x )dx 2 P ( | X | ) .
2
Portanto: P( | X | ) 2 , (desigualdade de Chebychev)
19
2
P( | X | ) 2 ,
P( | X | 3 ) = 0.0027.
(6-57)
21