Beruflich Dokumente
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Acknowledgments
This report was prepared by Wan He and Daniel Goodkind of the U.S. Census Bureau,
and Paul Kowal of the World Health Organization's (WHO) SAGE, under the direction
of Loraine A. West, Chief, Demographic and Economic Studies Branch, and general
direction of Glenn Ferri, Assistant Division Chief, International Programs and James
D. Fitzsimmons, former Acting Assistant Division Chief, International Programs Center
for Demographic and Economic Studies, Population Division. Karen Humes, Chief,
Population Division provided overall direction.
The authors wish to give special acknowledgment to the following researchers who
graciously contributed to text boxes that focus on special and frontier research topics
in population aging: Martina Brandt, TU Dortmund University; Robert Cumming,
University of Sydney; Christian Deindl, University of Cologne; Karen I. FredriksenGoldsen, University of Washington; Mary C. McEniry, University of Wisconsin-Madison;
Joel Negin, University of Sydney; and Kirstin N. Sterner, University of Oregon.
Research for and production of this report were supported under an interagency
agreement with the Division of Behavioral and Social Research, National Institute on
Aging (NIA).
The authors are grateful to many people within the Census Bureau who made this publication possible by providing literature and data search, table and graph production, verification, and other general report preparation: Samantha Sterns Cole, Laura M. Heaton,
Mary Beth Kennedy, Robert M. Leddy, Jr., Lisa R. Lollock, Andrea Miles, Iris Poe,
and David Zaslow.
The authors give special thanks to Joshua Comenetz, Population Division, for his
thorough review. Reviewers from NIA provided valuable comments and constructive
suggestions, including: David Bloom, Harvard University; David Canning, Harvard
University; Somnath Chatterji, World Health Organization; Eileen Crimmins, University
of Southern California; Ronald D. Lee, University of California, Los Angeles, Berkeley;
Alyssa Lubet, Harvard University; Angela M. ORand, Duke University; John Romley,
University of Southern California; Amanda Sonnega, University of Michigan; and anonymous reviewers from NIA.
Statistical testing review was conducted by James Farber, Demographic Statistical
Methods Division. For cartographic work, the authors thank Steven G. Wilson and
John T. Fitzwater, Population Division.
Christine E. Geter of the Census Bureaus Public Information Office and Linda Chen
and Faye Brock of the Center for New Media and Promotion provided publication
management, graphics design and composition, and editorial review for print and electronic media. George E. Williams of the Census Bureau's Administrative and Customer
Services Division provided printing management.
Suggested Citation
Wan He, Daniel Goodkind, and Paul Kowal
U.S. Census Bureau,
International Population Reports, P95/16-1,
An Aging World: 2015,
U.S. Government Publishing Office,
Washington, DC,
2016.
ECONOMICS
AND STATISTICS
ADMINISTRATION
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Aging Trends 3
Growth of world's older population will continue to outpace that
of younger population over the next 35 years 3
Asia leads world regions in speed of aging and size of older
population 6
Africa is exceptionally young in 2015 and will remain so in the
foreseeable future 6
Worlds oldest countries mostly in Europe today, but some Asian
and Latin American countries are quickly catching up 9
The two population billionaires, China and India, are on drastically
different paths of aging 10
Some countries will experience a quadrupling of their oldest
population from 2015 to 2050 11
15
31
31
65
65
66
69
15
18
22
23
25
26
32
35
36
38
44
45
48
48
49
50
70
70
71
73
74
79
81
115
115
115
117
119
122
124
126
127
Chapter 8. Summary
Population growth
Health and health care
Work, retirement, and pensions
133
133
133
134
FIGURES
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
2-1.
2-2.
2-3.
2-4.
2-5.
2-6.
2-7.
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
3-1.
3-2.
3-3.
3-4.
3-5.
Figure 3-6.
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
3-7.
3-8.
3-9.
3-10.
3-11.
3-12.
3-13.
4-1.
4-2.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
5
5
8
8
10
.
.
.
.
.
12
15
17
19
19
20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
21
22
24
24
25
26
27
28
32
35
Figure 4-3. Drivers of Increase or Decrease in Life Expectancy at Age 60 by Sex, Region, and Income:
1980 to 2011 36
Figure 4-4. Life Expectancy (LE) and Healthy Life Years (HALE) at Age 65 by Sex for
Selected European Countries: 2012 37
Figure 4-5. Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Risk Factors Among People Aged 50 and Over
for Six Countries: 20072010 39
Figure 4-6. United States Healthy Life Expectancy at Age 65 by Sex and State: 20072009 40
Figure 4-7. Caloric Intake in Early Life and Diabetes in Later Life 43
Figure 4-8. Projected 2025 Deaths by Age, Income Level, and Projection Assumptions 44
Figure 4-9. Number of People Aged 50 and Over Living With HIV for Selected Regions: 1995 to 2013 47
Figure 4-10. Percentage With Comprehensive Knowledge About HIV and AIDS by Age and Country:
Selected Years 47
Figure 4-11. Activity of Daily Living Limitations by Age for the United States and England: 1998 to 2008 49
Figure 4-12. Well-Being and Happiness by Age and Sex in Four Regions: 20062010 51
Figure 4-13. Age Acceleration in Liver Tissue and BMI 53
Figure 5-1. Proportion of Quality Measures for Which Members of Selected Groups Experienced Better,
Same, or Worse Quality of Care Compared With Reference Group in the United States: 2011 69
Figure 5-2. Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditures as a Percentage of Household Income by Age Group
and Income Category in the United States: 2009 71
Figure 5-3. Predicted Quarterly Primary Care Costs by Time to Death and Age in Italy: 20062009 72
Figure 5-4. Source of Payment for Health Care Services by Type of Service for Medicare Enrollees
Aged 65 and Over in the United States: 2008 73
Figure 5-5. Financial Impacts of Having a Household Member Aged 50 and Over
in Six Middle-Income Countries: 20072010 74
Figure 5-6. Percentage Receiving Long-Term Care Among Population Aged 65 and Over
in Selected Countries: Circa 2011 75
Figure 5-7. Annual Growth Rate in Public Expenditure on Long-Term Care (LTC) in Institutions and at
Home in Selected Countries: 20052011 76
Figure 5-8. Cumulative Growth in Elder Care Homes in Selected Chinese Cities: 1952 to 2009 77
Figure 5-9. Percentage of Population Aged 50 and Over Who Report Being Informal Caregivers
in Selected European Countries: 2010 79
Figure 5-10. Percentage of Canadians Providing Care to Older Population or Receiving Care
by Age Group: 2014 80
Figure 5-11. Percentage of Women Among Informal Caregivers Aged 50 and Over
in Selected European Countries: 2010 81
Figure 6-1. Labor Force Participation Rates for Population Aged 65 and Over by Sex and World Region:
2010 Estimate and 2020 Projection 93
Figure 6-2. Labor Force Participation Rates for Population Aged 65 and Over
for Selected African Countries: 2011 94
Figure 6-3. Labor Force Participation Rates for Men Aged 65 and Over in More Developed Countries:
1990s and 2012 96
Figure 6-4. Labor Force Participation Rates for Women Aged 65 and Over in More Developed Countries:
1990s and 2012 97
Figure 6-5. Labor Force Participation Rates for Men Aged 65 and Over in Less Developed Countries:
1990s and 2012 98
Figure 6-6. Labor Force Participation Rates for Women Aged 65 and Over in Less Developed Countries:
1990s and 2012 99
Figure 6-7. Employment Status of Employed Men Aged 65 and Over by Country: 2013 100
Figure 6-8. Employment Status of Employed Women Aged 65 and Over by Country: 2013 101
Figure 6-9. Unemployment Rate for Men and Women Aged 65 and Over by Country: 2005 and 2013 102
Figure 6-10. Unemployment Rate for Men and Women Aged 55 to 64 and Over by Country:
2005 and 2013 103
Figure 6-11. Unemployment Rates for Population Aged 25 to 54 and Aged 65 and Over for Portugal,
South Korea, United Kingdom, and United States: 2000 to 2013 105
Figure 6-12. Work Plans After Retirement by Workers and Retirees for Selected Countries: 2013
Figure 6-13. Workers Who Are Not Confident About Having A Comfortable Lifestyle in Retirement
by Country: 2013
Figure 6-14. Workers Expectations Regarding Standard of Living in Retirement in the United States
by Generation: 2014
Figure 6-15. Percentage Distribution of Statutory Pensionable Age by Region and Sex: 2012/2014
Figure 7-1. Number of Countries With Public Old Age/Disability/Survivors Programs:
1940 to 2012/2014
Figure 7-2. Contribution Rates for Old Age Social Security Programs by Country and Contributor:
2012 and 2013
Figure 7-3. Proportion of Labor Force Covered by Public Pension Systems in Each Country: 20052012
Figure 7-4. Public Pension Net Replacement Rate for Median Earners by Country: 2013
Figure 7-5. Total Public Benefits to Population Aged 60 and Over as a Percentage of GDP:
2010 and 2040 Projection
Figure 7-6. Favored Options to Increase Sustainability of Government Pensions by Country: 2013
Figure 7-7. Percentage of Labor Force Contributing to Individual Account Pensions by Country:
2004 and 2009
Figure 7-8. Income Distribution for Population Aged 65 and Over by Source and Country: 2011
Figure 7-9. Average Income Tax Rate for Ages 1865 and Over Age 65 by Country: 2011
Figure 7-10. Poverty Rate for Total Population and Population Aged 65 and Over for OECD
Countries: 2010
Figure 7-11. Poverty Rate for Total Population and Population Aged 65 and Over for Latin America and the
Caribbean: 2005 to 2007
Figure 7-12. Poverty Rate Among Those Aged 60 and Over by Percentage Receiving Pension
in Latin America and the Caribbean: 2005 to 2007
106
107
108
109
115
116
117
119
120
121
123
125
126
127
128
129
TABLES
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
2-1.
2-2.
2-3.
3-1.
3-2.
4-1.
4-2.
4-3.
Table 4-4.
Table 4-5.
Table 4-6.
Table
Table
Table
Table
4-7.
5-1.
6-1.
6-2.
Table
Table
Table
Table
6-3.
7-1.
7-2.
7-3.
World Total Population and Population Aged 65 and Over by Sex: 2015, 2030, and 2050 3
Population Aged 65 and Over by Region: 2015, 2030, and 2050 6
Countries With Percentage of Population Aged 80 and Over Projected to Quadruple: 20102050 11
Ten Lowest and Highest Total Fertility Rates for African Countries: 2015, 2030, and 2050 18
Median Age by Sex and Region: 2015, 2030, and 2050 25
Age-Standardized Mortality Rates by Cause of Death, WHO Region, and Income Group: 2012 32
Life Expectancy at Birth by Sex for World Regions: 2015 and 2050 33
Countries With Highest and Lowest Life Expectancy at Birth by Sex in 2015
and Projected for 2050 34
GDP per Capita and Caloric Intake in Selected Countries and Areas: 1930s and 2000s 42
Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) Attributable to Chronic Noncommunicable
Diseases for World Population Aged 60 and Over: 1990 and 2010 45
Odds Ratios for Effect of Age, Sex, and Educational Attainment on Multimorbidity
for World Regions: 20022004 48
Disability Prevalence Rate by Age Group for Malawi: 2008 48
Country Distribution of Share of Population Without Legal Health Coverage by Region 66
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age and Sex in Selected Countries: 2012 92
Gender Gap in Labor Force Participation Rates for Population Aged 65 and Over
by Country: 1990s and 2012 95
Labor Force Participation Rates for Older Workers in Selected Countries: 2001 and 2011 99
Number and Percentage of Public Pension Systems by Type of Scheme and World Region 116
Characteristics of Latin American Individual Account Pensions: 2009 122
Population Aged 65 and Over in Poverty by Pension Status for Selected Countries
in Latin America and the Caribbean: 2005 to 2007 129
BOXES
Box
Box
Box
Box
Box
Box
Box
Box
Box
Box
1-1.
1-2.
2-1.
2-2.
3-1.
3-2.
4-1.
4-2.
4-3.
5-1.
Box
Box
Box
Box
Box
5-2.
6-1.
6-2.
7-1.
7-2.
APPENDIX TABLES
Table B-1.
Table B-2.
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
B-3.
B-4.
B-5.
B-6.
B-7.
Table B-8.
Total Population, Percentage Older, and Percentage Oldest Old: 1950, 1980, 2015, and 2050
Percentage Change in Population for Older Age Groups by Country: 2010 to 2030
and 2030 to 2050
Median Age: 2015, 2030, and 2050
Sex Ratio for Population 35 Years and Over by Age: 2015, 2030, and 2050
Dependency Ratios: 2015, 2030, and 2050
Life Expectancy at Birth, Age 65, and Age 80 by Sex for Selected Countries: 2015 and 2050
Deficits in Universal Health Protection: Share of Total Population Without Health Protection
by Country
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age, Sex, and Country: Selected Years, 1980 to 2012
137
140
144
148
152
156
157
160
CHAPTER 1.
Introduction
The world population continues to
grow older rapidly as fertility rates
have fallen to very low levels in
most world regions and people tend
to live longer. When the global population reached 7 billion in 2012,
562 million (or 8.0 percent) were
aged 65 and over. In 2015, 3 years
later, the older population rose by
55 million and the proportion of the
older population reached 8.5 percent of the total population.1 With
the post World War II baby boom
generation in the United States and
Europe joining the older ranks in
recent years and with the accelerated growth of older populations
in Asia and Latin America, the next
10 years will witness an increase
of about 236 million people aged
65 and older throughout the world.
Thereafter, from 2025 to 2050, the
older population is projected to
almost double to 1.6 billion globally, whereas the total population
will grow by just 34 percent over
the same period.
Yet the pace of aging has not been
uniform. A distinct feature of global
population aging is its uneven
speed across world regions and
development levels. Most of the
more developed countries in Europe
have been aging for decades, some
for over a century. In 2015, 1 in 6
people in the world live in a more
developed country, but more than a
third of the world population aged
65 and older and over half of the
world population aged 85 and older
live in these countries. The older
populations in more developed
1
Definitions of the older population,
youth, and working age vary across the world
because of differences in age distribution. For
the purpose of this report, unless specified
otherwise, older population refers to those
aged 65 and over, youth refers to those
under age 20, and working-age population
refers to ages 20 to 64.
Box 1-1.
Box 1-2.
CHAPTER 2.
Aging Trends
The world population is aging
rapidly. Today the older population
(aged 65 and over) represents 7
percent or more of the total population in many parts of the world
one notable exception is Africa and
parts of Asia, and Latin America
and the Caribbean (Figure 2-1). By
2050, only 33 countries are projected to have an older population
comprising less than 7 percent of
their total population, a substantial
reduction from 115 such countries
in 2015. At the same time, the
share of the older population will
exceed 21 percent in 94 countries,
including 39 countries with 28 percent or more of their total population being older.
The demographic phenomenon of
population aging is known to many,
although the variation and diversity
might surprise some. How fast will
the older populations in the world
grow in the next few decades?
What are the similarities and differences among world regions? Which
regions or countries are projected
to age the fastest? Conversely,
which regions or countries will not
experience population-aging pressure in the near future?
GROWTH OF WORLDS
OLDER POPULATION WILL
CONTINUE TO OUTPACE
THAT OF YOUNGER
POPULATION OVER THE
NEXT 35 YEARS
1
Data for population shares aged 65 and
over and under age 5 for 1950 to 2050 come
from the United Nations, 2013.
Table 2-1.
World Total Population and Population Aged 65 and Over by Sex: 2015, 2030, and 2050
(Numbers in millions)
Year
2015. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2030. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2050. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total population
Both sexes
Male
Female
Both sexes
Male
Female
Both sexes
Male
Female
7,253.3
8,315.8
9,376.4
3,652.0
4,176.7
4,681.7
3,601.3
4,139.1
4,694.7
617.1
998.7
1,565.8
274.9
445.2
698.5
342.2
553.4
867.3
8.5
12.0
16.7
7.5
10.7
14.9
9.5
13.4
18.5
Figure 2-1.
2050
Percent
28.0 or more
21.0 to 27.9
14.0 to 20.9
7.0 to 13.9
Less than 7.0
World percent
2015: 8.5
2050: 16.7
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013, 2014a, 2014b; International Data Base, U.S. population estimates, and U.S. population projections.
Figure 2-2.
(In millions)
2024
4,186
2,554
019
2,450
1,566
65 and over
617
447
80 and over
126
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Figure 2-3.
Percent
16
14
Under 5
12
10
8
6
4
65 and over
2
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
AFRICA IS EXCEPTIONALLY
YOUNG IN 2015 AND
WILL REMAIN SO IN THE
FORESEEABLE FUTURE
Unlike all other regions, Africa,
the youngest region, is still largely
in the early stages of the demographic transition with high fertility
rates and a young age structure,
especially in Western, Middle, and
some Eastern African countries.
The vast majority of African countries today have less than 5 percent of the total population aged
65 and over, and in 21 countries
the share is 3 percent or less (e.g.,
Ethiopia, 2.9 percent and Uganda,
2.0 percent).
Table 2-2.
2015
2030
2050
2015
2030
2050
40.6
341.4
129.6
47.0
53.9
4.6
70.3
587.3
169.1
82.5
82.4
7.0
150.5
975.3
196.8
139.2
94.6
9.5
3.5
7.9
17.4
7.6
15.1
12.5
4.4
12.1
22.8
11.8
20.7
16.2
6.7
18.8
27.8
18.6
21.4
19.5
Box 2-1.
Figure 2-4.
Millions
Africa
1,400
1,200
1,000
Asia
800
600
400
Europe
200
Latin America
and the Caribbean
Northern America/
Oceania
0
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Figure 2-5.
2015
Northern
America/
Oceania
9.5%
Africa
6.6%
Latin
America
and
the Caribbean
8.9%
Europe
12.6%
Latin
America
and
the Caribbean
7.6%
Europe
21.0%
Northern
America/
Oceania
6.6%
Asia
55.3%
Africa
9.6%
Asia
62.3%
WORLDS OLDEST
COUNTRIES MOSTLY IN
EUROPE TODAY, BUT
SOME ASIAN AND LATIN
AMERICAN COUNTRIES ARE
QUICKLY CATCHING UP
The percentage of the population
aged 65 and over in 2015 ranged
from a high of 26.6 percent for
Japan to a low of around 1 percent for Qatar and United Arab
Emirates. Of the worlds 25 oldest
countries and areas in 2015, 22
are in Europe, with Germany or
Italy leading the ranks of European
countries for many years (Kinsella
and He, 2009), including currently
(Figure 2-6).3 In 2050, Slovenia and
Bulgaria are projected to be the oldest European countries.
Japan, however, is currently the
oldest nation in the world and is
projected to retain this position
through at least 2050. With the
rapid aging taking place in Asia,
South Korea, Hong Kong, and
Taiwan will join Japan at the top
of the list of oldest countries and
areas by 2050, when more than
one-third of these Asian countries
total populations are projected
to be aged 65 and over. The oftmentioned European countries,
such as Germany and Italy, while
3
The list of 25 oldest countries and
areas includes countries and areas with a
total population of at least 1 million in 2015.
Some small areas/jurisdictions have high
proportions of older residents. For example,
in 2015, 30.4 percent of all residents of the
European principality of Monaco were aged
65 and over, and the share is projected to
reach 59 percent by 2050.
4
See Chapter 3 for more discussion on
fertility and population aging.
Figure 2-6.
Europe
Northern America
Japan
Japan
Germany
South Korea
Italy
Hong Kong
Greece
Taiwan
Finland
Slovenia
Sweden
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Estonia
Austria
Greece
Belgium
Estonia
Lithuania
Portugal
Poland
Denmark
Romania
France
Latvia
Slovenia
Spain
Croatia
Italy
Hungary
Portugal
Czech Republic
Puerto Rico
Netherlands
Austria
Switzerland
Germany
Canada
Slovakia
Spain
Hungary
United Kingdom
Croatia
Serbia
Ukraine
Latvia
Czech Republic
Puerto Rico
Serbia
0
10
20
30
40
Percentage of population aged 65 and over
0
10
20
30
40
Percentage of population aged 65 and over
2015
2050
Note: The list includes countries and areas with a total population of at least 1 million in 2015.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013; International Data Base.
SOME COUNTRIES
WILL EXPERIENCE A
QUADRUPLING OF THEIR
OLDEST POPULATION FROM
2015 TO 2050
Table 2-3.
Box 2-2.
Number of Years for Percentage Aged 65 and Older in Total Population to Triple:
Selected Countries
(Number of years)
France (18652022)
115
Sweden (18902015)
85
55
73
69
Spain (19472028)
27
53
Poland (19662024)
13
45
26
16
21
17
38
Tunisia (20072044)
24
13
37
Japan (19702007)
25
12
80
58
37
Thailand (20032038)
21
14 6 35
China (20012035)
23
11 6 34
18
81
42
Brazil (20122050)
99
89
20
36
125
100
26
45
Hungary (19412021)
Chile (19992041)
40
45
Australia (19382037)
157
42
9 5 27
Sources: Kinsella and Gist, 1995; U.S. Census Bureau, 2013, 2014a, 2014b; International Data Base, U.S. population estimates,
and U.S. population projections.
Chapter 2 References
Arias, Elizabeth. 2014. United
States Life Tables, 2010.
National Vital Statistics Reports
63/7. Hyattsville, MD: National
Center for Health Statistics.
Bongaarts, John. 2008. Fertility
Transitions in Developing
Countries: Progress or
Stagnation? Population Council
Poverty, Gender, and Youth
Working Paper 7.
Butler, Robert N. 2002. Guest
Editorial: Report and
Commentary From Madrid:
The United Nations World
Assembly on Ageing. Journal
of Gerontology: Medical Sciences
57/12: M770-M771.
Canning, David. 2011. The
Causes and Consequences of
the Demographic Transition.
Harvard University Program on
the Global Demography of Aging
Working Paper 79.
Cleland, John, James F. Phillips,
Sajeda Amin, and G. M. Kamal.
1994. The Determinants
of Reproductive Change in
Bangladesh: Success in a
Challenging Environment.
Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Ezeh, Alex C., Blessing U. Mberu,
and Jacques O. Emina. 2009.
Stall in Fertility Decline in
Eastern African Countries:
Regional analysis of patterns,
determinants, and implications.
Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society B 364: 29913007.
CHAPTER 3.
1
The total fertility rate (TFR) is defined as
the average number of children that would be
born per woman if all women lived to the end
of their childbearing years and bore children
according to a given set of age-specific
fertility rates.
Figure 3-1.
2030
2050
4.4
3.5
2.8
2.1
2.1
2.0 1.9
1.6 1.6 1.7
Africa
Asia
Europe
1.9
1.8
Latin America
and the Caribbean
Northern
America
2.2
2.0
1.8
Oceania
Box 3-1.
Figure 3-2.
2050
80 and over
75 to 79
80 and over
Male
75 to 79
Female
70 to 74
70 to 74
65 to 69
65 to 69
60 to 64
60 to 64
55 to 59
55 to 59
50 to 54
50 to 54
45 to 49
45 to 49
40 to 44
40 to 44
35 to 39
35 to 39
30 to 34
30 to 34
25 to 29
25 to 29
20 to 24
20 to 24
15 to 19
15 to 19
10 to 14
10 to 14
5 to 9
5 to 9
0 to 4
80
Male
Female
0 to 4
60
40
20
20
40
60
80
80
60
Millions
40
20
20
40
60
80
Millions
FERTILITY DECLINES IN
AFRICA BUT MAJORITY OF
AFRICAN COUNTRIES STILL
HAVE ABOVE REPLACEMENT
LEVEL FERTILITY IN 2050
Africas current regional TFR stands
at 4.4, more than twice the replacement level. Nevertheless, Africa
has experienced fertility decline in
the last 15 years. At the turn of the
twenty-first century, two-thirds (34)
of African countries had a TFR at
or above 5, with the TFR exceeding 7 in a few of these countries
(Uganda, 7.1; Somalia and Mali,
7.2; Niger, 8.0). In 2015, 15 years
later, the fertility decline has
reduced the number of countries
with above 5 TFR to 13, and 22
other countries have a TFR between
4 and 5. In another 15 years, 2030,
it is projected that only Burundi will
maintain a fertility level above 5
and the number of countries with
a TFR between 4 and 5 will decline
to 14.
Africas fertility decline will continue into the middle of the century. However, it is projected that
by 2050, two-thirds of African
countries will still have a TFR
higher than 2.1. Demographers
(Caldwell, Orubuloye, and Caldwell,
1992) point out the different path
of fertility transition followed in
Africa (African exceptionalism)
compared with the rest of the
world. They posit that the slow
fertility decline in Africa is the
result of the still high ideal family
size, stemming from the distinctive pronatalist cultural norms of
Table 3-1.
2030
2050
Mauritius. . . . . . . .
Tunisia. . . . . . . . . .
Libya . . . . . . . . . . .
Morocco. . . . . . . . .
Namibia. . . . . . . . .
South Africa. . . . . .
Cabo Verde. . . . . .
Botswana. . . . . . . .
Lesotho. . . . . . . . .
Algeria. . . . . . . . . .
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.7
2.8
Mauritius. . . . . . . .
Namibia. . . . . . . . .
Tunisia. . . . . . . . . .
Libya . . . . . . . . . . .
Morocco. . . . . . . . .
South Africa. . . . . .
Botswana. . . . . . . .
Kenya. . . . . . . . . . .
Algeria. . . . . . . . . .
Swaziland . . . . . . .
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.2
Mauritius. . . . . . . .
Namibia. . . . . . . . .
Tunisia. . . . . . . . . .
Algeria. . . . . . . . . .
Kenya. . . . . . . . . . .
Libya . . . . . . . . . . .
Morocco. . . . . . . . .
South Africa. . . . . .
Botswana. . . . . . . .
Swaziland . . . . . . .
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
Mozambique . . . . .
South Sudan. . . . .
Angola. . . . . . . . . .
Zambia. . . . . . . . . .
Burkina Faso. . . . .
Uganda . . . . . . . . .
Somalia. . . . . . . . .
Mali . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burundi . . . . . . . . .
Niger . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.7
5.9
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.1
6.8
Nigeria. . . . . . . . . .
Mali . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mozambique . . . . .
Angola. . . . . . . . . .
Uganda . . . . . . . . .
Somalia. . . . . . . . .
Niger . . . . . . . . . . .
Burkina Faso. . . . .
Zambia. . . . . . . . . .
Burundi . . . . . . . . .
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.7
4.8
5.0
5.3
Tanzania . . . . . . . .
Nigeria. . . . . . . . . .
Gabon. . . . . . . . . .
Angola. . . . . . . . . .
Mozambique . . . . .
Rwanda. . . . . . . . .
Burkina Faso. . . . .
Sierra Leone . . . . .
Zambia. . . . . . . . . .
Burundi . . . . . . . . .
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.9
4.1
Notes: Total fertility rate is the average number of children that would be born per woman if all women
lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given set of age-specific fertility
rates.
The list includes countries with a total population of at least 1 million in 2015.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013; International Data Base.
Figure 3-3.
Male 2050
Male 2015
Female 2015
Female 2050
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
6
0
Millions
Figure 3-4.
Male 2050
Male 2015
Female 2015
Female 2050
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Millions
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Box 3-2.
Figure 3-5.
5 or more
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
0
20
40
Percent
60
80
100
Note: The population with 0 surviving children includes those who never had any children and those who have outlived their children.
Source: Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, release 2.5.0, May 2011.
for those who are very old and have no partners. Traditionally, children are the mainstay of old age support, especially when only one parent is still living. However, people are not only living longer but also having fewer children,
with rising childlessness among the older people (Albertini and Mencarini, 2014; Hayford, 2013; Rowland, 2007).
Thus new challenges arise: Who will provide help and care to the childless older people? On what support networks
can they rely? And, what role does the state play in care provision?
Today about 10 percent of the population aged 50 and over in Europe are childless, according to data from the
Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (see Brsch-Supan et al., 2011 for details), ranging from 5 to
15 percent in individual countries (Figure 3-5; also see Hank and Wagner, 2013). Childless elders in this study are
defined as those who never had any children and those who have outlived their children (3 percent of the childless
people aged 50 and older).
Family and intergenerational relations play an important role for support in old age. Older parents in need typically
receive the most help from their children. In the absence of children, vital support for older persons has been taken
over by public providers in many countries in Europe. In countries with low social service provision such as Italy,
Spain, and Poland, older people are thus likely to experience a lack of help (Deindl and Brandt, 2011), especially
when childless and dependent on care. Childless elders also often receive care by extended family, friends, and
neighbors (Deindl and Brandt, 2014).
Compared with those who have children, childless older people in need of care (with at least one limitation in
instrumental activities of daily living) are more likely to receive any support (Figure 3-6). With regard to the type
of support (formal, informal, or
both), childless older people are
Figure 3-6.
more likely than their counterparts
Type of Support Received by People Aged 50 and
to receive formal and combined
Over in Selected European Countries by Child Status:
support. Older parents, however,
20062007
on average receive more help
(In percent)
hours from their children and
their broader social network such
56.7
as family, friends, and neighbors
None
(Deindl and Brandt, 2014).
64.7
The provision of formal care is
of great importance not only for
childless older people but also
for older parents whose children
live far away. It will likely become
even more important in the future
when the number of available family helpers is expected to further
decline, due to fewer siblings and
children and greater living distances between family members.
In developed welfare states, social
networks and services work hand
in hand, and likely leading to a
higher quantity and better quality
of support for older people without
children who are especially dependent on formal care arrangements.
22.5
Informal
23.0
Childless
Formal
10.1
Have children
6.2
Both
10.8
6.2
Notes: This figure includes only older people with limitations in Activities of Daily Living
(ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL).
Aggregate data are based on the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,
Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.
Source: Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, release 2.5.0, May 2011.
Figure 3-7.
China
19.7 (15.5%)
12.5 (8.8%)
10.4 (23.7%)
9.3 (11.5%)
SOME COUNTRIES TO
EXPERIENCE SIMULTANEOUS
POPULATION AGING AND
POPULATION DECLINE
European demographers have
warned for decades about the
possibility of declining total
population size accompanying
population aging in some European
countries, due to their persistent
lowest-low fertility levels (Kohler,
Billari, and Ortega, 2002). In
some European countries, such as
Belarus, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia,
and Ukraine, population decline
started 2 decades ago.
Interestingly, a list of countries
projected to experience a population decline of at least 1 million
Demographic dividend refers to
accelerated economic growth as a result of
fertility and mortality declines and subsequent lower dependency ratios. For more
information on the demographic dividend,
see Bloom, Canning, and Sevilla, 2003.
3
For more discussion on possible
overestimates of the pace of Sub-Saharan
Africas future fertility decline, and thus
underestimates of the growth of children,
see Eastwood and Lipton (2011) and
UNICEF (2014).
2
Japan
Russia
Ukraine
Germany
6.2 (16.2%)
Poland
5.7 (11.7%)
South
Korea
3.6 (16.6%)
Romania
2.6 (11.0%)
Taiwan
2.2 (32.3%)
Bulgaria
1.9 (2.8%)
Thailand
1.9 (17.0%)
Cuba
1.4 (14.2%)
Hungary
1.3 (18.2%)
Serbia
1.3 (36.2%)
Moldova
1.3 (13.0%)
Belarus
COMPOSITION OF
DEPENDENCY RATIO
WILL CONTINUE TO
SHIFT TOWARD OLDER
DEPENDENCY
The total dependency ratio is the
sum of the older dependency ratio
and the youth dependency ratio.
The older dependency ratio in this
report is defined as the number of
people aged 65 and over per 100
people of working ages 20 to 64,
and the youth dependency ratio is
the number of people aged 0 to 19
per 100 people aged 20 to 64. The
working ages of 20 to 64 are used
here with the acknowledgment that
world regions and countries differ
vastly in youngest working age and
retirement age.
Dependency ratios provide a gross
estimate of the pressure on the
productive population, and offer an
indication of a societys caregiving
burden by estimating the potential
Figure 3-8.
100
80
60
40
20
0
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Note: The older dependency ratio is the number of people aged 65 and over per 100 people aged 20 to 64. The youth dependency ratio
is the number of people aged 0 to 19 per 100 people aged 20 to 64.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013; International Data Base.
Figure 3-9.
Dependency Ratios for Indonesia and Zambia: 1980, 2015, and 2050
Youth dependency ratio
Older dependency ratio
Indonesia
Zambia
180
180
160
160
140
140
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
1980
2015
2050
1980
2015
2050
Note: The older dependency ratio is the number of people aged 65 and over per 100 people aged 20 to 64. The youth dependency ratio
is the number of people aged 0 to 19 per 100 people aged 20 to 64.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013; International Data Base.
Figure 3-10.
Countries With Lowest or Highest Median Age in 2015: 2015, 2030, and 2050
60
2015
Years
2030
2050
50
40
30
20
10
0
Niger
Uganda
Mali
Zambia Mozambique
Greece
Slovenia
Italy
Germany
Japan
Note: Median age for the years 2015, 2030, and 2050 is shown for the five countries with the lowest and highest median age as of 2015.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013; International Data Base.
Table 3-2.
Both sexes
Male
Female
2015
2030
2050
2015
2030
2050
2015
2030
2050
19.7
30.6
41.6
29.1
38.1
34.0
22.0
35.7
45.3
34.4
40.0
36.8
26.0
40.5
47.1
40.6
41.1
40.0
19.4
29.9
39.7
28.2
36.8
33.5
21.7
34.9
43.4
33.3
38.8
36.1
25.6
39.6
44.8
39.2
39.8
39.1
19.9
31.3
43.4
30.0
39.5
34.6
22.3
36.6
47.2
35.5
41.3
37.5
26.4
41.5
49.6
42.1
42.4
41.0
Figure 3-11.
Difference Between Female and Male Populations by Age in the United States: 2010
Age
85 and over
80 to 84
75 to 79
70 to 74
65 to 69
60 to 64
55 to 59
50 to 54
45 to 49
More male
More female
40 to 44
35 to 39
30 to 34
25 to 29
20 to 24
15 to 19
10 to 14
5 to 9
0 to 4
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Millions
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2011; 2010 Census.
Figure 3-12.
Sex Ratio for World Total Population and Older Age Groups: 2015
101.4
80.3
74.9
68.4
60.5
50.6
39.6
30.1
22.5
Total
65+
70+
75+
80+
85+
90+
95+
100+
Figure 3-13.
Sex Ratios for Population Aged 65 and Over for Bangladesh and Russia:
1990 to 2050
120
100
Bangladesh
80
60
Russia
40
20
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Chapter 3 References
African Development Bank Group.
2012. Africas Demographic
Trends. Briefing Notes for
AfDBs Long-Term Strategy,
Briefing Note 4.
Albertini, Marco and Letizia
Mencarini. 2014. Childlessness
and Support Networks in Later
Life: New Pressures on Familistic
Welfare States? Journal of
Family Issues 35/3: 331357.
Bloom, David E., David Canning,
and Jaypee Sevilla. 2003. The
Demographic Dividend: A New
Perspective on the Economic
Consequences of Population
Change. Santa Monica, CA:
RAND.
Bongaarts, John and John
Casterline. 2013. Fertility
Transition: Is Sub-Saharan Africa
Different? Population and
Development Review 38
/Supplement: 153168.
Brsch-Supan, Axel H. and
Alexander Ludwig. 2010. Old
Europe Ages: Reforms and
Reform Backlashes. National
Bureau of Economic Research
Working Paper 15744.
Brsch-Supan, Axel H., Martina
Brandt, Karsten Hank, and
Mathis Schroder (eds.). 2011.
The Individual and the Welfare
State: Life Histories in Europe.
Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.
Cai, Yong. 2010. Chinas
Below-Replacement Fertility:
Government Policy or
Socioeconomic Development?
Population and Development
Review 36/3: 419440.
CHAPTER 4.
DEATHS FROM
NONCOMMUNICABLE
DISEASES RISING
The world average age of death
has increased by 35 years since
1970, with declines in death rates
in all age groups, including those
aged 60 and older (Institute for
Health Metrics and Evaluation,
2013; Mathers et al., 2015). From
1970 to 2010, the average age of
death increased by 30 years in East
Asia and 32 years in tropical Latin
America, and in contrast, by less
than 10 years in western, southern, and central Sub-Saharan Africa
(Institute for Health Metrics and
Evaluation, 2013; Figure 4-1).1
The leading causes of death
are shifting, in part because of
1
These geographic areas are defined by
the World Health Organization.
Figure 4-1.
Mean Age of Death in Global Burden of Disease Regions: 1970 and 2010
80
70
Western
Europe
Australasia
60
50
Central Europe
High-income
Asia Pacific
40
Caribbean
East Asia
30
Oceania
South Asia
Central
sub-Saharan Africa
20
Southeast Asia
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Table 4-1.
Communicable
diseases
Noncommunicable
diseases
Injuries
178
539
73
WHO Region
Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Americas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South-East Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eastern Mediterranean. . . . . . .
Western Pacific. . . . . . . . . . . . .
683
63
232
45
214
56
652
437
656
496
654
499
116
62
99
49
91
50
Income Group
Low income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lower-middle income . . . . . . . .
Upper-middle income . . . . . . . .
High income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
502
272
75
34
625
673
558
397
104
99
59
44
Note: Region refers to World Health Organization regional grouping. Income groupings refer to World
Bank analytical income of economies for fiscal year 2014.
Source: World Health Organization, 2014.
Table 4-2.
Both sexes
Female
2050
2015
2050
2015
2050
68.6
59.2
71.0
77.3
74.5
79.9
76.7
76.2
71.0
78.5
82.1
80.3
84.1
80.7
66.6
57.6
69.1
73.7
71.6
77.4
74.4
73.7
68.7
76.0
78.8
77.3
81.9
78.2
70.7
60.7
73.0
81.1
77.6
82.2
79.2
78.8
73.4
81.1
85.5
83.5
86.2
83.4
Male
2015
Table 4-3.
Countries With Highest and Lowest Life Expectancy at Birth by Sex in 2015 and Projected
for 2050
(In percent)
Life expectancy at birth
Country
2015
2050
Both sexes
Male
Female
Both sexes
Male
Female
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Macau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hong Kong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jordan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Korea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Taiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84.7
84.7
84.5
82.9
82.5
82.2
82.1
82.0
81.8
81.8
81.7
81.6
81.4
81.2
81.1
80.7
80.6
80.5
80.5
80.4
80.3
80.1
80.0
80.0
81.4
82.1
81.6
80.2
80.2
79.7
79.5
80.1
79.2
78.7
79.7
78.6
79.1
79.1
79.0
78.4
78.3
79.1
78.4
77.8
77.4
76.9
77.0
76.9
88.3
87.5
87.6
85.8
84.9
84.7
84.9
84.0
84.5
85.0
83.8
84.8
83.7
83.5
83.2
83.1
83.0
82.1
82.8
83.2
83.4
83.4
83.3
83.3
91.6
91.6
85.1
84.4
84.2
84.1
84.1
84.0
83.9
83.9
83.9
83.8
83.8
83.7
83.6
83.4
83.4
83.4
83.4
83.3
83.3
83.2
84.2
83.1
88.4
88.7
82.2
81.6
81.6
81.4
81.3
81.5
81.1
80.9
81.4
80.9
81.1
81.1
81.1
80.8
80.7
81.1
80.8
80.6
80.3
80.1
81.5
80.1
95.0
94.6
88.1
87.4
87.0
86.9
87.0
86.6
86.8
87.0
86.5
86.9
86.5
86.4
86.3
86.2
86.2
85.8
86.1
86.3
86.4
86.3
87.1
86.3
Rwanda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congo (Brazzaville). . . . . . . . . . .
Liberia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cote dIvoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cameroon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congo (Kinshasa). . . . . . . . . . . .
Angola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burkina Faso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Botswana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malawi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nigeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesotho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zambia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gabon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Somalia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Central African Republic. . . . . . .
Namibia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Afghanistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guinea-Bissau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59.7
58.8
58.6
58.3
57.9
57.8
57.1
56.9
55.6
55.3
55.1
55.1
54.9
54.2
53.5
53.0
52.9
52.9
52.2
52.0
52.0
51.8
51.6
51.1
50.9
50.2
49.8
49.7
58.1
57.6
56.9
57.2
56.6
55.2
56.5
55.4
54.5
53.5
53.1
53.9
53.5
56.0
52.7
52.0
52.8
52.2
50.5
51.6
49.9
50.5
52.1
51.6
49.5
48.2
48.6
50.7
61.3
60.0
60.3
59.5
59.3
60.4
57.6
58.5
56.8
57.3
57.2
56.4
56.4
52.3
54.4
54.1
53.0
53.7
53.8
52.5
54.1
53.2
51.2
50.5
52.3
52.3
51.0
48.7
72.0
71.1
70.7
69.7
72.0
70.2
67.2
70.2
69.2
68.4
67.8
68.2
67.8
61.6
65.3
68.1
72.3
70.8
64.5
62.1
65.5
65.5
57.8
61.4
64.5
63.5
63.4
63.2
69.6
69.0
68.3
68.0
69.7
67.1
66.9
67.8
67.1
65.7
65.1
66.1
65.6
64.8
64.0
66.0
71.5
69.0
62.5
61.6
62.6
63.5
60.1
63.0
62.2
61.0
61.7
64.1
74.4
73.2
73.2
71.4
74.4
73.3
67.5
72.7
71.5
71.1
70.5
70.5
70.0
58.4
66.5
70.3
73.2
72.7
66.7
62.6
68.5
67.7
55.5
59.8
66.9
66.2
65.1
62.3
Note: Life expectancy at birth for 2015 and 2050 is shown for countries with the highest and lowest life expectancy at birth as of 2015.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013; International Data Base.
Figure 4-2.
Male
2015
25.2
24.9
24.5
22.4
20.6
20.2
20.0
19.0
22.5
19.0
11.0
Singapore
Macau
30.6
25.0
Japan
Switzerland Australia
25.5
Afghanistan GuineaBissau
25.3
11.7
12.8
Mali
13.1
11.7
Burkina
Faso
11.7
12.8
Somalia
24.3
24.4
20.2
20.1
13.0
Singapore
2050
30.3
20.7
Japan
Female
Macau
South
Korea
Switzerland
15.0
13.5
15.6
Afghanistan Somalia
16.2
13.5
GuineaBissau
16.0
13.7
Mali
13.8
15.7
Chad
Note: Life expectancy estimates are derived from population estimates and projections produced for over 220 countries by the
U.S. Census Bureau. For methodology, see <www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/estandproj.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013; unpublished lifetables.
Figure 4-3.
Years
Tobaccoattributable
deaths
Communicable
diseases
Cancers
Cardiovascular
disease and
diabetes
Chronic
respiratory
diseases
Other
noncommunicable diseases
Injuries
0
Men
Men
1
Women
Women
Middle-income
countries of Europe
Men
Women
High-income
countries
Note: Tobacco-attributable deaths for specific disease causes are subtracted from the disease cause categories and shown as a
single cause group. Thus, for example, the category labeled "Cancers" excludes tobacco-caused cancers.
Source: Mathers et al., 2015. Adapted from Figure 2.
Figure 4-4.
Life Expectancy (LE) and Healthy Life Years (HALE) at Age 65 by Sex for
Selected European Countries: 2012
HALE
HALE
LE for men
LE for women
France
Spain
Switzerland
Italy
Finland
Iceland
Luxembourg
Portugal
Austria
Belgium
Germany
Sweden
Slovenia
Ireland
Norway
Netherlands
Malta
Greece
United Kingdom
Estonia
Denmark
Poland
Lithuania
Czech Republic
Croatia
Slovakia
Latvia
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
25
20
15
10
10
15
20
25
Years
Note: HALE is the average number of years that a person can expect to live in full health by taking into account years lived in less
than full health due to disease and/or injury.
Source: European Commission, 2014; Eurostat.
Figure 4-5.
1 risk factor
2 risk factors
3 risk factors
4 risk factors
5 risk factors
6 risk factors
China
Ghana
India
Mexico
Russia
South Africa
0
10
20
30
40
50
Percent
60
70
80
90
100
Note: Risk factors include current daily tobacco use, frequent heavy drinking, hypertension, insufficient vegetable and fruit intake,
low level of physical activity, and obesity.
Source: Wu et al., 2015. Adapted from Figure 2.
Figure 4-6.
United States Healthy Life Expectancy at Age 65 by Sex and State: 20072009
(In years)
Men
Women
Years
DC
15.0 or more
14.3 to 14.9
13.1 to 14.2
Fewer than 13.1
DC
State average
Male: 12.9
Female: 14.8
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013. Adapted from Figure 1.
Box 4-1.
countries that experienced a more gradual mortality decline (countries labeled A and B), or countries that did
not experience significant mortality decline (countries labeled E). Being born into a country that experienced
rapidly increasing life expectancy during the 1940s (labeled C and D) increased the odds of adult diabetes by
61 percent to 72 percent and of adult obesity by 46 percent to 53 percent (McEniry, 2014). Even though the
numbers in the graph for diabetes are self-reported and are probably underestimated, especially for low- and
middle-income countries, the prevalence of diabetes in C and D countries is higher now than what appeared
historically in more developed countries (labeled A) (Wilkerson and Krall, 1947; Gordon, 1964; Garca-Palmieri
et al., 1970; Hadden and Harris, 1987; Harris et al., 1998). With more accurate information about the prevalence of diabetes, the steepness of the line would most likely increase, suggesting a larger contrast between
middle- and high-income countries. The rapid demographic changes between the 1930s and the 1960s may
help explain these health patterns and predict what is to come for adults in low-income countries born in the
1950s and 1960s.
Two avenues of research hold promise in further examining early life conditions and older adult health. The
epigenetic basis for disease may lead to developing future therapeutic approaches to prevent or address disease. Epigenetic patterns may also provide clearer evidence about lifetime health risks resulting from exposures that occur in utero and in childhood (Horvath, 2013; Lillycrop et al., 2014). On the other hand, emerging interest in using genomic data with social science survey data may provide a better understanding of how
genes and early life environment combine to influence adult health. Recent evidence shows that poor early
life conditions can impact gene expression at older ages (Levine et al., 2015). Both research avenues have the
potential to lead to informed health policy that benefits those exposed to poor early life conditions.
Table 4-4.
Income group
2000s
Barbados. . . . . . . . . . . .
England. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Netherlands. . . . . . . . . .
Puerto Rico. . . . . . . . . .
Taiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United States. . . . . . . . .
1,815
5,441
5,603
815
1,150
6,231
Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . .
Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Costa Rica. . . . . . . . . . .
Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Africa. . . . . . . . . .
Uruguay. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bangladesh. . . . . . . . . .
China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ghana. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . .
Country
Caloric intake
1930s
2000s
High
High
High
High
High
High
N
3,005
2,958
2,219
2,153
3,249
3,025
3,370
3,215
N
N
3,732
4,080
1,048
2,859
1,626
1,505
1,618
2,247
4,301
Upper middle
Upper middle
Upper middle
Upper middle
Upper middle
Upper middle
Upper middle
Upper middle
3,275
2,552
2,481
2,014
2,918
1,909
2,300
2,902
3,272
2,885
2,806
2,804
3,051
3,172
2,886
2,831
659
568
878
726
1,141
Low
Lower middle
Low
Lower middle
Lower middle
2,021
2,201
2,311
2,021
2,040
2,125
2,908
2,596
2,314
2,498
N Not available.
Note: GDP per capita is expressed in 1990 international dollars. Income group reflects World Bank
categories. Puerto Rico was classified as high income due to its relationship with the United States. Caloric
intake is daily caloric intake per capita.
Source: McEniry, 2014. Adapted from Table 1.1 and Table 2.1.
Figure 4-7.
25
C. Costa Rica
D. Mexico
20
D. Mexico-SAGE
D. Brazil
D. Mexico-MHAS
C. Taiwan
E. Bangladesh
15
A. US-HRS
C. Chile
B. Uruguay
B. Cuba
C. South Africa
A. US-WLS
D. Russia
10
A. Netherlands
E. China-SAGE
E. China-CLHLS
B. Argentina
A. UK
E. India
E. China-CHNS
E. Indonesia
0
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
Calories
Notes:
A = more developed countries, experiencing earlier and gradual mortality decline (beginning or prior to mid 20th century)
B = less developed countries, experiencing earlier and more gradual mortality decline (early to mid 20th century)
C = less developed countries, experiencing later and more rapid mortality decline (around 1930s)
D = less developed countries, experiencing later and more rapid mortality decline (around 1940s)
E = less developed countries, experiencing very late rapid mortality decline (after 1950s)
CLHLS = Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey
CHNS = China Health and Nutrition Study
HRS = Health and Retirement Study
MHAS = Mexican Health and Aging Study
SAGE = Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health
WLS = Wisconsin Longitudinal Study
For a complete listing of surveys used in the figure, see McEniry, 2014.
Source: McEniry, 2014. Adapted from Figure 4.2.
CHANGE IS POSSIBLE!
The good news is that large-scale
chronic disease prevention is possible, resulting in gains in both population health and wealth (Bloom et
al., 2011; Capewell and OFlaherty,
2011; Ezzati and Riboli, 2012;
Franco et al., 2013). Modification or
elimination of health risk factors,
even for men and women aged
75 and older, can add years to life
(Rizzuto et al., 2012). The benefits
of risk factor modification are most
clear for control of hypertension
and high cholesterol in older adults
(Prince et al., 2014). High-income
countries are doing better at treatment for these chronic diseases
than middle-income countries
(Crimmins, Garcia, and Kim, 2011;
Lloyd-Sherlock et al., 2014).
While significant health gains can
be realized from changes in risks
at older ages, changes earlier in life
will compound the benefits (Sabia et
al., 2012; Danaei et al., 2013; Wong
et al., 2015). Current projections for
reduction of the major risk factors,
including smoking and obesity,
show the potential benefit of the
resulting decrease in deaths (see
Figure 4-8) from four main NCDs
(cardiovascular diseases, chronic
respiratory diseases, cancers, and
diabetes) and is likely an underestimate of the full impact (Kontis et al.,
2014; Carter et al., 2015).
Figure 4-8.
Aged 70+
High-income countries
Number of deaths in 2010
At 2010 death rate
Business-as-usual trend
Achieving targets for risk factors
Achieving more
ambitious tobacco use target
0
10
20
Millions
30
40
30
40
10
20
Millions
Table 4-5.
1990
2010
Number
Percent of total
Number
Percent of total
Change 1990
2010 Percent
54.5
44.7
4.7
12.6
5.3
60.7
7.0
12.5
10.3
1.1
2.9
1.2
14.0
1.6
66.4
43.3
10.0
22.6
7.5
77.7
10.4
11.6
7.5
1.7
3.9
1.3
13.5
1.8
21.8
3.1
112.8
79.4
41.5
28.0
48.6
Note: One DALY can be thought of as one lost year of healthy life. The sum of these DALYs across the population, or the burden of disease, can be thought of
as a measurement of the gap between current health status and an ideal health situation where the entire population lives to an advanced age, free of disease and
disability.
Source: Prince et al., 2014. Adapted from Table 1.
Box 4-2.
Figure 4-9.
Number of People Aged 50 and Over Living With HIV for Selected Regions:
1995 to 2013
3000
Thousands
Sub-Saharan Africa
2500
2000
1500
1000
Western and Central Europe and Northern America
500
0
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
Figure 4-10.
51.6
43.0
5059
42.7
39.7
31.0
31.3
29.2
26.5
23.3
24.5
Ethiopia 2011
Lesotho 2009
Rwanda 2010
Uganda 2011
Sources: ICF International, 2014; Demographic and Health Surveys, various countries and years.
PRESENCE OF MULTIPLE
CONCURRENT CONDITIONS
INCREASES WITH AGE
NCDs often occur together and
when two or more such chronic
health conditions occur, it is termed
multimorbidity (Boyd et al., 2008;
Fortin et al., 2010; Diederichs,
Berger, and Bartels, 2011). The
complex care required to manage
multimorbidity often adversely
impacts health and quality of life
and increases health service use
(Schoenberg et al., 2007; Lehnert
et al., 2011; Barnett et al., 2012).
Evidence from both high- and lowincome countries indicates that
older age is a risk for multimorbidity, from over 30 percent in India
and 58 percent in Bangladesh, to 60
percent in Spain and Germany, and
76 percent among Scottish adults
aged 75 and older (Khanam et al.,
2011; Kirchberger et al., 2012; Pati
et al., 2014; McLean et al., 2014;
Garin et al., 2014).
A review of 26 studies from WHOs
Eastern-Mediterranean countries
reported that a higher prevalence
of multimorbidity is associated with
TREND OF AGE-RELATED
DISABILITY VARIES BY
COUNTRY
Whether the additional years of life
lived will be in good or poor health
remains contested, but research
suggests that the aging process
is modifiable (Christensen et al.,
2009). Data show that disability
rates rise with age (He and Larsen,
2014; Table 4-7). An examination of limitation in activities of
Table 4-6.
Odds Ratios for Effect of Age, Sex, and Educational Attainment on Multimorbidity for
World Regions: 20022004
Age
Region
All regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Central and South America. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eastern Europe and Central Asia . . . . . . . . .
South Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South East Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Western Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sex
Educational attainment
Under 55
55 and
over
Male
Female
Less than
primary
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
***4.10
***3.13
***2.99
***6.02
***4.08
***3.09
***5.95
***0.59
***0.56
***0.43
***0.59
***0.68
***0.80
***0.53
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
***1.33
***1.64
***1.31
1.17
***1.36
***1.81
***1.61
Primary Secondary
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.97
0.99
0.91
***0.60
***0.53
**0.82
***0.40
Higher
0.97
0.90
0.81
***0.49
***0.46
0.90
***0.18
Notes: * p-value<0.05; ** <0.01; *** <0.001. Regional grouping per Afshar et al., 2015.
Source: Afshar et al., 2015. Adapted from Table 4.
Table 4-7.
Total
Male
Female
5 and over. . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14. . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 64. . . . . . . . . . . .
65 and over. . . . . . . . .
4.3
2.8
4.2
17.6
4.3
2.9
4.2
17.1
4.4
2.6
4.2
18.0
FRAILTY IS A PREDISABLED
STATE
Frailty and disability are interrelated yet have distinct conditions.
The classifications and definitions
of frailty are numerous, with no
consensus at this point (Abellan
van Kan et al., 2008). However, two
definitions are often operationalized as a physical phenotype (Fried
et al., 2001) and a multidomain
phenotype (Rockwood, 2005). One
description of frailty is a multidimensional syndrome of loss of
reserves (energy, physical ability,
cognition, or health) that gives rise
to vulnerability (Rockwood et al.,
2005). In this case, frailty could be
a predisabled state. An individual
could be frail but without any
disabilities; or frail people could
have comorbidity and disability.
A study comparing communitydwelling adults aged 50 and older
found clear socioeconomic gradients in higher- and lower-income
countriesindividuals with lower
education and wealth levels were
more likely to be frail. The study
also reported higher levels of frailty
in older age and higher rates in
women than men (Harttgen et
al., 2013).
U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 4-11.
Mean ADL
United States
0.8
0.7
0.6
1998
2002
2004
2006
2008
0.5
0.4
0.3
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
Age
0.9
Mean ADL
England
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
2002
2004
2006
2008
50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80
Age
Note: U.S. data are from the Health and Retirement Study; English data are from the
English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.
Source: Chatterji et al., 2015. Adapted from Figure 1.
THE U-SHAPE OF
SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING
BY AGE IS NOT OBSERVED
EVERYWHERE
Quality of life is important at all
ages, but in later life it becomes
of paramount importance for the
remaining years to be lived. As life
expectancy increases and treatments for life-threatening disease
become more effective, the issue of
maintaining well-being at advanced
ages is growing in importance
(National Research Council, 2013).
Yet research into subjective wellbeing and health at older ages is
at an early stage (Steptoe, Deaton,
and Stone, 2014). Within subjective
well-being, at least three different
approaches have been used to capture different aspects of well-being.
One approach is life evaluation that
generally refers to ones overall
life satisfaction or general happiness with ones life. Eudemonic
well-being, a second approach,
focuses on judgments about the
Figure 4-12.
Male
Life evaluation
High-income English-speaking countries
Mean score
0.6
Female
Unhappiness
High-income English-speaking countries
Proportion
0.4
6
0.2
5
4
1524
2534
3544 4554
Age
5564
6575
0.0
1524
2534
3544 4554
Age
5564
6575
6
0.2
5
4
1524
2534
3544 4554
Age
5564
6575
0.0
1524
2534
Sub-Saharan Africa
8
3544 4554
Age
5564
6575
5564
6575
Sub-Saharan Africa
Mean score
0.6
Proportion
0.4
6
0.2
5
4
1524
2534
3544 4554
Age
5564
6575
0.0
0.6
1524
2534
3544 4554
Age
0.4
6
0.2
5
4
1524
2534
3544 4554
Age
5564
6575
0.0
1524
2534
3544 4554
Age
5564
6575
Note: Cantril ladder ranges from 0 (worst possible life) to 10 (best possible life).
Source: Steptoe, Deaton, and Stone, 2014. Adapted from Figure 1 and Figure 5.
Box 4-3.
Epigenetics of Aging
By Kirstin N. Sterner, University of Oregon
Most health outcomes associated with aging result from a complex interplay of an individuals genome and
life experiences. Life experiences and environmental factors influence the expression of complex genetic
traits, making it difficult to identify specific genetic markers that can be used to slow aging or unambiguously diagnose, treat, or prevent aging-related diseases. The epigenome helps mediate these gene-environment interactions and, therefore, has the potential to provide insights into aging and disease processes.
Life experiences, such as stress, nutrition, and environmental exposure, can affect the genome through epigenetic modifications, which are biochemical alterations of the genome and chromatin that make specific
regions of the genome more or less accessible to the cells transcriptional machinery without changing the
underlying DNA sequence itself. The results of these biochemical modifications are changes in gene expression (when genes are turned on/off and the quantity of gene product made). Unlike the genome, the epigenome can be dynamic and flexible, and varies across tissue/cell types and the lifespan.
One of the most commonly studied forms of epigenetic modification is DNA methylation. In DNA methylation, a methyl group is added to a cytosine in the genome sequence by DNA methyltransferases. A modified
cytosine is typically followed by a guanine, forming a CpG site. DNA methylation typically reduces gene
expression. During the normal aging process, there is an overall reduction in DNA methylation across the
genome, although increases have been observed in more localized regions (DAquila et al., 2013). This raises
the question of whether DNA methylation status can be used as a biomarker of aging and aging-related
diseases.
A number of recent studies have identified epigenetic markers associated with common aging-related diseases, including Alzheimers, cardiovascular disease, and cancers, although the significance of these findings
is unclear (Kanherkar, Bhatiq-Dey, and Csoka, 2014; Jung and Pfeifer, 2015). In addition, some epigenetically
modified CpG sites predict age in specific tissues and across tissue and cell types (Hannum et al., 2013;
Horvath, 2013). These sites behave in a clocklike manner, with a higher rate of methylation early in life that
slows after adulthood and can be used to estimate an individuals methylation age (Horvath et al., 2014). In
most cases, methylation age and true chronological age are highly correlated. When methylation age and
chronological age differ, it may suggest acceleration or deceleration of aging (see note).
There is a growing interest in identifying lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors that are associated with
age acceleration to better understand aging-related diseases. While use of epigenetic data and the epigenetic clock is relatively new to aging-research, a number of recent studies hint at its potential. For instance,
methylation age acceleration is associated with decreased lung function, grip strength, and cognition and
increased all-cause mortality (Marioni et al., 2015a; Marioni et al., 2015b). Horvath (2013) used the epigenetic clock to identify evidence of age acceleration in liver tissue, adipose tissue, muscle, and blood. A study
of German patients found a strong correlation between body mass index (BMI) and liver disease, and between
BMI and age acceleration (Horvath et al., 2014; Figure 4-13). Age acceleration was defined as the residual
resulting from the regression of methylation age on chronological age. Further research is needed to determine: 1) the molecular mechanisms that underlie age acceleration; 2) how divergent patterns of methylation
influence health outcomes associated with aging; and, 3) how the epigenome changes throughout an individuals lifetime.
Continued on next page.
Figure 4-13.
Female
Years
10
15
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
BMI
Note: Age acceleration is when someones epigenetic age, as measured overall or in particular body parts like the liver, is deemed
to be older than chronological age. BMI is body mass index. The dashed line indicates the regression line and data point
corresponds to a human subject. Age acceleration in liver tissue is significantly correlated with BMI (r=0.42, P=6.8X10-4).
Source: Horvath et al., 2014. Adapted from Figure 1E.
Chapter 4 References
Abdullah, Asnawi, Rory Wolfe,
Johannes U. Stoelwinder,
Maximilian de Courten,
Christopher Stevenson, Helen L.
Walls, and Anna Peeters. 2011.
The Number of Years Lived
With Obesity and the Risk of
All-Cause and Cause-Specific
Mortality. International Journal
of Epidemiology 40/4: 985996.
Abellan van Kan, Gabor, Yves
Rolland, Howard Bergman,
John E. Morley, Stephen B.
Kritchevsky, and Bruno Vellas.
2008. The I.A.N.A. Task Force
on Frailty Assessment of Older
People in Clinical Practice.
Journal of Nutrition, Health and
Aging 12/1: 2937.
Afshar, Sara, Paul J. Roderick,
Allan G. Hill, Borislav D.
Dimitrov, and Paul Kowal.
2015. Multimorbidity and the
Inequalities of Global Ageing:
A Cross-Sectional Study of
28 Countries Using the World
Health Surveys. Presented in
Session 87. Chronic Diseases in
Developing Countries at annual
meeting of the Population
Association of America, San
Diego, CA, April 30May 2.
Ahmed, Syed Masud, Abdullahel
Hadi, Abdur Razzaque, Ali
Ashraf, Sanjay Juvekar, Nawi
Ng, Uraiwan Kanungsukkasem,
Kusol Soonthornthada, Hoang
Van Minh, and Tran Huu Bich.
2009. Clustering of Chronic
Non-Communicable Disease
Risk Factors Among Selected
Asian Populations: Levels and
Determinants. Global Health
Action 2/Supplement 1: 6875.
CHAPTER 5.
INCREASING FOCUS ON
UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE
AND AGING
As part of the post-Millennium
Development Goals set by the
United Nations (UN), universal
health coverage has become a
focus for the post-2015 Sustainable
Development Goals (United
Nations, 2012). Multiple international organizations and many
governments argue that health and
other systems should be reformulated to eliminate or minimize
inequalities and maximize healthy
life expectancy, capabilities, and
well-being in older ages (Sen, 1999;
Krueger et al., 2009; Stiglitz, Sen,
and Fitoussi, 2009; Marmot, 2013;
Chatterji et al., 2015). The goal is
for people at all ages to receive the
health services they need without
undue financial hardship.
The World Health Organization
(WHO) defines the goal for universal health coverage (UHC) as
ensuring that all people obtain the
health services they need without
risk of financial ruin or impoverishment, and presents the concept of
UHC in three dimensions: (1) the
health services that are needed,
(2) the number of people that need
them, and (3) the costs to whoever
must pay (WHO, 2010; 2013). UHC
is understood and implemented in
many ways, with differences largely
HEALTH SYSTEMS IN
RESPONSE TO AGING
Table 5-1.
149% without
5074% without
75100% without
Total 0% without coverage
coverage
coverage
coverage
number of
countries Number of Percent of Number of Percent of Number of Percent of Number of Percent of
region countries
region countries
region countries
region
studied countries
47
43
40
31
2
4
4
14
19
6
1
4
8.5
32.6
47.5
19.4
50.0
100.0
8
16
20
9
1
0
17.0
37.2
50.0
29.0
50.0
0.0
6
6
0
5
0
0
12.8
14.0
0.0
16.1
0.0
0.0
29
7
1
11
0
0
61.7
16.3
2.5
35.5
0.0
0.0
Notes: Legal health coverage is defined as percentage of population affiliated to or registered in a public or private health system or scheme.
Number of countries includes only countries with available data for legal health coverage; data as of latest available year.
Source: Scheil-Adlung, 2015. (Percentage distribution calculated based on the Statistical Annex.)
Box 5-1.
Global Aging and Minority Populations: Healthcare Access, Quality of Care, and Use
of Services
By Karen I. Fredriksen-Goldsen, University of Washington
In addition to the common concerns about aging, older adults from minority and migrant groups face additional worries about support and access to services as they age. Barriers and discrimination at many levels
may impact access to needed services for themselves or loved ones, formal financial arrangements and security, and physical accommodation in older age. The impact of discrimination and ongoing disadvantage over
a lifetime are borne out by recent numbers: lower life expectancies and higher disease burdens.
Despite recent attention, the gaps in life expectancy and other indicators are not closing, for instance, in
indigenous populations in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, and for those with lower levels of education (Olshansky et al., 2012; Mitrou et al., 2014). The variations in health often reflect differences by group
status such as race, ethnicity, immigration, socioeconomic status, sexual and gender identities, and physical
and mental abilities (National Institutes of Health, 2013). This is likely compounded by additional language,
linguistic, and cultural barriers (Warnes et al, 2004; Bramley et al., 2005; Sayegh and Knight, 2013). Among
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) older adults, experiences of discrimination and victimization
are linked to poor health outcomes, yet they often experience barriers to accessing care and remain largely
invisible in services given their stigmatized identities (Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 2011; Fredriksen-Goldsen
et al., 2013). Among those with intellectual, emotional, and physical disabilities, adjustments in healthcare
information are often needed to better match capacity (Emerson et al., 2011).
Health inequities, resulting from economic, environmental, and social disadvantage, are costly. In the United
States, where the 65-and-older population has nearly complete health care coverage by Medicare, it is
estimated that among Blacks, Hispanics, and Asian Americans, nearly one-third of direct healthcare expenditures are excess costs as a result of health inequities (LaVeist, Gaskin, and Richard, 2009). Furthermore,
when examining differences in health care quality in the United States, those living in poverty, compared to
those with high incomes, received worse care for 47 percent of the quality measures; people aged 65 and
older received worse care for 39 percent of the quality measures compared to adults aged 18 to 44 (Figure
5-1; Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2012). There were also significant differences by race and
ethnicity. Ensuring appropriate access to and use of care and quality care are critical factors in the promotion
of health, especially for racial and ethnic minorities, indigenous and aboriginal people, immigrants, LGBT
people, as well as those with intellectual, emotional, and physical disabilities.
Across population groups, several factors have been linked to inequities in health, including the heightened
risk of exposure to social determinants of poor health (such as poverty, unemployment, isolation, and discrimination) and other structural and organizational barriers, including lack of available services and institutional and societal biases in services as well as policies (Braveman, Egerter, and Williams, 2011). In addition,
older adults from these population groups may be at elevated risk of adverse health behaviors as well as at
risk of reduced health literacy. They may also be reluctant to utilize healthcare services, preventative screenings, and other health promotion activities. Promoting health equity, embedded within a life course perspective, is critical for older adults across diverse population groups to have the capacity to reach their full health
potential (Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 2014).
Continued on next page.
Figure 5-1.
100
Percent
80
60
40
20
0
Black
(ref. White)
Asian
(ref. White)
AIAN
(ref. White)
Hispanic
(ref. NHW)
Poor
(ref. High Income)
HEALTH SYSTEMS
RESPONSE TO AGING IN
HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES
Older population in higher-income
countries are typically further along
the epidemiologic transition; however, many of the existing health
care systems were created at the
early stages of the antibiotic era
and still need to evolve to provide
well-coordinated and integrated
HEALTH SYSTEMS
RESPONSE TO AGING IN
LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME
COUNTRIES
The competition for resources is
strong in all countriesalbeit, at
different starting points in terms
of level of existing infrastructure,
human resources, and available
finances and mechanisms for costsharing (Ali et al., 2013). The rate
of aging in lower-income countries
today means that governments
will have less time to prepare than
higher-income countries have had
in the past. Fortunately, international attention to achieving universal health care has the potential
to stimulate national political will,
as well as financial and technical
assistance.
Regarding infrastructure, few lowand middle-income countries have
vital registration systems with high
coverage of deaths, a cornerstone
1
Out-of-pocket expenses for U.S. older
adults depend on health status.
Figure 5-2.
23
23
22
21
65+
Low/middle/high income
6574
7584
85+
Figure 5-3.
Predicted Quarterly Primary Care Costs by Time to Death and Age in Italy:
20062009
350
300
Ages 71 to 75
250
Ages 61 to 65
Ages 76 to 80
Ages 66 to 70
200
Ages 56 to 60
150
100
50
0
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
. . . ABILITY TO PAY IS
ANOTHER
When faced with health care
costs, a large portion of the global
population do not benefit from
cost sharing schemes, such as
health insurance, that would defray
potentially impoverishing health
expenses (Saksena, Hsu, and
Evans, 2014). These individuals
and households may delay or forgo
needed health care. This happens
more often in lower-income countries where formal health insurance
is rare, but cost and access are also
a concern for poorer and vulnerable
populations in high-income countries. A high percentage of costs for
drug, dental, and long-term care
Figure 5-4.
Percent
Other
Out-of-pocket
Medicaid
Medicare
80
60
40
20
0
All services
Hospice Inpatient
hospital
Home
Short- Physician/ Out- Prescription Dental
Long
health
term
medical patient
drugs
-term
care institution
hospital
care facility
Note: "Other" refers to private insurance, Department of Veteran's Affairs, and other public programs.
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, 2012.
Figure 5-5.
Ghana
India
Mexico
22.2 22.1
Russia
South Africa
21.5
18.9
21.2
18.6
17.1
13.9
11.0
6.5
4.5
4.2
1.9
HH with
member 50+
3.7
2.9
10.3
8.88.6
7.7
7.2
5.9
11.6
10.4
9.69.2
9.5
7.0
6.8
3.8
2.7
3.2
8.1
3.1
0.9
0.70.5
HH with no
member 50+
Impoverished by health
HH with
member 50+
HH with no
member 50+
HH with
member 50+
HH with no
member 50+
HH Household.
Notes: A nonpoor household is considered to be impoverished by health payments when it becomes poor after paying for health care.
Catastrophic expenditures are out-of-pocket payments of at least 40 percent of a household's capacity to pay nonsubsistence spending.
For more information, see Xu et al., 2003.
Source: Bloom et al., 2015. Adapted from Figure 5.
Figure 5-6.
0.8
3.2
3.4
3.7
4.1
5.9
United States
6.4
Estonia
6.4
South Korea
6.4
Slovenia
Spain
6.7
7.2
France
11.2
Hungary
11.2
Germany
Finland
Japan
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Australia
Sweden
Denmark
Norway
New Zealand
Netherlands
Switzerland
Israel
11.7
12.3
12.8
13.0
13.1
14.5
16.3
16.7
17.4
17.6
19.1
20.3
22.1
Note: Long-term care includes services provided at home or in institutions (nursing and residential care facilities which provide
accommodation and long-term care as a package).
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013.
Figure 5-7.
1.0
4.3
Netherlands
1.3
3.5
Czech Republic
Hungary
8.2
1.8
1.6
1.9
Denmark
2.2 3.1
Canada
2.5 3.2
Germany
3.1 1.7
Sweden
3.1 1.7
Austria
3.7
Poland
4.5
6.0
4.8
Belgium
Norway
6.4
New Zealand
6.4
Finland
4.0
Institution LTC
11.6
8.1
4.9
3.9
6.5
France
6.9
Japan
7.3
Switzerland
7.6
4.0
Spain
8.0
4.0
Estonia
4.7
2.6
8.7
16.6
Figure 5-8.
Cumulative Growth in Elder Care Homes in Selected Chinese Cities: 1952 to 2009
350
300
250
200
150
Tianjin
100
Nanjing
50
0
1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
Note: Elder care home is defined as a provider of institutional long-term care services licenced by the city government.
Source: Feng et al., 2011. Adapted from Figure 2.
Box 5-2.
QUANTIFYING INFORMAL
CARE AND CARE AT HOME
Unpaid caregiving by family members and friends remains the main
source of long-term care for older
people worldwide (Fernndez et
al., 2009). Yet it has a cost. At the
individual level, caregiving exacts
a considerable toll on the caregiver.
For example, in rural India, older
caregivers spent an average of 39
hours per week providing informal
care with consequences for their
own health and well-being (Brinda
et al., 2014). In 11 European countries, over 15 percent of the populations aged 50 and over reported
being informal caregivers in 2010
(Figure 5-9).
Figure 5-9.
11.8
12.3
12.8
14.2
Slovenia
14.6
Switzerland
14.8
Portugal
15.6
Germany
15.7
France
16.0
Austria
16.1
Hungary
16.2
Netherlands
Estonia
Czech
Republic
United
Kingdom
16.9
17.5
17.7
18.2
19.7
Italy
20.6
Belgium
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013.
18
Figure 5-10.
Receiving care
34
16
12
55 to 64
65 to 74
75 and over
Figure 5-11.
53.6
56.6
58.2
Belgium
59.8
Slovenia
60.6
Germany
60.8
Austria
61.0
France
62.4
Switzerland
63.0
Czech
Republic
63.5
Sweden
63.8
Spain
63.9
Portugal
64.2
Poland
64.6
Italy
65.6
Estonia
65.6
71.0
Hungary
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013.
Chapter 5 References
Acharya, Arnab, Sukumar Vellakkal,
Fiona Taylor, Edoardo Masset,
Ambika Satija, Margaret Burke,
and Shah Ebrahim. 2012. Impact
of National Health Insurance
for the Poor and the Informal
Sector in Low- and MiddleIncome Countries: A Systematic
Review. London: EPPI-Centre,
Social Science Research Unit,
Institute of Education, University
of London.
Agency for Healthcare Research
and Quality (AHRQ). 2012.
National Healthcare Disparities
Report 2011. AHRQ Publication
12-006, March. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services.
Alemayehu, Berhanu and Kenneth
E. Warner. 2004. The Lifetime
Distribution of Health Care
Costs. Health Services Research
39/3: 627642.
Ali, Mohammed K., Cristina
Rabadn-Diehl, John Flanigan,
Claire Blanchard, K. M.Venkat
Narayan, and Michael Engelgau.
2013. Systems and Capacity
to Address Noncommunicable
Diseases in Low- and MiddleIncome Countries. Science
Transational Medicine 5/181:
181cm4.
Allotey, Pascale, Daniel D. Reidpath,
Sara Yasan, Carina K. Chan,
and Ama De-Graft Aikins.
2011. Rethinking Health-Care
Systems: A Focus on Chronicity.
The Lancet 377/9764: 450451.
Aluttis, Christoph, Tewabech
Bishaw, and Martina W. Frank.
2014. The Workforce for
Health in a Globalized Context
Global Shortages and
International Migration. Global
Health Action 7: 23611.
Universalhealthcoverageday.
2014. Global Coalition.
<http://universalhealthcoverageday
.org/coalition/>, accessed on
April 29, 2015.
USAID Health Finance and
Governance Project. 2015.
Health Finance: Strengthening
Financing for Health.
<www.hfgproject.org/what-we-do
/health-financing/>, accessed on
April 16, 2015.
Wahrendorf, Morten, Jan D.
Reinhardt, and Johannes Siegrist.
2013. Relationships of Disability
With Age Among Adults Aged 50
to 85: Evidence from the United
States, England and Continental
Europe. PLoS ONE 8/8: e71893.
Wallace, Paul. 1999. Agequake:
Riding the Demographic
Rollercoaster Shaking Business,
Finance and Our World. London:
Nicholas Brealey.
Wang, Binyou, Ping He, and
Birong Dong. 2015. Associations
Between Social Networks, Social
Contacts, and Cognitive Function
Among Chinese Nonagenarians/
Centenarians. Archives of
Gerontology and Geriatrics
60/3: 522527.
CHAPTER 6.
LABOR FORCE
PARTICIPATION RATES
VARY SHARPLY BY AGE
AND SEX
The labor force is commonly
defined to include those who
are either employed or seeking
employment. Typically, those who
perform unpaid work within a
household are not considered to
be part of the labor force, even
though such work clearly has value
and would be expensive to replace
(Schultz, 1990). Those who want to
work but have given up searching
for a job (discouraged workers)
are also considered to be out of the
labor force.
The size of the labor force reflects
not only economic conditions but
also demographic factors, such as
the total population size and the
age distribution of the population.
For cross-country and cross-group
comparisons, a more useful indicator is the labor force participation
rate, which is the proportion of any
particular population that is in the
labor force.
Table 6-1.
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age and Sex in Selected Countries: 2012
(In percent)
Men
Country
Women
45 to 49
years
50 to 54
years
55 to 59
years
60 to 64
years
65 years
and over
45 to 49
years
50 to 54
years
55 to 59
years
60 to 64
years
65 years
and over
Africa
Morocco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tunisia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zambia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95.3
82.6
94.1
96.9
89.1
75.6
88.2
96.8
79.8
66.1
70.1
88.9
51.1
31.8
34.4
89.6
28.7
N
15.4
71.2
31.6
62.1
23.5
84.1
31.2
54.3
16.6
84.3
27.9
42.9
11.5
77.8
19.2
18.7
4.8
74.3
8.5
N
1.9
52.2
Asia
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Korea. . . . . . . . . . . . .
96.1
96.9
95.6
93.0
95.0
92.5
93.8
91.4
92.2
76.8
88.5
84.7
75.4
57.4
74.6
72.3
28.7
N
32.4
41.6
75.7
55.3
73.4
67.7
73.4
48.3
65.6
62.5
64.6
34.6
56.2
54.8
45.8
21.2
41.7
43.9
13.4
N
13.7
23.0
Europe
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93.9
91.6
92.6
85.2
91.6
89.5
88.7
78.2
85.7
74.1
77.8
66.7
58.9
32.7
38.5
32.2
7.1
6.2
14.1
20.5
85.3
66.7
90.6
83.2
81.9
61.3
84.3
73.5
73.3
48.4
52.9
34.7
41.1
15.9
24.9
25.9
3.3
1.4
8.9
16.7
Latin America/Caribbean
Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Costa Rica. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guatemala. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94.6
91.6
94.0
96.2
94.9
91.4
86.1
92.0
96.5
91.8
86.8
78.2
85.8
92.9
85.4
75.7
62.0
67.5
90.0
71.5
22.2
30.0
26.5
66.4
42.8
67.7
67.4
55.0
56.0
55.4
63.4
58.8
50.3
51.8
50.2
53.8
45.5
39.8
44.7
41.5
33.7
30.0
27.3
36.3
32.8
7.5
11.7
6.8
15.0
15.5
Northern America
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United States. . . . . . . . . . . .
89.9
88.1
87.8
84.1
78.9
78.0
58.0
60.5
17.1
23.6
84.4
75.6
80.9
73.7
69.4
67.3
45.7
50.4
8.8
14.4
Oceania
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . .
89.2
91.5
86.7
90.9
80.0
88.2
62.6
77.6
16.8
25.5
78.5
82.3
76.3
82.8
65.7
77.4
44.5
64.1
7.8
15.0
N Not available.
Note: For historical time series of labor force participation in these and other countries, see Appendix Table B-8.
Source: International Labour Organization, 2014; ILOSTAT Database.
OLDER POPULATION
IN HIGHER INCOME
COUNTRIES LESS LIKELY TO
BE IN LABOR FORCE
Sharp differences in labor force
participation at ages 65 and above
exist among regions of the world
(Figure 6-1). In 2010, older African
men and women both had the
highest rates of labor force participationmore than 50 percent
for men and over 30 percent for
Figure 6-1.
Male
Female
World
(191 countries)
2010
2020
2010
Africa
2020
2010
Asia
2020
2010
Europe
2020
Latin
America
and the
Caribbean
2010
2020
2010
Northern
America
2020
2010
Oceania
2020
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percent
Source: International Labour Organization, 2011; LABORSTA.
Figure 6-2.
Labor Force Participation Rates for Population Aged 65 and Over for Selected
African Countries: 2011
Malawi
Mozambique
Central African
Republic
Zimbabwe
Tanzania
Uganda
Cote d'Ivoire
Rwanda
Kenya
Ethiopia
Nigeria
Senegal
Liberia
Angola
Niger
Botswana
Sudan
Morocco
Somalia
Mali
Libya
Tunisia
Egypt
South Africa
Algeria
0
10
20
30
40
50
Percent
60
70
80
90
100
Table 6-2.
1990s
2012
0.3
1.2
2.4
2.8
3.9
3.9
4.2
4.2
4.5
6.5
6.5
6.7
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.3
8.8
11.8
12.7
13.4
14.4
18.7
18.8
20.3
20.6
20.9
21.9
24.7
28.0
29.8
30.5
37.9
42.6
45.3
1.5
2.9
3.8
3.8
5.2
5.8
4.7
6.4
3.5
9.0
10.5
6.1
4.7
7.8
9.2
3.0
8.3
14.4
14.0
9.6
18.7
14.7
18.6
13.7
15.3
22.9
20.8
21.8
38.2
19.1
13.5
27.3
51.4
31.0
Note: Gender gap is male labor force participation rate minus female labor force participation rate.
Sources: International Labour Office, 2007, 2014; LABORSTA, ILOSTAT Database.
LABOR FORCE
PARTICIPATION AMONG
THE OLDER POPULATION
CONTINUES TO RISE
IN MANY DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES
The size of the workforce relative
to the number of pensioners can
have major implications for economic growth and the sustainability of old age security programs.
From the 1950s to the mid-1980s,
an increasing share of older men
exited the labor force in most
developed countries. Beginning
in the 1990s, this trend reversed
(Kinsella and He, 2009). Labor force
participation rates for older men
have continued to increase through
the 2000s in many developed
countries. Older women in these
countries also experienced a rise in
economic activity over the past 2
decades.
A variety of factors have contributed to this increase, including
uncertainty about the sufficiency
and viability of public pension
systems, increased reliance on
defined contribution pension
schemes, higher eligibility ages for
retirement benefits, and changing
social norms favoring a later exit
from the labor force (Friedberg
and Webb, 2005; van Dalen et al.,
2010; Hurd and Rohwedder, 2011;
Skugor, Muffels, and Wilthagen,
2012; Hasselhorn and Apt, 2015).
All of these changes are driven to
some extent by the fact that people
Figure 6-3.
Labor Force Participation Rates for Men Aged 65 and Over in More Developed
Countries: 1990s and 2012
36
1990s
Percent
Japan
30
24
18
United States
Poland
Canada
12
Greece
Czech Republic
Germany
France
New Zealand
Australia
United Kingdom
Russia
Italy
Sweden
Denmark
Austria
Belgium
0
0
12
18
Percent
2012
24
30
36
Figure 6-4.
Labor Force Participation Rates for Women Aged 65 and Over in More Developed
Countries: 1990s and 2012
36
1990s
Percent
30
24
18
Japan
12
United States
Poland
Greece
Canada
United Kingdom
Australia
Czech Republic
Russia
Austria
Belgium Germany
France
Italy
Denmark
0
0
Sweden
12
New Zealand
18
Percent
2012
24
30
36
Figure 6-5.
Labor Force Participation Rates for Men Aged 65 and Over in Less Developed
Countries: 1990s and 2012
90
1990s
Percent
Mozambique
80
Zimbabwe
Guatemala
70
60
Philippines
Pakistan
50
Mexico
Jamaica
Peru
40
South Korea
Turkey
Tunisia
China
Egypt
30
Argentina
Chile
Uruguay
20
Singapore
Israel
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
Percent
2012
50
60
70
80
90
Notes: The earlier year for Singapore is 2000. The later year for Pakistan and Zimbabwe is 2011 and for China, Jamaica, and
the Philippines is 2010.
Sources: International Labour Office, 2007, 2014; LABORSTA, ILOSTAT Database.
Figure 6-6.
Labor Force Participation Rates for Women Aged 65 and Over in Less Developed
Countries: 1990s and 2012
90
1990s
Percent
Mozambique
80
70
Zimbabwe
60
50
40
30
Philippines
Guatemala
South Korea
20
Peru
Jamaica
Mexico
Turkey
10
Pakistan
Argentina
China
Uruguay
Chile
Tunisia
Israel
Singapore
Egypt
0
0
10
20
30
40
Percent
2012
50
60
70
80
90
Notes: The earlier year for Singapore is 2000. The later year for Pakistan and Zimbabwe is 2011 and for China, Jamaica, and
the Philippines is 2010.
Sources: International Labour Office, 2007, 2014; LABORSTA, ILOSTAT Database.
Table 6-3.
Aged 55 to 64
Aged 65 to 69
2001
2011
2001
2011
25.2
37.1
56.5
45.9
30.7
37.9
38.0
46.9
37.3
29.0
50.2
39.2
61.9
38.7
47.6
59.5
57.0
41.4
59.9
39.4
50.8
56.1
36.9
47.9
44.5
64.3
2.4
7.6
12.2
5.3
2.1
5.4
10.3
14.8
5.6
10.8
27.8
3.9
26.1
3.5
9.3
13.5
11.8
5.3
10.1
8.6
16.8
11.4
9.4
21.9
4.5
32.1
Data for the United States is for 2002 and not 2001.
Sources: Kritzer, 2013; Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013.
1
Figure 6-7.
Part-time
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Germany
Belgium
Sweden
Austria
Portugal
Finland
United Kingdom
France
Denmark
Slovenia
Australia
Norway
Poland
Japan
New Zealand
Czech Republic
Canada
Ireland
Slovakia
Turkey
Chile
South Korea
Hungary
Mexico
Italy
Estonia
Israel
United States
Spain
Russia
Latvia
Greece
South Africa
0
10
20
30
40
50
Percent
60
70
80
90
100
Note: Part-time employment is less than 30 usual hours for main job.
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2014; OECD Stat.
may indicate that when Greek retirees exit the labor force they do so
without any sequential step-down
to part-time work. Access to generous pensions at retirement may
allow more Greek workers to enter
total retirement once reaching age
55 for public sector workers and
age 60 for private sector workers
(Mylonas and de la Maisonneuve,
1999; Organisation for Economic
Figure 6-8.
Part-time
Netherlands
Germany
United Kingdom
Austria
Sweden
Ireland
Belgium
Finland
Portugal
Australia
New Zealand
Slovakia
Denmark
Luxembourg
France
Norway
Canada
Israel
Poland
Czech Republic
Japan
Slovenia
Hungary
Chile
Mexico
Turkey
Estonia
Italy
South Korea
Spain
United States
South Africa
Russia
Latvia
Greece
0
10
20
30
40
50
Percent
60
70
80
90
100
Note: Part-time employment is less than 30 usual hours for main job.
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2014; OECD Stat.
UNEMPLOYMENT PATTERNS
VARY ACROSS SEXES AND
OVER TIME
Assessing levels and trends in
unemployment rates of older
people is challenging for multiple
Figure 6-9.
Unemployment Rate for Men and Women Aged 65 and Over by Country:
2005 and 2013
(In percent)
Australia
Chile
2005
0.8
1.4
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.0
Colombia
4.7
Czech
Republic
Germany
Greece
Japan
Mexico
0.7
United
States
2.0
3.6
1.3
5.8
1.0
7.1
1.0
2.5
0.5
0.8
3.0
2.3
4.0
4.3
3.1
2.6
7.4
0.9
4.7
11.8
3.0
4.7
1.6
1.3
1.0
0.4
1.7
10.8
2.2
1.2
1.7
1.4
Spain
United
Kingdom
1.2
5.6
0.7
1.2
Slovakia
Sweden
4.5
0.6
1.0
Russia
South
Korea
5.8
2.8
3.4
Hungary
2013
1.7
1.2
Men
Women
6.4
6.2
3.6
1.5
3.4
1.7
1.3
0.7
3.4
3.5
2.7
3.3
5.5
5.1
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2014; OECD Stat.
Figure 6-10.
Unemployment Rate for Men and Women Aged 55 to 64 and Over by Country:
2005 and 2013
Men
Women
(In percent)
2005
3.7
2.9
Australia
Chile
3.0
3.2
3.0
2.9
4.3
6.3
5.8
Colombia
Czech
Republic
4.5
5.8
5.4
5.4
6.4
6.3
1.0
Germany
3.3
Greece
Japan
2.7
1.1
8.6
7.5
5.0
0.5
2.8
1.4
3.1
United
States
4.4
3.6
3.4
1.7
3.3
3.3
3.3
10.6
11.6
1.2
5.7
Spain
United
Kingdom
6.1
5.2
13.1
13.8
Sweden
2.0
0.7
16.4
15.9
2.5
1.6
1.2
4.7
Slovakia
South
Korea
12.0
13.0
4.3
3.5
Hungary
Mexico
2013
4.3
5.4
2.8
20.3
19.7
7.5
4.2
3.8
5.8
5.5
5.6
5.0
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2014; OECD Stat.
Box 6-1.
Figure 6-11.
Unemployment Rates for Population Aged 25 to 54 and Aged 65 and Over for
Portugal, South Korea, United Kingdom, and United States: 2000 to 2013
16
Percent
Portugal 25 to 54
14
12
10
United States 25 to 54
8
United States 65+
6
United Kingdom 25 to 54
South Korea 25 to 54
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2014; OECD Stat.
69, and 70 to 74 accelerated in more than half of the 20 countries since the onset of the Great Recession (Burtless
and Bosworth, 2013). The trend of a labor force participation rate increase for workers aged 60 and over slowed
significantly in only three of the 20 countriesGreece, Portugal, and Irelandcountries that experienced particularly severe recessions (ibid). Overall, the Great Recession motivated some older workers to postpone retirement
and drew others back into the labor force.
Lastly, given the many modifications to world social security systems observed between 2008 and 2013
(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013), one may ask whether the Great Recession provided a catalyst for such changes. The answer is not entirely straightforward. Many social security systems were
quite generous and financially unsustainable before the Great Recession and likely in need of reform even if the
recession had not occurred (Capretta, 2007). However, the Great Recession may have contributed to the substantial reform packages introduced in OECD countries and helped to revise thinking about who should be covered
and what is affordable (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013).
Note: For example, the labor force participation rate of 65- to 69-year-olds increased at an average rate of 0.1
percentage point per year between 1989 and 2007 but at an average rate of 0.8 percentage point a year between
2007 and 2012 for the 20 sample countries.
EXPECTATIONS AND
REALITIESMANY
WORKERS UNCERTAIN
ABOUT THEIR LIFESTYLE
AFTER RETIREMENT AND
MANY RETIRE EARLIER
THAN EXPECTED
In the transition from work to
retirement, some workers prefer
a gradual step down to retirement, while others wish to move
from full-time employment immediately into full-time retirement.
Increasingly, the gradual transition model is being preferred by
workers in developed countries
(Hasselhorn and Apt, 2015). One
Figure 6-12.
Work Plans After Retirement by Workers and Retirees for Selected Countries: 2013
(In percent)
Current workers selecting "I will immediately stop working altogether and enter full retirement."
Current retirees selecting "I immediately stopped working altogether and entered full retirement."
74
59
57
59
58
54
51
51
44
43
36
34
22
All
Canada
respondents
68
67
64
23
24
25
United
States
Japan
China
28
38
45
48
49
Spain
France
39
31
Poland
Notes: The question for workers was "Looking ahead, how do you envision your transition to retirement?" The question for retirees was
"Looking back, how did your transition to retirement take place?"
Source: Aegon, 2013.
Figure 6-13.
(In percent)
74
65
66
France
Spain
57
52
49
40
41
50
45
33
20
All
China
respondents
Canada
Japan
Hungary Poland
Notes: The question was "Overall, how confident are you that you will be able to fully retire with a lifestyle you consider comfortable?"
Not confident includes those responding not at all confident or not very confident.
Source: Aegon, 2013.
Figure 6-14.
Percent
Not sure
Decrease
Stay the same
Increase
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Millennials
Generation X
Baby Boomer
Notes: The question was "Do you expect your standard of living to increase, decrease,
or stay the same when you retire?"
Millennialsborn 19791996, Generation Xborn 19651978, and Baby Boomerborn
19461964.
Source: Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies, 2014.
STATUTORY RETIREMENT
AGES VARY WIDELY ACROSS
WORLD REGIONS, YET TEND
TO LUMP AT CERTAIN AGES
When workers are asked to evaluate their prospects upon retirement, one of the first concerns an
individual may have is the age at
which s/he will qualify for a public
pension. The statutory retirement
age for social security programs
varies widely across the world
(Figure 6-15), reflecting any number of local factors, such as life
expectancy and available budgets.
Among many other considerations,
it is often claimed that increases
in the official retirement age will
result in more youth unemployment, although empirical studies
in OECD countries have questioned
whether such a connection truly
exists (Bheim, 2014).
The youngest statutory retirement
ages (ages at which retirees are
eligible to receive a social pension) are in Africa, where less than
20 percent of countries specify
an eligibility age exceeding 60. In
contrast, the share of European
countries with pensionable ages
above 60 exceeds 90 percent for
males and 75 percent for females.
Despite such variation, Figure 6-14
illustrates that statutory pensionable ages around the world tend
to continue to concentrate on the
exact ages 55, 60, and 65.
Figure 6-15.
Asia
(N=38)
Europe
(N=44)
65
Between 60 and 65
60
Between 55 and 60
55
Under 55
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Latin America
Male
and the
Caribbean Female
(N=33)
Northern
America
(N=3)
Oceania
(N=11)
Male
Female
Male
Female
0
10
20
30
40
50
Percent
60
70
80
90
100
Box 6-2.
Chapter 6 References
Aegon. 2013. The Changing
Face of Retirement: The
Aegon Retirement Readiness
Survey 2013. Aegon and
the Transamerica Center for
Retirement Studies.
_____. 2014. The Changing
Face of Retirement: The
Aegon Retirement Readiness
Survey 2014. Aegon and
the Transamerica Center for
Retirement Studies.
Bernanke, Ben S. 2009. Welcome
Address Asia and the Global
Financial Crisis. In Reuven Glick
and Mark M. Spiegel (eds.), Asia
and the Global Financial Crisis.
Proceedings of Asia Economic
Policy Conference held October
1920, 2009 Santa Barbara,
California.
Bloom, David E. and David Canning.
2008. Global Demographic
Change: Dimensions and
Economic Significance.
Population and Development
Review 34: 1751.
Bloom, David E., David Canning,
and Bryan Graham. 2003.
Longevity and Life-cycle
Savings. Scandinavian Journal
of Economics 105: 319338.
Bloom, David E., David Canning,
Richard K. Mansfield, and
Michael Moore. 2007.
Demographic Change, Social
Security Systems, and Savings.
Journal of Monetary Economics
54: 92114.
Bheim, Ren. 2014. The Effect
of Early Retirement Schemes on
Youth Employment. IZA World
of Labor 70/June.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013.
Labor Force Statistics from the
Current Population Survey.
CHAPTER 7.
NUMBER OF COUNTRIES
OFFERING A PUBLIC
PENSION CONTINUES TO
RISE
As of 1940, only 33 countries
in the world had public pension
programs to support the welfare of
the older population. Since then,
the number of countries with such
programs has steadily increased.
Figure 7-1.
177
135
123
97
58
44
33
1940
1949
1958
1969
1979
1989
2004 2012/2014
Sources: 19402004 from Kinsella and He, 2009; 2012/14 from Social Security Administration,
2013a, 2013b, 2014b, 2014c; Social Security Programs Throughout the World.
The largest increase occurred during the 1960s when the number of
countries increased from 58 to 97.
Another burst occurred during the
1990s. At present, 177 countries
have mandated pension systems of
one kind or another for their older
populations (Figure 7-1).1
The purpose of these public systems is typically two-fold: to help
smooth out a stream of income,
which would otherwise decline
drastically following the transition
from work to retirement, and to
reduce the incidence of poverty
(MacKellar, 2009). A diversity of
programs has been developed to
meet these common goals.
EARNINGS-RELATED
PENSION PROGRAMS ARE
STILL THE MOST COMMON
By far the most common public
old age pension program involves
a periodic payment related to the
level of earnings one had while
working. Among the 177 countries
that mandate a public pension,
more than 80 percent have an earnings-related program (Table 7-1).
Among the six regions, those with
the highest percentage of countries
having this type of pension are
Latin America and the Caribbean
(97 percent), Europe (89 percent),
and Africa (85 percent).
These mandated defined-benefit
pensions are based on a formula
that typically considers factors
such as the level of earnings, years
of service, and age at retirement,
although earnings are usually
1
According to the U.S. Department of
State, there are 195 independent countries
in the world and about 60 dependencies and
areas of special sovereignty. Some dependencies have pension systems separate from
their associated independent country.
Table 7-1.
Number and Percentage of Public Pension Systems by Type of Scheme and World Region
Region
Countries
with any public pension
system
Number
All regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Latin America and the Caribbean. .
Northern America . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oceania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
177
47
46
45
33
3
3
Earnings
related
Per- Numcent
ber
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
144
40
28
40
32
2
2
Meanstested
Flat rate
Per- Numcent
ber
81
85
61
89
97
67
67
Per- Numcent
ber
46
5
15
19
4
2
1
26
11
33
42
12
67
33
62
3
11
27
18
3
0
Provident
fund
Per- Numcent
ber
35
6
24
60
55
100
0
16
4
12
0
0
0
0
Occupational
retirement
scheme
Per- Numcent
ber
9
9
26
0
0
0
0
9
1
2
4
0
1
1
Individual
retirement
scheme
Per- Numcent
ber
5
2
4
9
0
33
33
Percent
26
1
5
10
10
0
0
15
2
11
22
30
0
0
Note: Countries may have more than one type of scheme. Data as of latest available year.
Sources: Social Security Administration, 2013a, 2013b, 2014b, 2014c; Social Security Programs Throughout the World.
Figure 7-2.
Insured person
Israel
Honduras
Indonesia
Ireland
South Korea
Costa Rica
United States
Nigeria
Saudi Arabia
Germany
Turkey
Argentina
Uruguay
Finland
Sudan
China
India
Egypt
Italy
Hungary
0
10
15
20
Percent
25
30
35
40
Note: Old age social security programs includes old age, disability, and survivor's benefits.
Sources: Social Security Administration, 2013a, 2013b, 2014b, 2014c; Social Security
Programs Throughout the World.
2
Contribution rates are not directly comparable across countries because the earnings
subject to the rate can vary and a ceiling may
exist on the earnings subject to the contribution rate.
Figure 7-3.
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percent
70
80
90
Note: Data refer to various years from 2005 to 2012 provided by each country.
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013a.
100
Box 7-1.
Figure 7-4.
Argentina
109.9 (96.2)
Saudi Arabia
103.8
94.9
Netherlands
Turkey
94.4
Hungary
89.7 (70.8)
China
82.0
Italy
72.4 (64.9)
Russia
72.3
France
68.7 (64.0)
India
64.4
63.1 (57.4)
Canada
Brazil
57.8
Germany
55.3
Sweden
51.7
49.9
New Zealand
United States
45.3
Mexico
42.5
Japan
Indonesia
South Africa
14.4 (13.2)
12.9
Notes: The net replacement rate is defined as the individual net public pension
entitlement divided by net pre-retirement earnings, taking account of personal income
taxes and social security contributions paid by workers and pensioners. For countries
with different net replacement rates for men and women, the bar reflects the rate for
men and the rate for women is shown in parentheses.
Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013a.
OPINIONS DIFFER ON
HOW TO IMPROVE
SUSTAINABILITY OF PUBLIC
PENSION SYSTEMS
Upon first being established,
earnings-related pension systems typically generate a surplus
because the size of the workforce
contributing is generally much
larger than the pool of retirees who
have qualified to receive benefits.
Surplus payroll tax revenues can
either be banked for future retirees
or used to fund other government
spending. When surplus payroll
tax revenue is not set aside for
future retirees, as often is the case,
the system becomes financed on
a PAYGO basis. As the population
ages, a PAYGO system may run
a deficit unless adjustments are
made, and such adjustments may
provide a drag on the economy
(Holzmann, 2012; Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and
Development, 2014b). For example, based on current pension
benefits, the long-term contribution rate required will be over
30 percent of payroll in Pakistan
and over 40 percent in China and
Vietnam (Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development,
2013b).
Figure 7-5.
2040
Italy
France
Germany
Sweden
Japan
Spain
United Kingdom
Poland
United States
Switzerland
Netherlands
Brazil
Canada
Australia
Russia
Chile
South Korea
China
Mexico
India
0
10
15
Percent
20
25
30
Figure 7-6.
Balance a reduction
in pension benefits
and an increase in
pension taxes
Do nothing,
system will
remain
affordable
Dont know
Canada
China
France
Germany
Japan
Netherlands
Poland
Spain
United
Kingdom
United
States
0
10
20
30
40
50
Percent
60
70
80
90
100
4
Argentina was the tenth country, and it
abolished individual accounts in 2009.
Table 7-2.
Year system
began
Number of
pension fund
management
companies
Allowable
investment
fund types per
company
Minimum
rate-of-return
requirement
Employer
1997
1981
1993
1995
2003
1998
1997
1993
1996
2
6
8
5
5
2
15
4
4
1
5
3
1
1
1
5
3
1
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
10.000
10.000
3.850
1.000
2.870
6.250
1.125
10.000
15.000
None
Voluntary
11.625
3.250
7.100
4.050
5.150
None
None
Note: Uruguay employee contribution rate applied only to gross monthly earnings above 19,805 pesos.
Source: Kritzer, Kay, and Sinha, 2011.
Figure 7-7.
2004
Percent
2009
50
40
30
20
10
0
Chile
Costa Rica
Mexico
Uruguay Argentina
El
Dominican Colombia
Salvador Republic
Peru
Bolivia
Box 7-2.
Figure 7-8.
Self-employed earnings
Public transfers
Austria
Czech
Republic
Estonia
Finland
Greece
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Poland
Portugal
Slovak
Republic
Slovenia
Spain
United States
0
10
20
30
40
50
Percent
60
70
80
90
100
Note: U.S. estimates are for 2012 and wage earnings includes self-employed earnings.
Sources: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2014a; Social Security Administration, 2014a.
Figure 7-9.
Average Income Tax Rate for Ages 1865 and Over Age 65 by Country: 2011
35
1865
Tax rate
Over 65
30
25
20
15
10
0
Slovakia Spain
Figure 7-10.
Total population
65 and over
Czech Republic
Denmark
Iceland
PENSIONS CAN
DRASTICALLY LOWER
POVERTY RATES FOR THE
OLDER POPULATION
Hungary2
Luxembourg
Finland
Netherlands
Norway
Slovakia
France
Austria
Germany
Ireland2
Sweden
Slovenia
Switzerland2
Belgium
United Kingdom
New Zealand2
Poland
Portugal
Estonia
Canada
Italy
Greece
Australia
South Korea1
Spain
Japan2
United States
Chile1
Turkey2
Mexico
Israel
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Percent
Country data for 2011.
Country data for 2009.
Note: Poverty is defined as income less than 50 percent of median equivalized
household disposable income. Incomes are measured on a household basis and
equivalized to adjust for differences in household size.
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013a.
1
2
50
Figure 7-11.
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Percent
Note: Poverty line defined as US$2.50 per day purchasing power parity.
Source: Cotlear and Tornarolli, 2011.
In a study of 18 countries in
Latin America and the Caribbean,
Cotlear, and Tornarolli (2011)
calculated poverty rates for the
Table 7-3.
Population Aged 65 and Over in Poverty by Pension Status for Selected Countries in Latin
America and the Caribbean: 2005 to 2007
(In percent)
Poverty rate
Country
Uruguay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dominican Republic. . . . . .
Ecuador. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paraguay. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Panama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Costa Rica. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Venezuela. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guatemala. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Honduras. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colombia. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total
Receive a
pension
No pension
Percent
receiving a pension
0.9
2.3
3.5
3.7
15.6
17.2
17.2
18.2
18.5
19.4
20.1
20.7
21.9
25.3
29.1
32.5
37.1
44.3
0.5
1.0
1.5
1.1
6.9
3.2
0.0
1.9
16.0
6.3
0.4
2.2
2.7
22.9
8.2
10.4
7.8
2.4
3.0
4.3
14.3
11.3
16.8
20.7
18.8
29.7
22.2
40.4
26.0
24.3
27.9
46.0
33.0
35.4
39.6
51.4
84.0
60.6
84.4
74.5
12.1
20.0
8.5
41.4
59.7
61.6
23.0
16.3
23.8
89.6
15.7
11.6
7.9
14.5
Note: Poverty line defined as US$2.50 per day purchasing power parity. Percentage receiving pension is derived algebraically from the first three columns.
Source: Cotlear and Tornarolli, 2011.
Figure 7-12.
Poverty Rate Among Those Aged 60 and Over by Percentage Receiving Pension
in Latin America and the Caribbean: 2005 to 2007
90
80
Brazil
Uruguay
70
Bolivia
Venezuela
Argentina
60
Chile
50
Costa Rica
40
Panama
30
Peru
20
Ecuador
Mexico
El Salvador
Dominican Republic
Paraguay
10
10
15
20
25
Percent in poverty
Guatemala
Colombia
Nicaragua
Honduras
30
35
40
45
Note: Poverty line defined as US$2.50 per day purchasing power parity.
Source: Cotlear and Tornarolli, 2011.
Chapter 7 References
Aegon. 2013. The Changing Face
of Retirement: The Aegon
Retirement Readiness Survey
2013Country Reports. Aegon
and the Transamerica Center for
Retirement Studies.
Alessie, Rob J.M. 2005. Does
Social Security Crowd out
Private Savings? In Peter De
Gijsel and Hans Schenk (eds.),
Multidisciplinary Economic:
The Birth of a New Economics
Faculty in the Netherlands. New
York, NY: Springer.
CHAPTER 8.
Summary
This report has provided an update
on the worlds older population as
well as the demographic, health,
and economic aspects of our aging
world. Among all demographic
trends underway in the world today,
it is population agingand how
societies, families, and individuals
prepare for and manage itthat
may be the most consequential. As
Suzman said (quoted in Holmes,
2015), Ageing is reshaping our
world.
In addition to updating the most
recent trends, this latest report in
the Census Bureaus series of An
Aging World featured a variety of
special topics, with some contributed by researchers outside the
Census Bureau. Below is a summary
of select essential points illustrated
in this report:
POPULATION GROWTH
In 2015, 8.5 percent of the
worlds population is aged 65
and over. This older population
of 617 million is projected to
increase by an average of 27
million a year over the next 35
years, reaching 1.6 billion in
2050. The older population is
expected to represent 16.7 percent of the world total population by then.
While Europe is still the oldest
region today and is projected to
remain so by 2050, aging in Asia
and Latin America will accelerate and rapidly catch up. Asia is
just as notable for leading the
world in the size of the older
population as speed of aging. At
the other end of the spectrum
is Africa, exceptionally young in
2015 in terms of proportion of
older population, even though
APPENDIX A.
Western Africa
South-Eastern Asia
Eastern Africa
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cabo Verde
Cote dIvoire
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea Bissau
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Saint Helena
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo
Brunei
Burma
Cambodia
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Vietnam
Burundi
Comoros
Djibouti
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Rwanda
Seychelles
Somalia
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
ASIA
Middle Africa
Eastern Asia
Angola
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo (Brazzaville)
Congo (Kinshasa)
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Sao Tome and Principe
China
Hong Kong
Japan
Korea, North
Korea, South
Macau
Mongolia
Taiwan
Northern Africa
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
South Sudan
Sudan
Tunisia
Western Sahara
Southern Africa
Botswana
Lesotho
Namibia
South Africa
Swaziland
U.S. Census Bureau
South-Central Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Western Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Cyprus
Gaza Strip
Georgia
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
West Bank
Yemen
EUROPE
Eastern Europe
Belarus
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Hungary
Moldova
Poland
Romania
Russia
Slovakia
Ukraine
Northern Europe
Denmark
Estonia
Faroe Island
Finland
Guernsey
Iceland
Ireland
Isle of Man
Jersey
Latvia
Lithuania
Norway
Sweden
United Kingdom
Southern Europe
Albania
Andorra
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Gibraltar
Greece
Italy
Kosovo
Macedonia
Malta
Montenegro
Portugal
San Marino
Serbia
Slovenia
Spain
Western Europe
Austria
Belgium
France
Germany
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Monaco
Netherlands
Switzerland
NORTHERN AMERICA
Bermuda
Canada
Greenland
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
United States
OCEANIA
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Federated
States of
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Wallis and Futuna
APPENDIX B.
Detailed Tables
Table B-1.
Total Population, Percentage Older, and Percentage Oldest Old: 1950, 1980, 2015, and
2050Con.
(Numbers in thousands)
1950
1980
Total
population
6.7
7.7
6.5
6.9
8.3
15.8
10.0
6.3
43,674
16,282
6,215
19,567
29,074
6,458
12,661
7,285
3.9
3.0
2.8
4.2
3.1
3.8
2.6
2.9
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.3
10.3
10.0
10.7
14.3
12.9
7.9
7.7
10.3
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.3
11.8
6.7
12.9
7.5
7.7
8.2
11.8
9.4
11.1
16.7
6.7
2.8
12.5
9.4
88,855
998,877
688,575
151,108
3,764
116,807
13,763
79,222
48,088
2,415
38,124
14,941
46,809
46,316
2.9
4.7
3.6
3.4
8.6
9.0
3.7
3.4
3.2
4.7
3.8
4.4
3.8
4.6
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
1.2
1.4
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.7
10.3
8.5
8.3
8.8
14.0
15.6
13.5
11.8
9.4
10.6
10.5
11.4
13.2
15.2
1.2
1.4
0.7
1.0
1.2
1.7
1.0
1.0
0.8
1.1
1.7
0.7
0.9
1.5
1.5
1.2
11.5
12.7
10.4
12.0
13.2
14.9
10.3
14.7
11.0
13.3
17.5
13.5
14.5
14.6
14.0
15.8
7,549
9,828
8,862
10,284
5,123
53,880
78,289
9,643
10,707
56,434
4,086
35,574
138,655
8,310
56,314
50,044
15.4
14.4
11.9
13.4
14.4
14.0
15.6
13.1
13.4
13.1
14.8
10.1
10.2
16.3
14.9
11.9
2.7
2.6
1.6
1.9
2.9
3.1
2.8
2.3
2.1
2.2
3.0
1.5
1.4
3.2
2.7
1.7
17.5
18.1
13.4
14.2
20.1
22.1
17.9
17.6
15.7
16.8
20.3
14.9
13.7
19.6
18.1
14.3
Total
population
Africa
Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kenya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malawi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Morocco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tunisia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21,834
6,077
2,881
8,953
13,683
3,530
5,158
2,747
3.0
3.9
3.1
2.9
3.6
5.7
3.0
3.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.9
0.3
0.2
Asia
Bangladesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pakistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Korea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sri Lanka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thailand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43,852
554,760
371,857
79,538
1,258
83,625
6,110
36,944
19,996
1,022
18,859
7,339
20,607
21,484
5.1
4.5
3.1
4.0
3.9
4.9
5.1
5.3
3.6
2.4
3.0
3.6
3.2
3.2
Europe
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Czech Republic. . . . . . . . . . . .
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . .
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,935
8,628
7,251
8,925
4,271
41,829
68,376
7,566
9,338
47,104
3,265
24,824
102,702
7,014
50,616
37,298
10.4
11.0
6.7
8.3
9.1
11.4
9.7
6.8
7.3
8.3
9.7
5.2
6.2
10.3
10.7
7.6
Percent 80
and over Percent 80
of total and over of
population 65 and over
Percent 65
and over
of total
population
Percent 80
and over Percent 80
of total and over of
population 65 and over
Percent 65
and over
of total
population
Country
Table B-1.
Total Population, Percentage Older, and Percentage Oldest Old: 1950, 1980, 2015, and
2050Con.
(Numbers in thousands)
1950
1980
Total
population
11.9
10.0
11.6
9.7
10.4
8.0
5.1
17.1
8.6
17.1
28,094
121,615
11,174
28,356
2,347
7,013
2,133
69,325
17,325
2,914
8.1
4.1
5.5
3.8
4.7
2.9
6.7
3.7
3.6
10.5
1.1
0.5
0.9
0.5
0.8
0.4
1.5
0.6
0.4
1.7
13.6
12.2
16.4
13.2
17.0
13.8
22.4
16.2
11.1
16.2
1.1
13.6
14,638
9.6
1.7
1.1
1.1
12.2
13.3
3,113
230,917
10.0
11.2
1.7
2.4
17.7
19.1
17.0
21.4
Total
population
17,150
53,975
6,082
12,568
966
3,146
1,403
27,741
7,632
2,239
4.2
3.0
4.3
3.1
4.8
2.5
3.9
3.5
3.5
8.2
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.3
1.4
8.1
9.0
8.3
Latin America/Caribbean
Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colombia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Costa Rica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guatemala. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jamaica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uruguay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Northern America/Oceania
Table B-1.
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,219
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Population, Percentage
Canada
13,737
New
Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,908
2050Con.
United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
157,813
(Numbers in thousands)
Older,7.7and Percentage
Oldest 24,516
Old: 1950, 1980,
2015
1.1
14.3
9.4
1.8 and
2015
2050
Total
population
Africa
Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kenya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malawi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Morocco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tunisia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88,487
45,925
17,715
33,323
48,286
11,037
37,102
14,230
5.2
2.9
2.7
6.4
6.5
8.0
2.0
3.5
0.7
0.4
0.3
1.4
1.0
1.6
0.3
0.7
Asia
Bangladesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pakistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Korea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sri Lanka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thailand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
168,958
1,361,513
1,251,696
255,994
7,935
126,920
30,514
199,086
109,616
5,674
49,115
22,053
67,976
82,523
5.1
10.1
6.0
6.6
10.9
26.6
5.6
4.3
4.6
8.9
13.0
9.0
9.9
6.9
0.7
1.8
0.8
1.1
3.0
8.0
0.9
0.6
0.7
2.0
2.8
1.8
1.9
1.1
Percent 80
and over Percent 80
of total and over of
population 65 and over
Total
population
Percent 65
and over
of total
population
13.2
14.3
10.8
21.0
16.1
20.3
15.7
19.6
137,873
70,755
37,407
42,026
49,401
12,180
93,476
25,198
13.1
9.2
4.2
18.6
11.4
24.3
3.4
6.9
2.8
1.5
0.6
4.9
3.3
6.8
0.5
1.2
21.4
16.6
14.0
26.4
28.6
27.9
15.6
16.9
14.0
18.2
13.2
16.1
27.3
29.9
15.4
14.4
15.4
22.9
21.2
19.4
18.9
16.4
250,155
1,303,723
1,656,554
300,183
10,828
107,210
42,929
290,848
171,964
8,610
43,369
25,167
66,064
100,955
14.6
26.8
14.7
19.0
18.1
40.1
16.0
11.3
11.7
23.9
35.9
21.2
27.4
19.3
2.9
8.7
3.2
4.8
5.7
18.3
4.3
2.2
2.7
9.1
14.0
6.5
8.7
4.8
20.2
32.7
21.7
24.9
31.4
45.7
26.8
19.5
22.9
38.0
39.1
30.6
31.9
24.9
Percent 80
and over Percent 80
of total and over of
population 65 and over
Percent 65
and over
of total
population
Country
Percent 80
and over Percent 80
of total and over of
population 65 and over
Percent 65
and over
of total
population
Percent 80
and over Percent 80
of total and over of
population 65 and over
Percent 65
and over
of total
population
Country
Table B-1.
Total Population, Percentage Older, and Percentage Oldest Old: 1950, 1980, 2015 and
2050Con.
(Numbers in thousands)
2015
2050
Percent 80
and over Percent 80
of total and over of
population 65 and over
Total
population
Percent 65
and over
of total
population
27.1
30.1
23.7
22.6
23.1
31.4
27.2
30.4
24.6
30.4
26.0
25.8
23.7
25.3
21.4
27.2
7,521
9,883
4,651
10,210
5,575
69,484
71,542
10,036
8,490
61,416
6,364
32,085
129,908
12,011
33,574
71,154
30.1
27.7
33.8
29.0
24.6
25.8
30.1
32.1
29.9
31.0
23.0
31.7
25.7
22.3
29.3
23.6
12.8
11.1
10.7
9.0
9.7
10.3
13.3
11.6
9.5
11.9
8.3
9.9
7.7
8.3
9.1
9.1
42.4
40.2
31.6
30.9
39.3
40.1
44.3
36.1
31.9
38.5
36.2
31.1
30.1
37.1
31.1
38.7
3.0
1.4
2.1
1.2
1.3
0.6
2.0
1.3
1.2
3.9
26.1
17.8
20.6
17.6
18.4
14.6
25.0
19.7
16.7
28.0
53,511
232,304
19,688
56,228
6,066
22,995
3,555
150,568
36,944
3,495
18.9
21.1
23.2
19.1
20.7
10.3
14.5
18.0
17.1
21.6
5.6
5.8
8.0
5.9
6.2
2.1
3.9
5.1
4.5
7.0
29.3
27.4
34.7
30.8
30.1
20.4
26.6
28.2
26.7
32.3
4.1
5.0
3.7
3.8
26.3
28.2
25.5
25.3
29,013
41,136
5,199
398,328
22.5
26.3
23.0
22.1
8.1
10.6
8.9
8.2
36.1
40.5
38.5
37.1
Percent 80
and over Percent 80
of total and over of
population 65 and over
Total
population
Percent 65
and over
of total
population
Europe
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Czech Republic. . . . . . . . . . . .
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . .
8,224
10,454
6,867
10,645
5,582
66,554
80,854
10,776
9,898
61,855
5,208
38,302
142,424
9,802
44,009
64,088
19.5
19.3
19.8
18.0
18.7
18.7
21.5
20.5
18.2
21.2
16.3
15.5
13.6
20.0
16.2
17.7
5.3
5.8
4.7
4.1
4.3
5.9
5.8
6.2
4.5
6.4
4.2
4.0
3.2
5.1
3.5
4.8
Latin America/Caribbean
Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colombia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Costa Rica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guatemala. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jamaica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uruguay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43,432
204,260
17,508
46,737
4,814
14,919
2,950
121,737
30,445
3,342
11.6
7.8
10.2
6.9
7.3
4.3
7.9
6.8
7.0
14.0
Northern America/Oceania
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22,751
35,100
4,438
321,369
15.5
17.7
14.6
14.9
Country
Sources: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2007, World Population Prospects. The 2006 Edition; and U.S. Census Bureau, 2013,
2014a, 2014b; International Data Base, U.S. population estimates, and U.S. population projections.
Table B-2.
Percentage Change in Population for Older Age Groups by Country: 2010 to 2030 and
2030 to 2050
Country
5564
5564
Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Angola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Botswana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burkina Faso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cameroon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cape Verde. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Central African Republic. . . . . . . . . .
Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comoros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congo (Brazzaville). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congo (Kinshasa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cote dIvoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Djibouti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equatorial Guinea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eritrea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ethiopia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gabon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gambia, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ghana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guinea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guinea-Bissau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kenya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesotho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liberia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Madagascar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malawi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mauritania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mauritius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Morocco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Namibia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nigeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rwanda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saint Helena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sao Tome and Principe. . . . . . . . . . .
Senegal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seychelles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Somalia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Sudan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Togo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tunisia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Western Sahara. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zambia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86.2
125.3
83.1
125.7
47.2
133.4
94.5
82.4
193.0
92.4
50.3
112.1
150.2
98.5
81.1
102.3
60.9
112.8
116.2
89.1
41.4
107.5
103.9
78.6
59.0
112.2
2.4
73.1
230.8
113.3
62.4
78.7
93.8
34.1
100.9
54.7
20.7
101.7
79.1
110.9
49.9
126.9
113.1
147.4
91.5
154.2
1.7
206.9
137.2
26.1
105.0
101.3
105.8
144.1
120.5
106.8
44.4
98.2
151.9
93.5
109.2
75.8
86.0
140.7
89.8
110.8
46.6
63.7
75.2
116.8
92.2
75.0
113.9
137.4
66.7
59.8
107.2
53.1
110.7
101.6
90.2
74.1
128.2
13.3
97.5
148.1
129.2
73.5
78.3
104.5
154.2
119.3
48.4
49.1
97.0
77.0
152.8
78.6
70.5
112.5
130.8
49.3
117.8
54.6
168.6
98.1
55.9
91.6
116.6
116.8
90.2
139.2
68.1
55.0
136.2
133.2
158.3
188.5
96.3
120.1
130.3
139.6
46.4
50.9
101.7
148.8
88.6
137.5
230.6
197.3
272.3
113.8
155.2
175.7
69.8
183.8
120.1
164.4
148.0
152.5
35.2
205.4
119.9
116.2
141.1
85.9
160.7
131.6
101.2
86.2
140.8
111.5
135.4
112.1
118.7
15.6
117.6
67.9
160.1
53.0
131.0
75.5
30.7
131.8
161.8
188.0
109.7
72.8
156.5
88.8
98.0
103.2
148.3
100.0
117.8
80.3
89.4
139.4
95.6
96.9
47.2
67.8
84.1
112.8
96.9
89.0
122.8
152.4
72.3
71.8
114.4
55.7
119.1
104.4
98.8
81.2
131.6
17.4
107.0
143.1
127.3
80.3
79.2
111.1
149.6
115.8
53.4
61.9
98.9
82.9
147.3
87.4
61.2
113.1
117.6
60.4
110.5
66.1
155.0
85.7
66.3
100.3
125.0
115.5
87.7
141.5
70.7
62.8
89.7
46.1
105.3
102.3
81.0
101.6
123.6
116.0
87.7
89.5
112.4
67.7
51.2
125.0
89.5
122.8
73.5
85.3
82.1
115.6
66.9
113.8
70.5
90.4
77.1
110.4
94.0
84.1
33.6
105.9
124.7
114.3
92.0
11.9
33.3
118.0
78.8
108.0
88.1
108.0
36.9
94.0
108.0
9.7
74.7
64.2
58.8
104.0
81.4
111.7
108.5
110.2
8.3
149.7
92.8
109.6
180.3
106.3
102.9
110.7
144.8
70.7
148.5
118.8
119.1
83.5
97.3
82.0
143.4
129.0
135.4
142.7
138.0
91.1
113.2
162.4
119.3
38.3
133.7
104.0
96.9
93.7
154.5
57.6
118.1
187.0
115.3
109.1
105.7
110.7
20.7
70.5
89.5
44.5
112.3
110.4
144.3
14.9
155.8
122.7
65.2
129.7
93.9
12.6
157.8
118.8
51.0
147.9
124.6
56.0
136.8
108.5
136.9
153.4
157.8
197.1
144.1
176.3
90.9
190.2
194.4
145.0
233.3
139.9
116.4
137.5
226.8
171.6
139.8
192.4
164.4
169.6
135.3
170.9
116.7
158.1
167.5
154.2
111.9
185.6
34.8
154.2
284.3
202.7
117.9
132.3
165.2
140.6
180.4
99.5
62.9
138.4
132.8
211.5
93.8
238.2
197.7
222.4
141.0
293.8
71.7
296.2
235.6
79.8
144.1
178.0
173.1
189.6
187.7
123.6
81.2
114.2
120.1
115.0
149.4
75.5
153.4
127.7
122.7
107.5
103.1
86.4
142.5
141.2
139.8
142.3
145.7
103.1
121.4
157.4
126.3
51.5
137.4
114.2
105.6
96.1
159.2
52.6
122.8
202.5
127.5
110.3
109.1
118.6
43.3
90.1
91.1
48.3
115.9
113.3
152.0
35.1
165.8
132.5
90.6
131.5
110.2
24.9
171.6
133.9
56.5
147.3
132.6
77.2
143.8
119.6
135.0
137.4
Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Afghanistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Armenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Azerbaijan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71.7
84.4
19.9
100.6
148.7
97.5
93.6
84.3
141.7
231.8
126.5
134.5
44.4
46.1
149.1
102.4
97.1
76.3
123.0
216.1
19.0
110.4
30.3
44.0
35.4
47.9
100.0
1.0
32.6
93.3
144.2
163.0
140.9
267.5
276.6
66.0
106.4
23.9
62.6
120.8
Table B-2.
Percentage Change in Population for Older Age Groups by Country: 2010 to 2030 and
2030 to 2050Con.
Country
5564
5564
AsiaCon.
Bangladesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bhutan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cyprus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gaza Strip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hong Kong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jordan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kazakhstan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Korea, North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Korea, South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kuwait. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kyrgyzstan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Laos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lebanon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Macau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nepal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pakistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Qatar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sri Lanka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Taiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tajikistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thailand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Timor-Leste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkmenistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uzbekistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vietnam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Yemen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
113.6
81.4
96.9
98.7
116.0
62.1
52.1
164.0
6.1
21.7
83.8
95.3
125.5
165.6
41.8
6.8
157.2
49.9
93.4
55.7
96.5
57.2
107.7
61.5
85.7
91.3
128.3
156.3
90.1
100.3
105.2
91.7
125.0
150.2
62.2
42.6
137.3
37.0
157.6
63.5
85.9
79.3
101.9
99.2
110.2
118.0
184.1
96.5
130.3
62.3
274.6
117.7
137.2
105.9
97.1
175.9
38.4
131.2
98.0
99.0
127.5
154.0
75.4
4.1
86.9
109.7
45.0
102.8
198.9
122.8
101.8
66.1
232.6
165.8
103.8
158.8
91.9
94.8
97.0
127.5
276.4
161.1
188.9
109.7
130.0
121.0
141.2
111.3
118.5
115.3
180.1
164.2
165.1
159.8
148.0
136.5
177.8
170.1
247.1
110.0
125.5
116.1
151.8
128.1
26.9
81.3
162.4
158.7
81.7
113.8
76.2
110.5
174.1
79.9
180.6
182.5
352.6
20.3
106.2
133.0
115.6
202.1
116.9
113.8
169.8
204.2
115.0
175.0
269.6
172.6
226.0
151.3
125.4
93.8
50.9
143.1
253.9
151.7
79.0
230.3
51.6
65.2
118.1
96.3
136.5
77.6
270.4
116.6
135.6
107.7
107.4
167.5
35.4
117.4
105.9
107.1
118.4
146.7
75.6
33.6
101.2
104.5
60.3
117.0
215.2
101.0
102.3
76.8
199.8
171.2
105.9
151.9
100.7
110.6
99.4
134.4
275.7
162.7
197.5
117.6
129.3
114.4
128.3
116.7
131.2
120.7
163.3
171.2
139.7
139.3
142.5
130.2
61.5
92.6
53.6
36.7
89.1
6.2
26.7
139.4
26.8
15.5
34.1
12.6
70.6
72.5
25.3
29.1
45.4
44.5
4.9
20.6
49.4
64.8
90.9
18.6
5.3
27.8
107.4
50.9
98.2
139.9
97.2
60.6
35.4
87.8
65.7
9.8
83.7
9.1
87.3
9.1
80.3
23.7
68.9
34.1
76.0
39.2
85.1
168.1
105.3
131.8
73.7
75.2
90.7
19.6
39.4
143.8
3.2
11.2
75.2
65.6
122.6
167.2
44.6
6.6
119.3
33.5
34.1
5.6
82.5
44.7
104.9
47.7
17.7
62.3
120.2
93.0
111.8
218.3
100.5
90.0
94.5
140.6
54.9
35.4
129.4
9.6
106.8
24.0
70.5
65.9
65.1
100.3
72.6
66.9
126.5
158.8
184.2
134.4
260.7
205.7
223.9
168.1
105.3
259.2
61.6
110.3
162.3
169.4
203.4
248.7
70.6
15.3
170.7
160.2
130.7
124.5
244.4
226.7
197.6
119.1
200.0
201.3
223.7
286.1
168.3
135.5
190.0
175.7
279.5
259.1
178.8
112.2
231.8
121.8
362.1
146.1
185.8
171.4
281.7
225.9
254.0
242.2
241.5
183.8
117.5
132.4
100.3
92.9
108.2
46.1
54.4
161.2
13.1
17.0
88.8
83.2
136.0
180.0
51.9
10.4
130.8
53.1
53.2
33.2
107.2
67.9
116.8
62.7
54.5
85.2
138.0
118.2
120.4
201.1
113.3
104.5
111.9
157.8
86.3
52.3
146.6
34.2
131.1
47.3
87.0
83.7
89.5
116.4
98.3
93.1
145.6
162.2
Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Albania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Andorra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bosnia and Herzegovina. . . . . . . . . .
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Croatia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Czech Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Estonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faroe Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.7
23.7
70.8
24.6
6.4
3.8
26.1
14.6
6.2
0.1
4.9
11.1
8.8
37.6
71.3
122.7
38.7
45.7
41.2
67.3
5.5
34.5
33.6
31.0
10.8
47.6
48.9
126.9
66.2
48.5
22.5
38.0
122.6
44.8
49.9
88.1
75.1
39.8
59.2
40.5
80.7
105.4
41.4
40.0
40.3
75.5
14.3
38.3
46.6
42.1
17.9
50.8
7.5
54.1
53.3
18.2
6.4
9.5
15.8
23.4
7.3
9.5
9.2
10.8
14.2
2.7
2.9
7.1
12.7
6.2
11.3
0.6
2.6
3.7
23.2
6.9
5.7
12.5
50.9
94.0
116.2
56.9
76.0
45.4
117.8
19.9
43.7
25.6
33.7
26.3
47.4
16.1
22.3
34.1
7.5
21.2
5.1
21.7
7.5
9.1
23.9
5.7
3.6
5.1
Table B-2.
Percentage Change in Population for Older Age Groups by Country: 2010 to 2030 and
2030 to 2050Con.
Country
EuropeCon.
Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gibraltar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guernsey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Isle of Man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kosovo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Latvia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liechtenstein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Luxembourg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Macedonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Moldova. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monaco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montenegro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
San Marino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slovakia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slovenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.6
5.8
12.0
12.0
24.6
12.2
2.1
20.9
50.3
19.5
32.7
8.3
74.3
4.7
21.9
18.9
28.9
18.4
12.1
17.4
4.5
20.8
6.2
22.6
10.0
24.9
22.2
0.0
44.5
11.6
7.2
0.2
60.8
8.4
26.9
5.7
15.6
39.7
49.4
22.1
13.1
20.3
48.1
20.3
83.5
73.5
49.2
25.7
60.1
76.6
10.8
86.2
30.7
61.1
54.9
55.2
42.9
57.2
64.6
54.4
58.7
63.7
24.7
19.0
52.3
55.3
22.0
65.1
40.7
45.8
23.6
46.3
22.6
39.5
76.5
50.7
51.6
86.6
43.0
55.1
58.4
64.5
97.0
65.3
43.0
70.2
93.7
37.9
133.0
41.4
57.2
114.0
126.6
41.2
154.5
23.7
88.7
57.7
62.3
45.6
52.9
34.0
66.6
42.0
69.3
64.6
48.3
62.7
60.8
28.2
53.9
70.9
142.1
85.6
27.6
25.8
86.7
39.9
128.7
73.7
67.0
56.4
58.3
81.7
86.5
61.2
11.4
64.7
84.7
78.1
66.1
53.2
63.1
53.6
104.8
202.5
161.6
47.7
119.5
130.4
131.6
145.8
112.6
113.1
191.1
111.2
148.3
157.1
60.2
78.6
69.2
117.5
116.4
79.0
91.0
113.6
129.6
126.0
119.4
95.1
62.1
204.4
182.5
68.6
111.2
106.2
148.6
236.3
132.2
163.0
174.2
97.5
131.2
41.5
153.2
126.1
104.0
108.6
159.5
96.8
49.6
49.8
29.5
30.7
26.5
50.2
29.4
78.0
79.2
53.9
30.8
62.9
79.4
16.6
97.4
33.6
60.0
64.9
71.3
42.6
90.6
51.9
63.2
58.4
63.3
30.5
26.2
48.2
58.6
26.3
66.1
46.4
46.5
34.5
50.4
23.8
43.6
0.7
9.8
17.5
31.7
24.6
6.6
13.5
9.4
0.0
11.8
24.2
28.7
49.4
5.5
7.7
2.3
14.6
2.7
10.5
2.6
36.5
11.8
7.4
11.1
1.3
20.4
17.8
9.1
24.2
8.9
2.0
22.3
21.9
18.1
2.0
0.7
4.0
14.4
3.1
22.2
34.2
13.0
3.7
13.1
8.1
49.3
3.4
7.6
19.2
59.2
2.2
3.9
2.2
8.3
17.6
3.9
9.3
12.9
21.3
11.9
14.0
11.1
15.3
29.4
5.3
0.0
1.4
19.0
2.4
31.2
7.2
7.5
0.9
1.4
21.3
37.6
49.3
8.3
43.3
45.9
29.0
70.5
79.3
43.6
43.8
66.8
147.2
42.9
64.9
47.4
72.3
85.2
28.9
63.6
48.9
82.5
47.0
51.9
47.8
38.1
62.2
76.3
62.9
46.3
61.5
49.4
68.7
23.8
54.1
51.4
45.9
3.0
9.9
1.2
25.4
22.4
11.7
17.7
24.7
57.3
11.4
19.1
5.4
74.6
9.3
15.5
15.2
25.6
32.3
11.3
4.6
15.4
36.7
5.6
25.4
20.4
22.3
37.9
19.8
19.6
10.3
29.5
11.6
42.1
12.8
21.6
12.6
15.0
108.9
183.3
146.5
51.4
133.1
138.8
115.5
139.5
111.3
119.2
199.7
115.4
150.7
160.2
67.7
89.1
62.2
124.1
118.5
83.8
93.9
120.6
123.8
29.4
16.8
14.6
31.9
23.7
5.8
13.9
83.7
86.9
20.9
21.3
16.6
28.4
34.8
28.4
29.9
6.5
35.3
50.5
45.6
32.3
130.5
41.2
52.4
39.0
34.8
44.9
9.0
40.7
0.2
98.7
96.8
53.6
14.9
17.9
35.8
49.6
2.3
21.7
25.2
49.6
64.4
62.9
12.6
100.0
37.0
128.6
236.4
190.3
57.4
108.3
159.8
133.9
236.4
126.8
137.8
144.6
125.2
181.3
172.5
102.2
59.7
137.2
146.0
129.3
119.3
123.5
135.9
170.6
68.4
74.2
62.7
48.3
29.8
63.6
27.0
120.7
102.6
70.1
42.5
41.3
61.5
73.1
22.6
1.8
50.0
69.5
78.6
75.0
32.2
106.4
57.8
Table B-2.
Percentage Change in Population for Older Age Groups by Country: 2010 to 2030 and
2030 to 2050Con.
Country
5564
5564
71.2
115.8
55.5
98.1
183.7
118.4
84.9
90.3
73.2
1.5
3.0
95.2
98.5
23.5
67.3
67.8
140.3
19.0
351.3
20.8
76.4
100.9
0.7
71.1
131.7
37.8
109.4
98.2
124.5
104.5
130.6
95.0
34.7
107.4
190.2
140.7
124.3
111.6
446.1
125.0
118.7
265.9
29.8
148.0
243.9
50.5
132.7
163.8
57.2
138.0
2.6
136.1
148.2
127.6
158.4
97.8
267.4
46.5
84.0
207.0
60.2
595.6
93.8
129.3
144.7
34.1
129.0
206.8
220.5
78.1
136.9
42.5
114.7
76.8
126.5
113.1
130.0
104.6
49.8
133.5
150.7
122.5
139.9
100.0
462.9
119.6
120.6
238.4
30.9
144.5
236.4
80.1
82.6
85.0
80.5
28.5
6.6
78.2
25.6
63.9
39.6
0.6
26.0
8.9
0.0
12.7
1.8
4.0
22.1
3.3
22.0
20.5
42.2
38.9
33.2
97.9
105.2
68.8
64.0
107.8
98.5
57.8
65.3
54.8
0.4
21.0
30.4
44.7
19.5
21.1
20.9
77.0
12.7
189.1
19.3
56.6
49.9
15.7
149.2
181.3
68.4
147.5
286.3
185.7
125.6
147.6
139.4
30.8
67.6
210.0
161.5
82.6
153.3
280.0
243.1
115.8
330.8
51.8
151.8
197.9
35.5
105.5
118.9
68.7
81.3
131.0
113.9
73.4
81.9
70.9
10.0
1.7
59.2
75.7
34.7
45.0
20.9
102.1
31.8
212.3
28.1
73.3
76.9
0.2
Northern America. . . . . . . . .
Bermuda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greenland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saint Pierre and Miquelon. . . . . . . . .
United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7
1.4
5.8
14.1
16.5
5.6
81.3
90.3
84.0
123.2
42.6
82.7
68.5
114.8
81.7
179.9
83.2
72.2
77.7
96.2
83.3
130.5
53.3
79.8
16.9
4.3
12.2
4.5
57.9
19.6
2.6
31.1
5.2
37.8
11.5
1.0
68.7
66.9
57.0
168.4
48.2
59.0
20.2
5.3
12.9
5.8
7.3
15.1
Oceania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
American Samoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cook Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fiji
French Polynesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kiribati. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marshall Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Micronesia, Federated States of. . . .
Nauru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Caledonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Northern Mariana Islands. . . . . . . . .
Palau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Papua New Guinea. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Samoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solomon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tonga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tuvalu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vanuatu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wallis and Futuna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32.4
85.5
21.2
8.5
49.2
90.6
41.2
81.8
85.7
29.9
64.0
87.2
27.0
114.1
65.3
104.7
90.1
155.8
73.5
6.1
119.4
42.5
77.5
198.7
70.3
21.7
125.9
141.9
117.9
120.4
209.4
112.7
339.4
92.4
77.2
457.2
181.9
125.7
95.6
111.0
31.7
107.7
158.6
99.6
87.1
163.1
82.0
77.0
280.0
241.6
189.5
146.2
183.8
57.8
213.3
206.7
78.3
394.3
108.0
222.7
96.0
169.1
79.7
51.7
232.8
171.8
80.0
193.5
73.6
30.1
141.1
156.3
130.4
123.5
205.4
105.5
326.5
110.8
77.5
449.3
160.2
136.6
95.6
120.3
40.0
98.9
167.6
113.4
20.2
26.8
14.9
36.7
33.8
20.8
19.6
75.7
71.7
18.9
67.1
24.1
4.9
48.6
3.1
49.6
52.8
70.7
4.1
118.2
72.5
31.0
23.9
31.2
15.6
22.8
49.7
42.3
15.8
71.3
113.6
34.6
98.4
66.5
4.2
59.1
4.7
98.2
52.1
147.1
56.6
5.5
104.2
51.1
65.3
301.1
54.3
97.3
164.8
172.0
123.9
229.0
216.6
131.7
444.7
124.5
68.9
403.2
202.1
182.4
171.8
180.6
133.5
160.0
250.8
97.8
35.4
66.9
27.1
1.8
67.5
67.3
39.6
92.1
128.9
44.4
124.4
80.1
22.2
98.1
43.9
111.0
72.7
153.6
73.7
14.3
126.2
62.5
Table B-3.
2015
2030
2050
Africa
Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Angola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Botswana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burkina Faso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cameroon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cape Verde. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Central African Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comoros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congo (Brazzaville). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congo (Kinshasa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cote dIvoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Djibouti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equatorial Guinea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eritrea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ethiopia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gabon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gambia, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ghana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guinea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guinea-Bissau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kenya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesotho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liberia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Madagascar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malawi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mauritania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mauritius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Morocco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Namibia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nigeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rwanda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saint Helena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sao Tome and Principe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Senegal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seychelles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Somalia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Sudan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Togo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tunisia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Western Sahara. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zambia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27.5
18.0
17.9
23.1
17.1
17.0
24.5
18.4
19.5
17.4
19.4
19.8
18.1
20.5
23.2
25.3
19.5
19.3
17.7
18.6
20.5
20.9
18.8
19.9
19.3
23.8
18.1
28.0
19.4
17.5
16.1
20.1
34.4
28.5
17.0
23.1
15.2
18.2
18.8
41.0
17.9
18.5
34.4
19.0
17.8
25.9
17.0
19.3
21.2
17.5
19.6
31.9
15.6
20.9
16.7
20.5
31.8
19.5
20.8
25.6
18.6
17.9
31.3
20.4
21.3
20.9
25.1
20.7
22.1
24.5
28.0
28.8
22.6
23.7
19.8
19.4
24.9
22.8
20.3
22.3
25.2
26.5
21.6
34.2
22.6
19.4
18.2
23.2
39.3
34.0
18.5
28.5
17.7
20.0
21.7
46.7
23.0
21.6
41.5
20.0
19.5
29.3
20.7
24.6
25.0
19.8
21.4
38.8
17.4
23.9
17.6
22.0
37.0
22.6
26.1
29.0
21.7
20.4
38.6
24.3
24.8
24.8
33.4
23.5
28.8
30.4
33.3
34.1
28.4
30.1
24.3
21.6
31.8
26.0
23.8
26.7
33.9
32.5
26.8
40.2
28.8
23.7
23.7
28.5
44.4
39.4
21.6
34.1
23.0
23.1
24.3
49.6
31.1
26.8
49.2
22.2
23.2
33.4
26.7
31.5
29.6
23.5
25.1
44.0
21.9
28.8
19.8
25.9
Asia
Afghanistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Armenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Azerbaijan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bangladesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.4
34.2
30.5
31.8
24.7
20.7
42.4
37.4
34.1
30.8
25.6
51.3
42.3
36.9
37.7
Table B-3.
2015
2030
2050
AsiaCon.
Bhutan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cyprus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gaza Strip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hong Kong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jordan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kazakhstan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Korea, North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Korea, South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kyrgyzstan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Laos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lebanon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Macau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nepal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pakistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Qatar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sri Lanka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Taiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tajikistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thailand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Timor-Leste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkmenistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uzbekistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vietnam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Yemen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26.7
29.6
28.3
24.5
37.0
36.1
18.4
37.9
43.6
27.3
29.6
28.8
21.8
30.1
46.5
23.0
30.0
33.6
40.8
29.0
26.0
22.3
31.9
38.2
27.9
27.4
27.5
23.4
25.1
23.0
23.7
32.8
26.8
34.0
32.1
23.5
39.7
23.9
36.7
18.6
30.0
27.1
30.3
27.6
29.6
22.7
18.9
33.6
33.9
33.4
29.3
42.9
41.8
23.9
41.8
49.5
31.8
34.4
36.9
26.5
32.9
52.6
26.0
34.9
37.3
48.3
31.0
29.3
27.8
39.2
46.2
31.9
35.0
33.7
30.3
28.4
29.0
27.4
34.8
31.9
39.2
36.5
29.5
47.5
28.2
42.8
21.7
35.2
33.3
30.3
35.1
36.6
28.6
24.2
41.7
38.1
38.0
35.2
48.9
48.7
32.9
45.1
54.1
37.2
40.9
42.5
33.2
38.2
56.4
30.7
38.4
41.8
55.1
33.9
34.5
34.2
46.8
55.0
36.7
42.3
39.2
36.6
33.2
35.9
32.5
35.2
36.5
47.0
41.3
36.9
54.9
34.4
48.5
28.6
41.4
38.1
30.8
42.3
43.3
36.0
32.0
Europe
Albania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Andorra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bosnia and Herzegovina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Croatia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Czech Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Estonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faroe Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32.0
43.0
44.6
39.6
43.3
41.2
42.8
42.3
41.3
41.8
41.5
37.7
43.3
41.1
39.4
52.2
47.6
44.8
45.5
47.2
48.4
46.4
46.6
42.4
46.3
38.0
45.3
42.8
49.8
54.2
49.6
48.3
47.2
53.0
53.0
49.7
47.8
45.0
51.7
40.1
46.8
44.0
Table B-3.
2015
2030
2050
EuropeCon.
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gibraltar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guernsey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Isle of Man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kosovo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Latvia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liechtenstein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Luxembourg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Macedonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Moldova. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monaco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montenegro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
San Marino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slovakia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slovenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46.5
34.2
43.8
43.4
41.4
36.6
36.1
43.7
44.8
39.0
28.2
41.7
42.7
41.5
39.6
37.2
41.2
36.0
51.7
39.7
42.3
39.1
39.9
41.5
40.2
39.1
43.9
42.1
39.2
43.8
42.0
41.2
42.1
40.8
40.4
48.5
38.6
48.8
45.8
46.7
40.4
40.1
45.4
49.0
40.1
34.1
46.4
44.8
46.6
39.9
42.5
46.2
42.5
63.4
46.9
43.2
41.1
46.6
46.6
46.6
44.0
46.7
46.1
45.7
49.4
47.2
41.5
44.1
45.8
41.9
49.1
43.0
50.3
47.6
49.5
44.1
42.1
47.0
49.4
44.3
41.1
52.3
45.9
53.4
41.4
47.6
50.3
47.5
71.7
50.8
44.4
43.6
51.9
49.4
51.5
45.7
48.6
49.6
50.1
52.7
49.2
42.1
45.0
50.4
43.3
34.3
31.4
31.4
39.0
31.5
38.0
22.1
23.7
31.1
39.7
33.7
29.3
30.4
40.4
36.1
32.6
27.4
27.0
26.1
30.4
21.4
25.4
22.5
22.3
25.3
27.6
38.6
35.4
34.9
42.1
36.1
42.8
26.7
28.6
36.9
41.7
39.2
35.1
36.7
44.3
39.3
40.1
32.6
32.6
34.1
38.1
26.8
31.9
28.1
27.8
30.9
32.7
41.6
40.4
39.7
44.5
41.0
46.1
32.8
35.1
43.4
43.8
44.5
41.6
42.4
49.2
43.3
50.1
38.4
39.7
44.3
42.9
34.0
40.2
34.6
34.5
38.2
39.3
Table B-3.
2015
2030
2050
31.9
24.7
28.6
27.3
27.3
39.1
43.0
34.0
33.5
32.0
32.5
40.4
29.1
35.0
32.4
34.5
27.2
35.9
44.9
38.3
32.4
33.1
34.4
33.0
44.3
48.4
41.2
43.8
34.9
40.3
41.3
34.6
44.0
38.1
38.1
32.0
39.7
53.7
49.7
41.6
39.3
42.0
39.5
51.1
47.7
48.5
55.8
36.4
46.6
44.8
41.7
47.7
42.3
43.7
37.0
41.9
59.4
Northern America
Bermuda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greenland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saint Pierre and Miquelon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43.1
41.8
33.7
45.2
37.7
44.3
44.3
36.9
54.3
39.6
45.6
45.4
40.6
57.8
40.6
Oceania
American Samoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cook Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fiji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
French Polynesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kiribati. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marshall Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Micronesia, Federated States of. . . . . . . . . .
Nauru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Caledonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Northern Mariana Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Palau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Papua New Guinea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Samoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solomon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tonga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tuvalu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vanuatu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wallis and Futuna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28.8
38.4
35.2
28.2
31.0
30.1
23.9
22.6
24.2
25.7
31.4
37.7
32.1
33.2
22.6
23.5
21.9
22.3
25.2
21.4
30.9
38.0
40.7
42.3
33.4
37.8
34.3
29.5
27.7
30.5
29.3
36.2
40.1
40.5
36.5
27.0
29.7
26.9
28.6
28.8
26.8
39.8
46.9
42.7
46.4
39.3
44.2
39.9
35.1
36.0
37.3
33.2
41.8
42.9
48.8
41.2
32.6
36.8
33.9
43.6
32.2
34.3
48.4
Table B-4.
Sex Ratio for Population 35 Years and Over by Age: 2015, 2030, and 2050
(Men per 100 women)
2015
Country
Africa
Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Angola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Botswana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burkina Faso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cameroon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cape Verde. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Central African Republic. . . . . . . . .
Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comoros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congo (Brazzaville). . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congo (Kinshasa). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cote dIvoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Djibouti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equatorial Guinea. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eritrea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ethiopia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gabon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gambia, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ghana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guinea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guinea-Bissau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kenya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesotho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liberia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Madagascar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malawi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mauritania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mauritius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Morocco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Namibia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nigeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rwanda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saint Helena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sao Tome and Principe. . . . . . . . . .
Senegal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seychelles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Somalia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Sudan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Togo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tunisia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Western Sahara. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zambia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2030
3549
5064
80 and
6579
over
102.3
101.9
103.2
132.0
105.0
100.0
101.5
91.5
99.6
78.8
91.3
110.7
99.6
107.6
67.3
101.8
99.5
99.1
99.4
98.0
96.4
93.2
100.3
101.6
106.0
105.3
100.5
110.1
99.6
107.7
90.5
84.1
99.5
92.2
90.2
116.8
102.8
107.0
102.1
98.4
94.9
79.7
112.3
91.9
112.5
112.7
88.2
90.1
112.1
102.9
99.6
94.1
101.0
95.8
104.1
133.0
102.5
94.4
81.6
90.9
83.7
90.8
96.2
80.9
88.7
80.7
82.6
103.7
92.0
102.9
81.3
96.7
78.8
82.1
95.8
95.7
93.2
96.0
93.3
70.9
87.9
113.0
94.4
101.2
96.1
87.0
100.2
83.6
92.3
97.0
92.5
84.9
106.8
97.6
93.6
103.8
87.2
76.9
105.2
87.8
101.1
78.4
112.2
107.6
71.3
84.1
91.2
101.8
95.4
89.4
91.7
65.7
89.4
87.5
65.7
69.5
60.6
76.0
88.8
62.7
65.1
71.9
87.6
80.9
75.1
93.6
84.1
86.7
72.2
74.9
84.2
79.9
89.5
87.6
81.5
60.5
77.6
109.9
97.9
104.1
83.3
74.5
101.6
75.3
74.0
86.7
86.7
77.3
104.4
92.1
71.4
122.6
82.1
82.9
76.1
72.7
64.0
68.1
127.7
119.7
64.8
75.8
79.2
99.3
79.4
80.1
78.3
62.0
73.8
75.2
66.0
56.3
58.9
61.3
75.9
54.9
59.7
62.8
90.3
60.2
57.1
88.8
63.3
56.9
73.5
75.9
66.5
52.9
76.4
79.5
63.9
58.4
72.2
81.1
87.7
87.3
80.0
63.3
89.8
63.4
47.4
65.8
75.1
65.3
99.0
82.7
60.5
54.6
78.5
76.5
33.0
77.3
61.8
52.8
118.9
118.2
61.4
68.8
58.3
86.5
74.7
68.2
64.7
72.3
2050
3549
5064
6579
80+
3549
5064
6579
80 and
over
102.8
102.6
102.0
135.7
101.2
98.2
100.9
95.5
101.3
89.1
89.1
93.3
99.5
103.4
71.6
105.0
102.1
98.1
96.6
110.3
96.2
93.6
101.3
98.6
101.4
95.8
96.4
111.2
99.1
103.7
84.3
87.3
100.7
94.7
89.5
121.9
100.4
104.8
97.8
99.9
96.9
87.4
124.7
91.1
102.9
125.7
100.7
97.8
120.1
99.2
98.5
89.3
100.7
97.5
99.7
108.0
100.8
98.4
100.1
142.8
99.1
97.0
98.6
89.6
94.9
74.2
88.9
107.7
94.7
102.7
63.4
98.5
96.3
94.6
94.5
86.3
93.3
90.4
96.2
93.8
103.2
127.2
95.8
108.2
97.7
103.0
93.7
80.9
94.7
90.6
89.8
114.1
106.3
102.7
99.1
95.7
94.8
76.4
110.2
87.3
108.6
106.8
85.9
85.8
109.7
99.7
95.1
97.3
98.2
91.8
99.2
125.0
95.5
86.2
76.0
77.4
74.6
83.8
88.1
74.6
80.1
72.3
77.2
96.7
81.1
89.4
68.8
83.4
72.0
74.4
82.8
77.5
82.0
86.8
84.3
62.6
79.2
113.3
82.3
92.4
91.3
74.9
95.3
75.8
78.9
88.2
86.3
68.8
106.4
88.6
85.8
92.5
79.8
69.7
88.0
78.4
93.4
64.6
100.5
97.2
58.3
76.3
79.0
100.4
86.5
81.0
76.9
56.1
72.6
72.5
53.1
51.1
44.5
63.9
72.0
48.1
50.5
57.3
68.8
67.6
57.9
70.0
60.8
54.3
56.0
55.5
61.6
56.4
64.7
67.9
63.8
42.3
59.9
90.7
72.5
77.1
70.4
55.9
81.8
58.9
49.8
59.6
70.0
52.7
93.3
74.5
59.5
83.5
62.9
64.5
41.2
53.8
48.3
46.4
97.5
93.7
44.0
60.9
55.1
79.0
65.2
63.8
63.1
43.5
104.1
101.6
101.9
149.3
98.5
97.9
98.7
95.4
99.8
96.1
91.1
99.9
99.4
103.0
82.2
103.1
101.8
99.5
97.0
112.5
98.5
94.8
100.7
98.5
99.8
97.7
99.7
103.6
99.0
103.2
89.8
91.0
102.6
97.0
100.3
127.3
97.8
102.6
98.7
103.4
99.6
92.5
135.6
95.2
95.2
119.8
102.6
98.5
120.0
100.5
98.5
85.5
97.6
98.4
99.2
114.4
101.9
99.5
98.9
155.1
95.3
94.3
97.0
93.2
97.0
88.0
86.8
93.1
95.5
99.9
70.0
101.0
99.5
94.9
92.1
103.1
93.3
89.9
97.6
92.1
99.5
116.3
91.5
105.6
96.5
100.1
84.9
85.4
97.2
93.2
92.4
133.4
99.2
101.3
94.6
99.1
95.8
86.3
127.0
87.2
97.2
123.2
103.9
97.7
122.6
96.3
95.0
91.2
96.4
94.1
95.1
106.2
93.0
90.7
91.4
128.4
86.0
88.3
90.0
83.0
85.6
68.9
79.5
89.6
83.9
89.2
56.2
92.1
89.2
83.6
82.2
76.9
82.1
80.6
88.6
79.0
92.2
121.1
84.9
102.0
90.4
89.8
81.7
73.4
84.0
83.3
78.2
108.8
99.3
92.4
87.7
87.2
86.9
71.0
100.9
77.3
89.1
106.3
75.3
75.9
108.6
88.1
84.1
91.1
87.9
83.0
84.9
101.0
72.7
67.5
66.3
71.5
59.0
67.0
67.7
56.3
62.7
53.2
62.5
79.1
61.1
65.7
40.5
51.7
61.3
62.0
58.2
48.9
57.2
62.1
64.2
54.2
64.8
96.5
59.6
69.8
71.9
59.3
70.1
54.5
53.6
57.5
60.6
49.9
84.9
71.0
69.8
60.7
66.1
51.6
52.1
56.7
76.5
46.8
67.0
66.9
46.4
66.2
54.7
73.0
68.1
60.9
60.3
55.4
Table B-4.
Sex Ratio for Population 35 Years and Over by Age: 2015, 2030, and 2050Con.
(Men per 100 women)
2015
Country
2030
2050
3549
5064
80 and
6579
over
Asia
Afghanistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Armenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Azerbaijan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bangladesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bhutan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cyprus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gaza Strip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hong Kong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jordan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kazakhstan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Korea, North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Korea, South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kyrgyzstan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Laos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lebanon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Macau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nepal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pakistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Qatar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sri Lanka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Taiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tajikistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thailand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Timor-Leste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkmenistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . .
Uzbekistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vietnam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Yemen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
104.2
92.0
92.7
200.8
93.1
120.2
92.9
99.0
95.0
104.1
108.9
105.0
94.4
68.6
105.1
106.1
104.1
105.5
104.6
97.5
100.8
93.8
99.7
102.2
176.0
94.7
96.3
90.8
82.4
103.5
131.9
93.5
92.2
147.4
108.7
101.5
578.8
136.7
96.5
94.5
102.7
99.3
96.4
97.5
97.0
101.7
98.9
360.3
97.8
100.4
106.2
105.7
98.8
84.0
85.8
180.8
99.7
115.4
102.7
90.7
74.8
102.5
93.0
105.5
81.9
90.5
101.6
88.1
97.1
97.2
98.2
100.6
96.5
80.1
92.6
98.1
144.7
80.0
95.7
85.2
100.5
104.3
105.4
86.7
95.2
126.8
102.9
88.7
387.7
125.5
101.0
87.7
99.7
96.8
86.5
89.7
99.5
98.9
89.9
335.6
91.1
87.9
103.3
86.6
87.7
69.6
66.3
98.5
100.3
111.7
100.7
79.7
61.8
96.8
82.3
74.0
71.4
100.5
92.8
80.2
87.8
88.5
86.2
89.2
93.2
59.2
60.2
79.9
91.5
66.3
84.7
86.5
93.9
95.8
88.3
73.7
86.6
100.2
89.4
79.3
185.2
106.1
88.2
77.2
87.1
86.5
78.6
81.7
93.3
87.2
82.0
180.4
79.8
68.7
77.5
88.0
73.5
57.2
48.0
80.8
76.8
101.5
66.5
62.4
51.4
72.8
55.5
58.3
50.0
65.9
74.2
61.4
78.1
78.5
63.1
54.1
85.3
26.7
17.0
45.5
74.3
48.3
70.5
71.2
73.9
64.8
90.8
50.3
79.2
93.2
77.0
58.1
79.6
96.6
69.1
62.2
67.9
83.7
45.4
63.5
75.6
74.1
56.7
106.4
59.1
44.7
57.1
78.1
102.5
102.5
102.4
175.6
101.2
106.3
86.4
99.3
95.8
106.4
114.5
103.8
98.8
82.5
108.9
105.0
104.6
102.2
103.8
99.0
94.0
97.7
101.4
111.5
162.5
95.9
98.3
95.8
79.3
101.0
101.8
92.7
102.2
125.9
106.6
102.9
546.3
122.4
94.2
98.9
103.1
98.3
99.4
99.5
86.6
102.4
98.6
337.1
99.8
104.4
104.3
102.8
98.7
98.5
87.8
164.3
99.6
118.7
81.2
94.5
91.3
101.0
103.4
102.7
87.8
67.0
101.3
102.1
101.5
103.0
102.5
95.6
95.6
85.5
95.1
98.9
127.7
84.0
93.0
90.0
81.4
101.4
92.7
85.2
97.8
113.8
105.0
97.4
532.8
113.0
96.0
89.8
99.9
94.9
90.6
92.6
93.6
98.6
95.0
281.3
92.9
97.1
103.6
100.8
87.3
78.2
71.8
105.9
90.9
108.4
90.0
79.9
69.2
91.3
82.9
96.6
70.2
82.4
91.2
78.1
87.8
90.5
90.5
92.3
90.3
63.4
72.5
87.9
72.4
65.1
85.6
79.5
92.2
92.8
77.1
69.6
88.1
87.4
93.0
78.5
197.3
102.1
91.2
76.1
89.7
86.4
73.5
79.4
88.1
88.3
78.6
123.1
78.9
78.1
93.8
75.9
67.9
53.9
43.7
72.7
76.6
92.7
73.0
58.5
48.7
68.7
57.1
57.7
48.4
71.4
71.8
55.9
64.6
73.9
65.7
61.8
71.3
30.2
29.5
57.7
54.6
45.0
64.4
64.3
70.9
67.6
63.0
46.0
67.3
73.5
66.5
56.4
89.8
72.9
70.0
55.4
62.1
62.8
46.6
60.3
68.8
66.5
56.9
91.6
58.2
46.0
58.2
63.9
100.6
102.5
113.5
177.3
99.9
103.2
88.5
100.3
98.0
112.5
115.4
104.4
108.6
94.7
112.0
105.8
104.2
102.3
103.5
106.1
96.7
95.6
100.8
106.9
152.7
99.6
99.0
93.0
93.9
102.6
102.9
95.8
99.6
124.1
104.4
103.9
472.9
125.1
94.3
102.4
103.3
98.7
100.8
101.9
89.6
103.2
99.5
293.2
103.4
109.5
104.1
100.2
97.0
112.7
100.7
142.6
101.6
101.4
78.5
95.6
91.8
106.2
111.6
101.9
98.6
88.3
107.3
102.0
102.3
99.8
101.7
103.7
90.7
92.3
97.0
109.1
117.5
89.1
94.2
94.4
91.2
98.8
99.4
87.7
100.4
106.5
102.5
100.1
416.3
108.7
94.3
96.7
100.3
95.7
95.1
96.7
85.7
100.1
95.2
226.8
96.8
102.9
101.7
95.9
86.6
101.4
80.6
113.0
94.9
108.3
70.3
84.1
83.3
90.7
96.9
93.0
78.1
64.1
92.6
90.4
92.7
93.1
94.3
88.9
84.7
73.1
79.0
93.3
68.8
73.1
85.0
85.8
65.2
89.6
88.0
71.3
91.6
94.0
94.2
88.7
232.0
96.6
87.9
81.4
91.1
85.7
81.0
83.8
80.1
89.2
83.9
107.4
83.7
89.6
93.7
93.7
65.0
60.8
47.8
73.2
62.7
86.4
56.8
58.0
59.1
64.7
58.9
72.1
48.7
49.9
68.5
59.8
65.7
74.9
68.6
63.8
71.4
37.4
43.4
64.8
45.9
44.5
60.0
59.3
63.8
64.1
57.5
45.6
66.0
66.5
68.5
57.7
88.5
70.5
70.8
53.8
65.5
61.0
46.4
56.8
59.5
64.4
55.2
60.9
56.2
57.1
69.2
54.3
Europe
Albania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Andorra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bosnia and Herzegovina. . . . . . . . .
85.4
104.3
99.4
95.0
101.5
100.2
96.9
113.8
99.5
81.9
99.1
94.8
96.2
109.2
84.8
53.7
85.4
73.0
62.3
85.5
51.8
29.2
50.5
34.1
98.0
103.7
99.1
100.4
103.1
102.9
83.1
101.9
95.5
85.9
98.5
96.4
88.2
104.5
89.0
60.5
88.0
82.3
62.6
88.3
59.9
29.8
56.6
41.2
111.1
104.1
99.0
104.3
102.6
105.7
100.6
104.3
96.2
95.3
100.4
101.9
78.1
91.5
85.4
72.7
89.1
85.2
55.3
76.8
62.7
35.2
59.3
52.6
3549
5064
6579
80+
3549
5064
6579
80 and
over
Table B-4.
Sex Ratio for Population 35 Years and Over by Age: 2015, 2030, and 2050Con.
(Men per 100 women)
2015
Country
2030
2050
3549
5064
80 and
6579
over
EuropeCon.
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Croatia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Czech Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Estonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faroe Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gibraltar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guernsey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Isle of Man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kosovo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Latvia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liechtenstein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Luxembourg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Macedonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Moldova. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monaco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montenegro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
San Marino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slovakia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slovenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98.3
97.2
105.4
98.8
92.2
116.8
103.8
101.5
102.4
105.6
99.8
99.1
101.3
101.7
102.6
98.4
98.1
98.7
111.6
100.3
98.6
100.2
99.8
103.1
104.6
101.0
96.1
119.1
100.2
106.3
101.7
101.0
102.4
95.8
87.3
101.5
101.4
102.4
103.1
103.0
100.6
92.6
104.9
87.7
94.0
96.5
99.8
79.0
108.2
98.0
94.4
100.0
82.9
97.0
99.5
87.5
101.2
100.8
102.3
95.0
95.8
103.7
83.5
95.3
86.8
100.4
97.1
99.4
85.9
100.6
100.6
99.9
103.4
91.7
89.2
90.2
79.0
96.1
95.0
92.4
97.5
96.6
101.5
101.0
78.0
98.3
73.1
78.2
77.8
90.5
56.0
104.9
83.9
87.0
86.8
112.1
85.0
93.8
66.6
94.2
94.0
96.5
84.9
81.6
75.1
56.1
93.9
62.8
87.0
79.1
88.6
69.9
90.6
66.8
92.5
94.1
71.7
75.7
72.0
51.3
90.8
74.9
69.6
79.2
83.6
94.8
88.2
54.9
89.3
51.0
48.9
49.0
55.3
35.1
67.1
47.4
54.5
57.6
57.9
63.3
59.2
42.9
67.3
62.6
66.2
56.4
56.8
59.8
29.1
56.4
35.7
46.9
59.7
58.9
38.7
64.9
64.3
56.3
59.4
45.0
55.5
55.9
26.6
62.5
55.9
41.8
43.0
56.6
60.9
55.7
30.5
62.0
101.7
100.1
107.6
96.9
90.8
116.1
105.0
102.7
98.6
106.2
97.7
105.5
102.2
100.6
100.1
100.7
97.0
106.1
111.5
98.9
100.7
101.6
97.9
104.2
105.6
108.0
143.6
113.9
101.2
108.0
101.5
109.9
104.2
97.3
90.1
102.9
102.5
103.0
105.2
101.6
100.0
99.7
105.1
92.7
92.7
101.1
95.7
84.2
113.8
99.5
98.2
97.8
102.9
97.6
97.5
95.0
99.8
102.0
99.0
95.4
96.3
107.6
93.0
94.2
93.8
96.8
99.2
102.9
98.2
85.5
115.8
97.6
105.7
96.3
97.1
96.3
85.0
87.2
96.9
96.0
98.6
99.7
100.5
98.8
82.6
102.8
73.7
81.4
82.7
90.5
61.6
98.2
85.2
85.3
90.1
70.3
87.5
94.3
72.3
92.9
92.9
96.0
86.6
85.3
91.9
66.3
85.1
72.6
88.0
85.0
92.3
75.6
86.8
86.7
91.4
96.3
76.6
79.1
75.1
58.0
88.7
80.4
77.4
82.6
86.6
95.2
92.7
59.9
90.5
48.2
56.8
55.5
63.0
35.8
75.9
56.6
61.9
64.5
76.6
61.7
69.3
45.3
70.6
69.2
76.2
60.8
57.2
54.5
31.5
73.9
39.1
56.0
55.4
67.2
43.6
62.2
53.0
66.7
71.4
48.4
54.0
51.3
28.6
66.3
53.3
45.9
52.2
58.9
71.3
65.0
30.2
66.8
102.4
102.5
110.6
100.3
90.5
106.1
104.1
102.9
97.4
103.2
97.2
97.3
104.1
99.1
101.6
110.9
99.0
107.9
106.6
100.9
109.2
105.2
99.3
105.9
105.5
112.6
242.4
92.2
101.7
105.6
103.5
110.9
104.9
102.2
103.2
104.8
103.5
104.7
104.7
102.0
100.8
104.3
105.1
97.0
97.2
104.5
96.0
85.2
105.5
101.1
100.3
94.0
105.1
95.6
99.7
98.5
97.8
100.4
103.4
94.9
102.8
106.6
94.9
94.2
98.4
96.2
102.2
104.0
110.0
129.4
92.2
98.9
105.8
98.0
108.3
99.9
90.9
91.8
100.7
98.6
100.3
101.8
98.8
98.4
94.8
102.8
83.3
83.4
90.2
85.4
69.3
110.7
90.2
90.7
86.5
92.7
88.4
98.4
82.5
91.5
92.7
91.3
86.6
93.7
96.8
78.0
85.0
81.6
85.4
89.6
96.8
94.7
74.7
108.5
88.8
99.5
84.5
89.8
84.8
69.0
80.9
85.3
84.6
88.2
91.3
93.7
90.3
71.4
95.6
48.9
55.7
58.8
62.1
41.7
70.8
56.4
60.2
65.8
52.8
63.1
66.8
50.5
66.6
67.8
71.8
62.6
60.2
67.8
42.7
64.6
49.4
58.7
59.1
65.3
47.5
54.7
66.1
64.5
70.4
51.6
56.6
54.9
34.7
62.0
56.2
51.6
54.4
62.4
68.5
66.9
35.2
66.8
78.3
82.5
99.2
93.7
100.4
99.8
101.6
92.5
97.6
94.7
98.9
96.9
100.6
101.4
93.5
84.8
82.2
95.1
86.9
85.4
90.8
97.6
86.7
91.0
92.0
90.7
90.1
95.7
94.3
77.3
104.1
78.8
79.2
68.0
66.3
72.7
93.4
82.9
78.6
94.0
78.6
74.5
91.9
86.5
74.3
79.0
63.3
52.2
49.5
45.4
47.9
72.2
64.3
55.6
69.0
50.1
58.6
63.2
62.3
56.9
75.3
83.2
101.0
92.5
102.6
99.0
106.3
98.4
98.8
94.4
101.7
100.5
102.1
102.6
105.7
73.5
79.3
95.9
88.0
96.0
95.9
97.2
88.5
92.8
94.1
95.8
93.2
98.2
98.0
91.6
79.5
74.0
82.1
76.4
74.1
80.8
85.9
77.5
80.2
85.7
81.4
81.1
87.7
87.3
69.7
85.5
60.0
55.6
46.8
46.4
53.0
66.3
62.3
55.8
69.2
53.8
51.6
64.5
60.2
53.3
80.7
87.1
103.2
94.4
103.1
95.9
106.9
100.5
100.5
96.7
102.2
103.2
102.6
103.1
102.5
73.4
82.7
99.4
89.3
99.9
95.0
103.3
95.4
95.4
94.6
99.6
98.5
99.7
99.6
104.2
67.6
71.3
85.6
79.5
85.9
86.3
90.0
82.7
83.5
87.0
88.0
85.7
91.9
90.4
92.1
56.0
53.9
57.6
50.3
56.0
59.0
60.6
54.9
56.0
62.4
57.6
56.9
61.7
64.4
48.9
3549
5064
6579
80+
3549
5064
6579
80 and
over
Table B-4.
Sex Ratio for Population 35 Years and Over by Age: 2015, 2030, and 2050Con.
(Men per 100 women)
2015
Country
2030
2050
3549
5064
80 and
6579
over
3549
5064
6579
80+
3549
5064
6579
80 and
over
101.5
104.9
92.7
81.6
110.7
86.4
110.1
99.4
101.7
97.3
91.1
89.4
87.1
101.9
100.1
91.0
90.9
119.6
106.1
93.0
83.6
109.5
96.0
103.1
110.3
106.2
96.1
95.8
87.0
84.3
112.1
102.1
95.4
78.6
106.2
90.5
87.1
94.4
90.8
95.1
85.4
85.7
86.3
99.2
104.5
94.0
84.0
119.2
103.2
87.3
88.8
107.3
91.9
97.9
100.9
115.1
90.5
91.3
95.2
92.5
88.1
90.8
94.3
82.6
89.2
90.1
74.0
82.6
79.1
87.6
83.7
130.4
84.6
91.2
94.0
92.8
80.1
106.1
92.0
87.4
86.6
95.5
98.0
79.0
83.8
83.1
74.3
82.8
99.2
87.9
55.8
67.5
80.5
67.7
67.3
68.3
56.9
67.8
69.2
63.9
74.6
392.9
68.1
65.6
66.6
77.4
63.9
72.3
61.9
72.7
56.9
62.1
58.7
64.8
49.3
72.6
49.0
61.1
75.8
62.0
105.5
105.2
97.4
91.3
100.4
93.7
109.2
99.4
104.6
101.3
94.7
95.4
92.9
102.8
100.5
91.0
96.5
120.2
106.1
93.1
94.6
106.3
98.9
104.2
111.2
96.4
100.8
97.5
86.6
72.2
99.6
102.7
89.7
78.2
109.4
84.1
104.5
96.7
98.1
95.6
87.9
90.2
84.0
99.4
100.1
87.4
90.0
115.4
106.5
89.3
83.6
109.1
94.0
99.9
107.9
104.8
92.8
91.9
85.0
88.3
100.7
92.9
87.9
72.2
94.9
81.3
74.7
86.1
82.6
85.9
79.0
86.5
77.3
91.1
96.1
86.8
78.1
107.7
95.3
84.9
78.6
101.4
83.5
88.2
87.6
103.0
78.2
80.4
87.7
85.1
60.2
65.8
73.1
61.5
67.4
67.6
48.2
64.4
60.0
63.5
67.0
196.3
60.0
63.6
68.7
72.6
62.2
77.7
71.5
74.2
59.1
71.3
72.8
58.0
54.3
62.3
49.8
57.5
77.9
64.1
109.7
103.8
101.2
96.8
106.4
97.5
101.4
100.2
105.9
102.4
96.2
105.5
100.4
102.5
101.2
94.2
97.5
120.3
103.9
97.9
91.9
102.5
109.9
103.1
109.0
100.7
101.9
101.3
85.9
70.2
106.1
102.8
96.4
90.6
97.7
93.1
102.4
97.3
102.7
100.5
93.0
102.5
93.2
100.4
99.9
89.4
100.5
117.0
105.1
91.8
92.7
103.4
97.2
100.7
110.1
95.2
98.6
94.9
84.2
70.1
93.8
94.7
83.7
76.0
94.1
78.6
92.5
87.4
90.6
88.5
81.9
89.8
77.2
91.7
91.6
79.5
86.5
106.1
97.5
86.7
76.6
99.1
88.0
91.6
96.8
92.3
83.8
82.0
78.5
75.7
63.6
66.6
63.0
48.1
66.0
56.1
55.2
65.4
64.4
62.6
60.1
89.6
53.7
64.4
67.5
62.2
61.3
74.5
71.4
71.0
53.0
74.4
59.6
64.2
57.7
74.3
54.0
54.1
63.1
60.0
Northern America
Bermuda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greenland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saint Pierre and Miquelon. . . . . . . .
United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101.3
102.2
114.1
96.1
99.0
91.2
99.2
121.4
108.9
94.4
80.7
89.5
126.8
85.7
86.1
53.3
59.8
63.9
40.8
60.7
101.8
103.7
104.8
89.0
102.5
98.3
100.8
112.1
93.3
96.0
82.1
89.3
104.6
87.9
87.0
56.8
64.5
89.3
57.4
68.5
102.0
104.2
105.2
98.8
104.3
98.1
102.4
101.1
86.6
101.0
90.7
91.6
89.2
76.2
90.1
57.4
62.5
69.1
62.7
68.5
Oceania
American Samoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cook Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fiji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
French Polynesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kiribati. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marshall Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Micronesia, Federated States of. . .
Nauru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Caledonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Northern Mariana Islands. . . . . . . .
Palau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Papua New Guinea. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Samoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solomon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tonga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tuvalu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vanuatu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wallis and Futuna. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112.0
103.7
96.5
105.4
106.3
104.2
92.0
106.1
91.6
101.3
101.3
102.2
85.1
178.9
108.1
111.5
103.4
101.0
83.1
94.3
92.0
92.2
99.5
119.2
102.5
106.8
103.7
84.6
101.4
96.8
70.7
96.5
95.6
112.6
67.5
106.8
104.5
104.1
98.7
71.1
99.8
93.3
90.8
95.0
108.6
88.9
99.0
89.8
68.7
101.0
86.8
64.6
86.5
92.4
99.5
38.5
105.3
82.1
95.6
86.1
69.7
104.7
104.8
55.6
64.8
56.8
59.5
73.5
61.5
44.4
71.8
47.0
45.5
56.6
69.1
49.0
32.2
110.8
57.7
76.4
73.9
64.8
100.7
49.2
106.4
105.0
94.0
105.1
104.5
101.8
92.9
102.7
91.9
104.2
102.4
99.7
74.6
174.4
102.8
98.8
103.7
95.5
120.0
95.7
116.9
108.4
102.5
103.5
104.5
104.1
101.1
83.9
103.4
88.4
90.6
97.3
100.7
82.6
87.6
103.1
108.9
102.0
106.0
76.3
91.9
91.3
77.5
91.7
117.1
91.6
96.4
93.4
66.9
90.1
77.6
51.0
82.8
88.5
100.1
34.2
93.9
90.7
96.9
95.6
58.1
91.9
86.1
57.3
70.2
57.8
59.0
74.1
61.4
44.7
75.0
47.0
30.6
54.2
71.4
68.0
20.4
74.6
53.5
68.6
62.2
51.7
82.8
73.8
85.5
106.3
106.8
103.5
107.5
104.2
89.3
102.8
89.1
72.2
103.7
101.1
123.8
174.1
103.9
101.0
105.5
95.5
105.3
94.9
116.3
99.3
103.9
100.9
102.5
104.1
102.1
84.4
100.1
87.9
97.0
100.0
99.0
123.8
83.5
100.1
95.2
103.0
100.4
111.7
93.4
113.2
102.7
95.5
85.4
93.9
93.7
89.5
70.4
94.0
72.2
77.9
86.0
92.1
45.6
48.1
88.0
92.5
92.5
97.3
77.3
85.4
95.9
53.2
66.3
72.5
60.6
71.6
64.4
45.0
61.6
38.2
35.4
55.4
66.7
67.7
20.8
67.4
66.2
71.1
76.2
47.5
68.1
55.9
Table B-5.
Total1
Youth2
Older3
2015
2030
2050
2015
2030
2050
2015
2030
2050
71
134
134
91
141
142
84
129
120
142
122
115
131
110
88
85
122
123
137
131
110
110
128
115
118
92
132
65
120
139
157
115
58
71
148
90
168
130
122
59
134
127
53
125
130
79
141
120
105
138
117
62
163
108
146
110
75
119
107
80
125
135
70
112
105
106
79
111
96
83
69
77
98
88
116
125
82
101
115
98
73
79
102
58
98
118
132
95
67
68
127
65
137
115
101
68
90
103
53
115
119
75
106
83
80
116
106
70
138
92
136
101
76
99
82
75
103
115
72
91
88
86
69
101
69
69
65
76
75
71
89
105
67
91
94
79
67
67
79
78
74
89
89
78
79
79
101
58
92
96
96
98
68
81
71
105
94
69
77
67
67
95
91
86
99
77
116
87
62
127
127
83
135
136
75
122
112
135
114
108
125
103
81
76
113
114
130
122
103
102
120
108
112
82
125
58
113
132
149
107
44
60
141
81
161
123
116
36
127
121
41
117
124
68
136
113
97
131
110
49
158
100
140
103
59
112
100
70
119
128
56
104
97
99
70
103
90
75
61
63
89
80
109
115
74
90
106
90
65
68
95
46
89
112
125
86
40
50
121
55
131
108
93
32
83
95
32
107
111
58
100
75
71
109
98
46
133
82
130
93
45
90
71
60
95
106
45
81
78
78
52
88
59
56
50
53
63
57
79
96
53
76
84
68
51
51
68
44
61
81
81
64
37
45
94
43
85
87
84
36
54
69
26
94
85
50
67
53
56
85
79
41
92
63
109
74
9
7
7
8
6
6
9
7
8
7
9
6
6
7
7
10
9
8
7
9
7
9
8
7
6
10
7
7
7
7
8
8
14
11
7
9
7
7
6
22
7
7
11
8
5
12
5
7
8
7
7
13
5
8
6
7
16
7
7
10
6
7
15
8
8
7
9
9
6
7
8
14
9
8
7
9
8
11
9
8
8
11
8
12
9
6
7
9
27
18
6
10
7
7
7
36
7
8
21
8
7
16
6
8
9
7
9
23
5
10
6
8
30
9
11
15
8
9
27
10
10
9
16
13
10
13
16
23
13
14
10
9
15
15
11
11
15
16
11
34
13
8
8
14
42
33
7
15
8
9
12
62
13
12
44
11
9
19
10
14
11
10
12
45
7
14
7
13
Table B-5.
Total1
Youth2
Older3
2015
2030
2050
2015
2030
2050
2015
2030
2050
Asia
Afghanistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Armenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Azerbaijan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bangladesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bhutan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cyprus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gaza Strip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hong Kong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jordan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kazakhstan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Korea, North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Korea, South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kuwait. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kyrgyzstan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Laos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lebanon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Macau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nepal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pakistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Qatar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sri Lanka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Taiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tajikistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thailand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Timor-Leste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkmenistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uzbekistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vietnam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Yemen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
129
57
57
42
88
74
57
68
81
50
50
126
64
48
76
70
57
100
85
80
97
65
64
50
51
77
96
64
42
75
53
65
88
75
93
92
21
65
41
69
89
48
84
52
130
68
66
37
63
61
92
123
107
70
64
42
67
58
58
64
71
62
59
85
77
81
67
65
57
76
80
91
88
73
64
66
48
80
73
67
59
72
58
64
65
69
68
80
24
56
51
71
69
64
73
62
107
63
66
40
60
60
72
82
80
84
70
50
71
65
65
71
67
82
75
64
81
101
70
74
70
71
77
121
86
72
72
100
49
74
65
84
86
77
63
69
64
63
64
75
29
61
68
80
69
93
68
85
74
73
70
41
65
72
65
65
123
40
47
38
78
63
51
59
73
35
33
120
39
25
66
59
49
93
65
32
87
53
47
30
48
68
89
48
28
65
47
58
80
70
84
83
20
60
29
54
82
30
78
37
121
56
59
36
55
52
85
117
101
37
43
34
54
45
43
49
60
34
32
77
40
31
53
47
43
67
55
30
74
52
43
27
41
64
63
42
25
55
45
51
54
62
58
67
22
47
28
46
58
26
62
33
97
45
52
38
45
42
61
75
72
32
37
33
46
37
39
45
47
33
30
50
36
30
45
41
37
52
45
33
63
43
38
28
37
51
48
37
24
49
35
40
44
46
45
55
23
41
28
42
46
26
49
34
62
39
44
37
36
36
44
52
6
17
10
4
10
11
7
9
7
15
17
6
26
23
10
11
8
7
20
48
10
12
16
20
4
9
7
16
14
10
7
7
9
6
8
9
1
5
13
15
8
18
6
15
9
12
7
1
8
9
7
6
6
33
21
8
13
13
15
15
11
28
27
8
37
50
15
18
14
9
24
62
13
21
21
40
7
16
10
25
34
17
13
14
11
7
11
13
2
9
23
25
11
38
10
29
10
18
15
2
15
18
11
7
8
52
33
17
25
28
26
27
20
49
45
14
44
71
25
33
34
19
32
89
23
29
34
72
12
23
17
46
63
28
28
28
20
17
18
20
5
20
40
38
23
68
19
51
13
33
26
5
30
35
21
13
Europe
Albania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Andorra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bosnia and Herzegovina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Croatia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Czech Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
53
62
53
68
50
63
63
60
70
71
79
69
81
66
72
76
69
72
126
94
86
88
92
102
91
90
45
30
31
31
35
29
30
33
31
39
26
32
34
36
29
30
33
31
31
37
35
34
36
31
34
34
35
19
22
32
22
32
20
32
30
29
30
45
46
35
45
38
42
43
38
41
89
58
52
52
62
68
56
55
Table B-5.
Total1
Youth2
Older3
2015
2030
2050
2015
2030
2050
2015
2030
2050
EuropeCon.
Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Estonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faroe Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gibraltar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guernsey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Isle of Man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kosovo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Latvia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liechtenstein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Luxembourg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Macedonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Moldova. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monaco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montenegro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
San Marino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slovakia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slovenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
65
77
72
76
65
74
64
63
62
67
67
72
66
63
72
56
61
56
65
59
65
55
86
52
68
69
54
67
55
53
69
61
54
57
61
73
62
54
69
80
80
87
87
88
84
74
72
76
71
78
71
84
75
78
62
70
78
71
74
67
80
72
130
69
82
75
70
72
61
70
78
71
67
75
68
82
74
67
79
83
104
80
88
89
94
77
99
86
92
83
84
89
96
73
66
94
82
94
75
82
90
86
183
102
84
79
95
94
93
81
95
87
92
103
97
79
81
87
80
40
34
48
37
43
29
47
31
33
33
44
46
38
31
37
60
29
34
29
40
39
34
37
30
30
38
41
30
36
31
32
36
32
32
28
32
39
33
29
39
39
36
50
39
44
33
45
29
34
32
43
43
39
31
41
46
31
36
30
40
36
35
39
22
32
39
40
31
32
28
36
34
31
31
29
31
43
36
30
41
38
38
44
37
40
35
38
35
35
35
39
41
36
35
35
38
33
35
32
39
35
34
36
16
36
38
38
33
35
33
35
36
33
34
34
36
39
36
32
38
32
31
29
35
33
35
27
34
31
30
23
21
34
35
26
12
27
27
27
26
20
31
18
57
22
30
28
24
32
24
21
32
28
22
29
29
35
29
25
30
41
44
37
49
44
51
29
43
42
39
35
29
45
45
37
17
39
42
41
33
31
45
33
108
37
43
35
39
40
32
34
44
40
35
46
37
40
38
37
38
45
66
36
51
49
58
39
64
51
57
44
43
52
61
38
28
60
48
62
36
48
56
49
167
65
46
41
62
60
61
47
58
54
58
69
62
40
45
55
42
63
68
79
59
63
55
97
92
65
56
62
69
63
55
71
67
79
81
82
72
105
72
70
74
74
66
72
79
73
62
74
70
67
66
65
86
72
74
69
65
75
78
82
75
77
78
75
88
70
69
74
78
78
71
74
87
77
90
76
70
70
75
66
49
55
58
39
51
38
90
83
52
38
46
57
51
35
47
49
66
68
69
56
96
46
48
50
39
45
38
68
61
41
39
41
46
44
32
46
44
54
51
47
47
67
44
42
43
37
40
38
52
48
38
38
37
38
38
34
39
37
46
41
36
38
49
14
13
21
20
12
17
7
10
13
18
17
12
12
20
24
18
13
13
13
17
9
26
22
24
35
21
34
11
12
21
34
29
21
22
33
40
28
20
18
18
28
11
38
33
33
41
35
50
18
20
37
40
41
33
36
53
38
53
31
29
33
37
17
Table B-5.
Total1
Youth2
Older3
2015
2030
2050
2015
2030
2050
2015
2030
2050
82
95
97
87
77
62
80
78
73
76
73
54
58
66
63
65
52
68
54
50
75
76
46
72
62
69
74
69
71
48
62
72
65
69
81
75
68
72
70
67
82
59
70
51
71
71
58
94
61
65
68
64
74
75
64
74
69
70
93
83
86
108
76
83
79
70
90
76
75
73
72
131
72
87
89
72
65
52
71
64
62
64
43
31
45
48
51
50
40
59
39
43
50
66
34
39
46
60
63
53
53
32
48
52
47
51
38
28
40
37
49
39
44
43
37
38
42
54
35
33
38
48
49
40
43
31
37
42
39
41
35
29
37
32
48
36
38
38
36
37
37
46
38
35
10
8
8
15
12
10
9
14
12
12
30
23
13
18
12
15
12
10
15
6
25
11
12
34
16
10
11
16
18
16
13
20
18
18
44
47
28
34
21
28
38
16
33
13
29
17
24
61
23
17
20
24
31
44
27
32
30
29
58
54
50
76
29
47
42
32
54
38
38
26
34
96
Northern America
Bermuda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greenland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saint Pierre and Miquelon. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
64
60
66
68
94
83
77
84
82
89
87
70
135
81
39
35
47
35
43
42
38
47
30
45
39
38
39
36
43
28
29
14
31
25
52
46
30
54
37
50
49
31
100
38
Oceania
American Samoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cook Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fiji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
French Polynesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kiribati. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marshall Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Micronesia, Federated States of. . . . . . . . .
Nauru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Caledonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Northern Mariana Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Palau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Papua New Guinea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Samoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solomon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tonga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tuvalu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vanuatu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wallis and Futuna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
65
74
74
63
76
86
99
84
75
68
70
60
57
96
95
102
108
81
104
68
66
74
79
70
64
77
68
75
69
72
63
80
64
67
77
73
77
78
86
78
65
78
78
92
73
75
74
66
70
68
78
71
82
74
79
71
69
71
76
69
70
79
52
40
54
63
51
60
78
91
78
72
53
45
52
45
88
84
93
95
71
97
53
44
40
42
52
42
51
57
63
57
61
43
44
39
41
66
58
67
63
69
67
40
38
38
41
43
36
41
47
48
47
57
38
40
30
40
52
46
50
42
53
50
33
8
26
20
11
12
16
8
7
6
4
15
25
8
11
8
11
8
13
10
8
16
21
34
37
19
22
26
11
12
11
10
20
36
25
26
11
16
10
15
17
11
25
41
40
51
30
38
32
19
22
21
21
33
42
44
39
18
23
20
34
16
19
46
1
Total dependency ratio is the number of people aged 0 to 19 years and 65 years and over per 100 people aged 20 to 64. Youth and older ratios may not sum to
total ratio due to rounding.
2
Youth dependency ratio is the number of people aged 0 to 19 per 100 people aged 20 to 64.
3
Older dependency ratio is the number of people aged 65 and over per 100 people aged 20 to 64.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013; International Data Base.
Table B-6.
Life Expectancy at Birth, Age 65, and Age 80 by Sex for Selected Countries: 2015 and 2050
(In percent)
Life expectancy at birth
Country
2015
Both
sexes
2050
Both
Male Female sexes
Life expectancy at 65
Life expectancy at 80
2015
2015
2050
2050
Male Female
Male Female
Male Female
Male Female
Male Female
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Macau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hong Kong. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . .
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . .
New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . .
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jordan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United Kingdom. . . . . . . . .
Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Korea, South. . . . . . . . . . .
Taiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84.7
84.7
84.5
82.9
82.5
82.2
82.1
82.0
81.8
81.8
81.7
81.6
81.4
81.2
81.1
80.7
80.6
80.5
80.5
80.4
80.3
80.1
80.0
80.0
81.4
82.1
81.6
80.2
80.2
79.7
79.5
80.1
79.2
78.7
79.7
78.6
79.1
79.1
79.0
78.4
78.3
79.1
78.4
77.8
77.4
76.9
77.0
76.9
88.3
87.5
87.6
85.8
84.9
84.7
84.9
84.0
84.5
85.0
83.8
84.8
83.7
83.5
83.2
83.1
83.0
82.1
82.8
83.2
83.4
83.4
83.3
83.3
91.6
91.6
85.1
84.4
84.2
84.1
84.1
84.0
83.9
83.9
83.9
83.8
83.8
83.7
83.6
83.4
83.4
83.4
83.4
83.3
83.3
83.2
84.2
83.1
88.4
88.7
82.2
81.6
81.6
81.4
81.3
81.5
81.1
80.9
81.4
80.9
81.1
81.1
81.1
80.8
80.7
81.1
80.8
80.6
80.3
80.1
81.5
80.1
95.0
94.6
88.1
87.4
87.0
86.9
87.0
86.6
86.8
87.0
86.5
86.9
86.5
86.4
86.3
86.2
86.2
85.8
86.1
86.3
86.4
86.3
87.1
86.3
20.0
20.6
20.2
18.9
19.0
19.0
18.6
18.6
18.9
18.9
18.5
18.2
18.4
17.9
18.6
17.7
17.9
18.0
18.0
17.6
17.5
16.9
17.1
17.7
25.2
24.5
24.9
23.1
22.4
22.5
22.4
21.5
22.7
22.9
21.3
22.2
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.0
20.9
20.2
20.9
20.9
21.3
21.4
21.1
21.4
25.0
25.5
20.7
20.1
20.1
20.1
20.0
20.0
20.1
20.0
19.9
19.8
19.9
19.7
19.9
19.6
19.6
19.5
19.7
19.5
19.4
19.2
20.2
19.5
30.6
30.3
25.3
24.6
24.3
24.3
24.3
23.9
24.4
24.5
23.8
24.2
23.9
23.9
23.8
23.7
23.6
23.2
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.8
24.4
23.8
9.4
11.5
10.1
8.5
8.4
8.9
8.7
7.9
9.4
8.6
8.1
8.3
8.6
8.0
8.9
8.1
8.3
7.8
8.4
8.3
8.1
7.8
7.8
8.4
12.6
12.9
13.4
10.9
10.4
11.0
10.7
9.8
11.6
10.8
9.8
10.1
10.3
10.0
10.4
9.8
9.6
9.0
10.1
10.1
10.0
10.3
9.8
10.4
12.6
14.1
10.5
9.8
9.7
9.9
9.8
9.5
10.1
9.7
9.6
9.6
9.8
9.6
9.9
9.6
9.7
9.3
9.7
9.6
9.5
9.4
10.1
9.6
16.8
16.9
13.8
12.8
12.6
12.8
12.7
12.3
13.0
12.7
12.3
12.5
12.5
12.3
12.5
12.3
12.2
11.8
12.4
12.4
12.3
12.5
13.0
12.5
Rwanda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congo (Brazzaville). . . . . .
Liberia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cote dIvoire . . . . . . . . . . .
Cameroon. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . .
Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congo (Kinshasa). . . . . . .
Angola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burkina Faso. . . . . . . . . . .
Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Botswana. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malawi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nigeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesotho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . .
Zambia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gabon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Somalia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Central African Republic. .
Namibia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Afghanistan. . . . . . . . . . . .
Guinea-Bissau. . . . . . . . . .
Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . .
59.7
58.8
58.6
58.3
57.9
57.8
57.1
56.9
55.6
55.3
55.1
55.1
54.9
54.2
53.5
53.0
52.9
52.9
52.2
52.0
52.0
51.8
51.6
51.1
50.9
50.2
49.8
49.7
58.1
57.6
56.9
57.2
56.6
55.2
56.5
55.4
54.5
53.5
53.1
53.9
53.5
56.0
52.7
52.0
52.8
52.2
50.5
51.6
49.9
50.5
52.1
51.6
49.5
48.2
48.6
50.7
61.3
60.0
60.3
59.5
59.3
60.4
57.6
58.5
56.8
57.3
57.2
56.4
56.4
52.3
54.4
54.1
53.0
53.7
53.8
52.5
54.1
53.2
51.2
50.5
52.3
52.3
51.0
48.7
72.0
71.1
70.7
69.7
72.0
70.2
67.2
70.2
69.2
68.4
67.8
68.2
67.8
61.6
65.3
68.1
72.3
70.8
64.5
62.1
65.5
65.5
57.8
61.4
64.5
63.5
63.4
63.2
69.6
69.0
68.3
68.0
69.7
67.1
66.9
67.8
67.1
65.7
65.1
66.1
65.6
64.8
64.0
66.0
71.5
69.0
62.5
61.6
62.6
63.5
60.1
63.0
62.2
61.0
61.7
64.1
74.4
73.2
73.2
71.4
74.4
73.3
67.5
72.7
71.5
71.1
70.5
70.5
70.0
58.4
66.5
70.3
73.2
72.7
66.7
62.6
68.5
67.7
55.5
59.8
66.9
66.2
65.1
62.3
13.0
13.2
12.0
12.2
12.9
12.5
14.4
11.7
12.4
11.7
11.7
12.3
13.4
15.1
12.0
12.1
12.8
12.0
12.4
12.4
11.7
12.0
13.0
12.9
11.0
11.4
11.7
13.0
14.1
14.3
13.5
13.8
14.0
13.9
17.0
13.1
13.4
12.8
13.1
13.1
14.4
18.3
13.4
13.1
14.9
13.5
13.7
14.7
12.8
13.2
15.6
15.4
12.1
12.9
12.8
15.7
15.2
15.4
14.5
15.0
15.3
14.7
17.4
14.2
14.5
13.7
13.8
14.3
15.1
18.5
14.0
14.2
15.9
14.7
14.0
15.4
13.5
14.0
15.3
15.3
13.0
13.5
13.8
16.3
17.6
17.7
17.2
17.8
17.6
17.4
21.0
16.7
16.5
16.0
16.5
16.1
17.4
21.7
16.5
16.2
18.5
17.2
16.2
19.0
15.6
16.2
18.6
18.2
15.0
16.2
15.7
20.0
5.5
5.6
5.1
5.3
5.5
5.3
6.9
5.0
5.2
4.8
4.9
5.1
5.7
8.2
5.1
5.2
5.9
5.3
5.3
5.7
4.9
5.2
6.2
6.0
4.6
5.0
5.0
6.2
6.1
6.0
5.7
6.0
6.0
5.9
8.2
5.6
5.7
5.3
5.5
5.5
6.2
10.0
5.8
5.6
6.9
6.0
5.8
6.8
5.4
5.8
7.4
7.1
5.1
5.7
5.5
7.7
6.9
7.0
6.6
6.9
6.9
6.6
8.6
6.4
6.5
6.0
6.1
6.3
6.6
10.1
6.5
6.3
7.7
6.8
6.0
7.5
5.9
6.4
7.9
7.6
5.7
6.1
6.2
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.1
8.6
8.3
8.1
11.0
7.8
7.6
7.2
7.6
7.3
8.0
12.7
8.0
7.5
9.7
8.4
7.3
9.7
7.1
7.7
10.3
9.8
6.8
7.7
7.3
10.7
Table B-7.
Year of estimate
Africa
Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Angola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burkina Faso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cabo Verde. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cameroon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Central African Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comoros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congo (Kinshasa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cote dIvoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Djibouti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eritrea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ethiopia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gabon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ghana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guinea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guinea Bissau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kenya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesotho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Madagascar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mauritania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mauritius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Morocco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Namibia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nigeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rwanda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sao Tome and Principe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Senegal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seychelles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Somalia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Togo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tunisia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zambia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.8
100.0
91.0
99.0
71.6
35.0
98.0
94.0
95.0
90.0
98.8
70.0
48.9
95.0
95.0
42.4
0.1
26.1
99.8
98.4
60.6
82.4
0.0
96.3
98.1
94.0
0.0
57.7
96.0
72.0
96.9
97.8
9.0
97.9
79.9
10.0
100.0
80.0
0.0
70.3
93.8
87.0
96.0
20.0
98.0
91.6
99.0
2005
2005
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2010
2010
2008
2006
2008
2011
2011
2011
2011
2010
2010
2011
2009
2009
2004
2009
2008
2009
2010
2007
2011
2007
2003
2008
2010
2009
2007
2011
2008
2006
2010
2009
2006
2010
2010
2005
2008
2008
2009
48.9
3.2
0.8
0.0
0.0
75.0
57.3
0.0
6.9
12.3
0.0
0.0
86.6
2007
2008
2003
1995
1995
2009
2009
2009
2011
2010
2009
2011
2009
Region or country
Table B-7.
Year of estimate
73.5
77.2
78.4
70.0
76.2
96.9
88.0
79.9
14.4
87.8
48.2
76.4
35.6
71.2
64.5
90.6
2.8
0.0
2007
2009
2009
2005
2009
2001
2006
2007
2010
2005
2008
2009
2010
2008
2003
2008
2010
2010
Northern America
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.0
16.0
2011
2010
Asia
Armenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Azerbaijan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bangladesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bhutan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cyprus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hong Kong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jordan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kazakhstan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Korea, South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kyrgyzstan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Laos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lebanon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nepal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pakistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Qatar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sri Lanka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tajikistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thailand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkmenistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.0
97.1
0.0
98.6
10.0
0.0
73.9
3.1
35.0
75.0
0.0
87.5
41.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
25.0
30.0
0.0
0.0
17.0
88.4
51.7
0.0
70.0
18.1
99.9
3.0
73.4
18.0
0.0
74.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
99.7
2.0
14.0
17.7
2009
2006
2006
2003
2009
2010
2009
2010
2008
2008
2010
2010
2010
2005
2011
2010
2006
2001
2010
2006
2001
2009
2007
2010
2011
2009
2010
2005
2009
2009
2006
2010
2010
2010
2008
2010
2007
2011
2011
Region or country
Table B-7.
Year of estimate
AsiaCon.
United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uzbekistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vietnam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Yemen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.0
0.0
39.0
58.0
2010
2010
2010
2003
Europe
Albania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bosnia and Herzegovina. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Croatia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Czech Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Estonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Latvia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liechtenstein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Luxembourg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Macedonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Moldova. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montenegro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slovakia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slovenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76.4
0.7
0.0
1.0
40.8
13.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
7.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
30.0
5.0
5.0
2.4
5.1
0.0
24.3
5.0
1.1
0.0
2.5
0.0
5.7
12.0
7.9
5.2
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2008
2010
2010
2010
2004
2008
2009
2011
2011
2011
2010
2011
2010
2010
2010
2010
2011
2010
2005
2008
2009
2010
2006
2009
2004
2004
2010
2011
2010
2010
2009
2011
2009
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
Oceania
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fiji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vanuatu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2011
2010
2011
2010
Region or country
Source: Scheil-Adlung, Xenia (ed.) 2015. Global Evidence on Inequities in Rural Health Protection:
New Data on Rural Deficits in Health Coverage for 174 Countries. International Labour Office Extension of
Social Security (ESS) Document 47, Statistical Annex. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
Table B-8.
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age, Sex, and Country: Selected Years, 1980 to 2012
(In percent)
Male
Country
Year
45 to 49
years
50 to 54
years
94.2
98.1
8
98.1
7
95.0
91.3
N
N
N
96.6
90.3
10
90.0
10
87.6
95.3
55 to 59
years
Female
60 to 64 65 years
years and over
45 to 49
years
50 to 54
years
6.0
25.5
8
22.3
7
28.1
4.3
N
N
N
14.1
17.1
10
30.1
10
30.4
31.6
87.2
75.3
55 to 59
years
60 to 64 65 years
years and over
Africa
Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Morocco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986
1995
1999
2012
1982
1990
1999
2005
2012
10
88.8
97.9
4
97.9
9
69.1
68.3
76.4
63.5
N
93.3
N
N
N
89.1
89.5
N
N
N
79.8
68.9
N
N
N
51.1
90.0
81.6
88.4
81.5
77.3
70.5
63.5
66.1
N
N
40.6
31.8
25.5
36.5
32.1
21.5
3.4
16.0
4
14.2
9
15.5
2.0
6.6
5.6
N
0.7
2.1
2.3
2.4
14.6
N
N
N
31.2
14.6
N
N
N
27.9
11.2
N
N
N
19.2
5.3
8.9
5
13.0
5
12.5
8.5
91.9
90.5
89.9
86.9
89.0
81.7
85.4
81.1
34.7
21.3
25.6
N
N
N
62.6
62.1
N
N
50.9
54.3
24.1
28.5
38.4
42.9
N
N
15.2
18.7
5.9
5.2
9.6
N
38.5
31.5
34.0
15.4
12.9
17.6
21.6
23.5
11.6
12.6
14.4
16.6
9.8
9.6
12.2
11.5
4.4
7.3
7.7
4.8
3.5
3.3
3.5
1.9
65.3
72.0
71.2
41.5
85.6
84.1
46.8
85.3
84.3
49.5
83.5
77.8
57.0
79.4
74.3
11
69.1
52.0
74.1
72.6
52.4
54.0
83.0
89.3
50.6
49.7
84.4
87.0
50.7
47.1
78.8
86.0
N
40.0
77.8
84.3
42.1
38.1
5
43.7
5
40.0
28.7
5
10
Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997
2012
89.9
79.8
89.8
81.9
South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980
1991
2003
2012
N
N
80.8
82.6
N
N
73.7
75.6
Tunisia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984
1994
1997
2012
96.2
95.6
95.6
94.1
92.8
90.1
90.4
88.2
82.1
78.3
78.4
70.1
59.2
54.6
54.1
34.4
Zambia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980
2008
2012
98.4
97.2
96.9
97.7
95.2
96.8
97.8
90.5
88.9
96.5
88.5
89.6
11
Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982
1992
1999
2011
93.9
95.1
95.6
94.1
92.5
92.2
94.2
96.8
90.4
88.8
87.8
94.6
N
77.5
84.1
88.9
Bangladesh. . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981
1986
2003
2010
93.6
99.7
99.5
97.4
90.6
99.3
99.2
94.1
90.7
98.0
97.3
88.5
84.7
93.4
87.8
77.2
68.7
70.4
66.1
57.9
4.4
10.3
22.6
50.1
4.7
10.8
19.9
9.4
4.4
9.8
17.1
10.5
4.5
9.0
13.4
6.6
3.6
10.9
8.7
8.3
China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982
1990
2000
2010
97.5
97.9
94.2
95.1
91.4
93.5
89.3
89.8
83.0
83.9
79.6
80.4
63.7
63.7
60.2
58.3
30.1
33.6
33.7
N
70.6
81.1
78.5
80.1
50.9
62.0
66.8
62.4
32.9
45.1
54.5
53.8
16.9
27.4
38.9
40.6
4.7
8.4
17.2
N
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981
1991
2001
2012
98.1
96.9
8
97.0
98.5
N
N
N
96.0
37.0
41.5
8
47.3
41.1
N
N
N
37.5
N
20.8
11
26.3
26.2
14.3
8.2
12
12.0
11.5
97.2
97.6
98.0
98.6
97.6
93.0
93.8
95.7
97.0
95.0
87.4
89.6
87.6
91.2
88.4
76.8
79.7
N
N
78.9
57.9
56.8
5
66.5
5
68.5
69.0
56.7
60.5
62.2
61.8
63.7
51.1
57.7
60.0
59.9
61.4
50.4
52.2
54.3
57.4
58.3
39.3
42.7
N
N
47.3
23.2
25.1
5
34.0
5
36.6
39.8
91.5
87.4
7
84.0
87.3
89.1
N
N
84.4
84.2
75.9
76.5
79.3
78.2
59.0
60.2
71.1
32.2
16.9
16.5
24.8
51.1
65.8
70.6
75.6
43.2
N
N
74.9
36.7
44.7
58.3
66.4
22.0
19.9
32.6
48.2
9.2
5.1
5.2
10.4
98.0
97.6
97.5
96.9
96.1
97.3
96.0
97.1
95.7
95.0
94.0
91.6
94.7
93.2
92.2
81.5
71.4
74.1
70.9
75.4
46.0
35.8
35.5
29.3
28.7
62.3
70.7
71.8
74.0
75.7
58.7
64.2
67.9
70.5
73.4
50.7
52.2
58.7
60.3
64.6
38.8
39.2
39.8
40.2
45.8
16.1
15.7
14.9
13.0
13.4
9
9
11
9
9
83.0
68.9
11
23.6
56.3
52.2
31.5
21.7
60.7
63.0
Asia
Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982
1992
1999
2005
2010
Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983
1996
2006
2012
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980
1989
1999
2006
2012
8
8
93.8
92.6
4
92.0
91.5
4
4
N
71.4
11
69.7
73.4
11
65.5
42.3
12
45.4
46.3
5
12
30.3
35.5
4
40.9
33.3
4
4
11
12
Table B-8.
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age, Sex, and Country: Selected Years 1980 to 2012Con.
(In percent)
Male
Country
Female
Year
45 to 49
years
50 to 54
years
55 to 59
years
60 to 64 65 years
years and over
45 to 49
years
50 to 54
years
55 to 59
years
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980
1991
2000
2012
96.1
92.4
98.0
96.9
92.2
87.1
93.4
92.5
78.1
65.0
75.1
76.8
69.5
53.3
61.6
57.4
Pakistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981
1994
2006
2011
93.9
97.2
97.6
97.8
92.0
96.5
95.8
96.6
90.4
91.5
90.7
92.2
N
78.8
77.5
78.0
Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989
1999
2006
2010
97.4
96.8
7
93.8
95.0
N
N
N
91.7
88.9
88.1
9
80.6
86.1
N
N
N
73.4
59.0
54.5
50.6
62.4
60 to 64 65 years
years and over
49.7
31.8
N
N
42.3
35.8
49.6
55.3
37.7
29.6
40.6
48.3
32.6
20.6
28.5
34.6
26.7
14.6
23.2
21.2
19.0
6.7
N
N
75.7
52.7
49.3
41.6
2.7
15.6
26.5
28.6
3.1
13.9
22.5
28.1
2.4
15.3
22.8
26.3
N
11.8
19.1
21.0
2.3
7.4
11.5
10.6
58.2
64.0
7
63.3
65.5
N
N
N
63.9
50.7
55.8
9
54.1
59.9
N
N
N
49.6
29.4
29.8
28.7
40.6
AsiaCon.
7
7
9
9
7
7
9
9
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980
1989
2000
2006
2012
95.7
96.1
96.3
96.5
95.6
89.6
89.2
91.3
93.3
93.8
70.7
66.6
74.4
81.9
88.5
52.5
48.2
49.6
62.5
74.6
28.6
20.7
18.5
22.0
32.4
26.5
41.3
57.4
66.2
73.4
20.4
30.7
46.7
59.5
65.6
14.5
19.4
29.6
44.6
56.2
11.3
11.0
15.3
26.2
41.7
6.4
5.0
4.1
8.3
13.7
South Korea. . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989
1999
2006
2012
93.6
93.0
93.1
93.0
89.7
89.9
89.7
91.4
82.4
81.0
79.9
84.7
65.6
65.5
68.5
72.3
39.0
40.2
42.0
41.6
63.5
62.8
64.4
67.7
60.4
55.4
58.5
62.5
52.7
51.2
49.7
54.8
41.6
46.3
43.8
43.9
18.1
21.4
22.7
23.0
Sri Lanka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981
1996
2000
2012
92.3
91.9
95.6
94.4
87.4
91.8
88.8
90.5
74.3
73.0
76.8
81.0
56.6
N
N
64.9
35.7
38.6
5
40.6
35.5
25.2
39.0
47.1
45.3
19.3
32.3
36.4
41.8
13.2
27.2
31.6
36.6
6.9
N
N
22.4
3.8
7.8
5
10.2
9.3
93.7
97.5
8
96.7
96.9
90.7
N
N
95.0
84.4
92.8
4
92.0
90.5
67.8
N
N
73.7
73.5
76.7
8
83.6
83.6
68.6
N
N
77.7
59.1
63.8
4
71.3
70.9
43.1
N
N
52.0
1980
1988
1996
2006
2012
91.1
89.2
83.0
82.0
86.1
84.9
82.7
71.0
65.4
68.7
76.8
71.5
60.3
51.3
53.7
67.4
59.2
54.0
39.8
41.9
43.9
33.8
33.6
22.0
20.1
48.3
36.3
29.7
24.8
33.1
46.1
36.4
29.3
21.8
26.2
42.4
29.4
30.4
18.5
20.0
36.3
20.9
23.4
14.5
16.0
20.8
10.9
13.3
6.6
6.4
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981
1991
1998
2006
2012
96.3
95.1
93.6
93.1
93.1
91.5
89.8
88.4
87.6
90.4
77.3
63.1
63.2
69.1
76.4
23.3
12.3
13.2
21.9
29.7
3.1
1.7
4.4
5.5
7.3
57.3
65.1
72.6
82.6
85.8
53.5
56.3
63.6
75.0
80.0
32.4
23.1
24.8
41.9
53.9
9.5
4.9
8.4
10.1
14.3
1.8
0.7
1.9
2.2
3.5
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981
1997
2006
2012
90.8
90.5
91.4
90.8
85.7
81.6
85.2
86.6
70.7
49.2
58.3
66.8
32.3
18.4
22.6
26.8
3.3
1.9
2.7
4.0
38.2
59.5
72.8
78.8
30.7
44.2
61.1
69.7
17.3
21.8
36.2
51.0
5.7
4.6
10.3
17.2
1.0
0.7
1.0
1.1
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985
2006
2012
94.6
84.1
83.4
88.1
79.2
81.2
80.9
66.1
69.8
39.2
38.6
44.4
15.2
4.6
4.5
91.0
82.8
85.1
83.6
76.5
80.7
32.0
53.4
69.5
16.5
11.7
22.7
4.3
1.5
1.9
Czech Republic. . . . . . . . . .
1980
1991
1999
2006
2012
96.0
95.5
94.9
94.6
95.6
92.7
91.5
90.1
90.6
93.8
84.2
80.0
77.1
83.1
86.4
46.3
28.4
27.5
36.1
41.0
19.5
11.6
7.2
6.6
6.8
88.1
93.4
90.8
91.8
93.8
79.9
85.7
81.5
88.2
90.0
40.8
31.1
33.2
51.2
66.5
21.5
16.2
12.9
13.1
17.2
6.5
4.9
2.7
2.5
3.3
Thailand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980
1994
2006
2012
39.3
47.2
5
52.2
38.8
5
19.0
23.5
5
27.3
19.9
5
Europe
Table B-8.
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age, Sex, and Country: Selected Years 1980 to 2012Con.
(In percent)
Male
Country
Female
Year
45 to 49
years
50 to 54
years
55 to 59
years
60 to 64 65 years
years and over
45 to 49
years
50 to 54
years
55 to 59
years
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981
1993
2006
2012
93.5
93.9
92.2
92.2
91.4
90.2
89.2
88.6
87.8
80.6
85.3
86.6
60.0
45.5
46.7
52.4
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984
1996
2005
2012
95.0
95.0
94.1
94.0
90.8
92.6
90.3
91.1
70.0
70.4
62.5
77.0
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980
1988
1996
2006
2012
96.8
96.4
94.5
94.3
93.9
93.3
93.2
90.4
91.2
91.6
Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981
1987
1997
2006
2012
95.1
98.0
95.2
95.6
93.8
Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980
1996
2006
2012
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60 to 64 65 years
years and over
23.2
10.1
1
20.7
10.2
76.1
87.7
87.2
87.1
67.4
79.4
83.4
83.8
55.8
63.6
77.0
79.5
31.5
27.1
28.2
38.3
6.3
3.4
1
8.4
4.1
29.9
16.4
15.4
25.1
4.3
2.3
1.6
3.1
61.0
80.9
83.2
85.1
54.1
71.5
77.3
81.9
41.4
51.7
53.4
68.3
18.0
15.2
13.4
21.2
2.1
2.0
0.8
1.7
82.3
79.8
73.9
82.0
85.7
44.2
34.5
28.7
42.3
58.9
7.4
4.9
4.4
5.0
7.1
52.2
60.9
74.7
83.5
85.3
47.2
53.7
67.4
78.7
81.9
38.7
41.1
50.5
65.6
73.3
13.0
11.1
11.3
24.4
41.1
3.0
1.8
1.6
2.2
3.3
90.0
84.2
89.2
89.4
88.7
81.1
74.3
75.0
74.0
73.0
61.7
53.5
47.8
45.2
37.4
26.2
14.0
10.7
7.4
4.5
28.9
43.9
49.9
64.0
72.1
25.8
37.2
39.3
51.3
56.4
20.0
29.3
30.7
33.5
40.7
13.4
22.0
20.3
21.8
18.8
5.0
5.1
3.4
2.1
1.5
92.9
83.1
82.5
87.6
86.2
70.0
74.4
82.0
72.2
46.1
61.3
68.4
13.2
9.2
19.6
18.6
4.0
4.3
2
4.3
3.5
77.5
76.1
78.9
84.9
67.4
55.4
71.7
80.0
18.8
15.5
44.1
54.9
8.7
6.0
9.4
11.8
1981
1989
1996
2006
2012
93.2
95.6
93.1
94.0
91.6
85.7
87.5
79.3
89.0
89.5
65.1
67.8
58.9
58.0
74.1
29.1
35.2
30.6
28.9
32.7
6.9
7.9
6.0
6.1
6.2
36.2
44.7
49.0
62.3
66.7
30.2
34.1
37.1
54.0
61.3
16.9
20.2
21.5
32.8
48.4
8.0
9.8
8.2
10.2
15.9
1980
1990
2000
2006
2012
94.0
93.9
91.7
90.7
90.1
90.9
89.2
89.9
87.7
87.2
88.7
82.0
84.8
82.9
83.8
74.1
64.2
60.6
63.0
67.5
34.3
21.2
2
13.5
2
17.8
23.1
76.0
83.5
86.0
84.1
84.2
67.5
74.5
80.8
81.5
83.5
58.1
62.0
71.8
71.2
76.3
39.8
46.5
48.4
51.2
58.0
Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988
1996
2006
2012
89.6
85.1
84.7
86.7
82.4
76.8
75.7
81.0
72.0
55.2
51.6
68.5
53.6
33.4
26.8
35.7
32.5
15.3
8.2
7.7
81.2
79.1
77.9
82.5
71.1
63.1
59.8
73.1
50.6
35.0
25.3
46.6
34.3
19.2
12.4
14.2
19.0
8.5
3.3
3.0
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989
1992
1999
2006
2012
95.8
N
88.6
89.0
92.6
91.7
93.9
85.3
84.8
88.7
79.3
80.5
65.2
70.2
77.8
35.4
38.1
29.2
39.7
38.5
14.2
13.3
6.4
9.4
14.1
93.7
N
86.8
88.2
90.6
83.8
83.6
78.9
80.6
84.3
34.8
43.0
33.7
47.0
52.9
20.4
21.0
16.0
23.6
24.9
6.4
5.7
2.5
4.6
8.9
Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980
1990
2000
2006
2012
92.0
91.6
90.6
90.9
94.4
89.8
89.5
89.9
89.8
91.9
84.4
84.1
83.8
84.9
89.2
65.9
63.9
56.2
66.2
72.8
8.1
10.6
N
N
19.1
82.9
89.8
87.2
87.2
89.7
77.8
85.8
85.7
85.4
87.8
66.4
76.8
79.4
80.0
83.2
41.4
53.1
48.2
58.3
63.1
2.6
3.7
N
N
11.3
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989
1999
2005
2012
95.6
86.3
84.3
85.2
89.9
76.4
79.1
78.2
78.2
69.7
67.6
66.7
32.0
28.3
32.2
32.2
10.9
2
9.8
6
22.7
20.5
93.3
84.3
81.1
83.2
86.0
70.1
72.9
73.5
29.5
33.4
37.6
34.7
15.3
16.7
24.7
25.9
4.5
6.0
6
17.3
16.7
1981
1993
2000
2006
2012
97.3
92.8
N
N
91.4
95.7
88.1
3
68.9
3
72.3
88.1
91.5
75.7
N
N
80.0
74.6
52.2
N
N
58.9
10.7
7.4
7.4
9.7
12.4
68.5
77.9
N
N
82.1
63.5
70.0
4
64.0
4
68.6
80.2
52.0
54.5
N
N
69.0
22.5
24.7
N
N
36.8
3.7
3.5
5
8.4
5
11.4
6.6
EuropeCon.
United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . .
2
2
2.9
2.1
2
1.6
1.3
2
1.5
2.2
1.8
1.2
1.4
13.0
12.0
2
8.5
2
10.6
14.6
2
2
Table B-8.
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age, Sex, and Country: Selected Years 1980 to 2012Con.
(In percent)
Male
Country
Female
Year
45 to 49
years
50 to 54
years
55 to 59
years
60 to 64 65 years
years and over
Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980
1989
1995
2006
2012
92.4
95.0
93.6
95.3
94.6
87.6
90.6
90.0
92.6
91.4
77.6
79.4
82.8
87.3
86.8
51.9
56.1
63.2
76.8
75.7
17.9
23.5
27.6
28.3
22.2
Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980
1990
2000
2004
2012
91.5
94.5
88.2
92.1
91.6
85.7
N
N
85.8
86.1
77.9
82.3
4
76.8
77.6
78.2
67.0
N
11
49.8
64.9
62.0
32.4
46.0
12
20.1
35.1
30.0
90.1
94.9
95.9
95.3
93.6
82.8
92.4
91.3
91.4
93.8
72.8
82.1
83.4
86.1
90.1
61.5
66.6
69.2
73.2
80.5
25.5
31.5
27.4
26.9
35.0
86.0
96.0
96.6
N
N
94.0
92.3
94.4
95.7
94.0
88.7
N
92.5
92.0
93.2
98.0
97.7
91.4
96.2
91.7
95.2
95.1
93.8
96.5
94.6
95.1
7
93.7
7
90.6
N
N
N
N
45 to 49
years
50 to 54
years
55 to 59
years
60 to 64 65 years
years and over
30.2
31.9
53.2
67.2
67.7
25.4
27.8
46.6
62.1
63.4
17.6
19.8
35.4
55.6
53.8
9.8
11.2
22.6
38.7
33.7
28.1
49.5
54.6
65.4
67.4
23.5
N
N
57.3
58.8
18.6
34.5
4
39.0
45.5
45.5
12.6
N
11
15.5
30.9
30.0
26.0
39.7
47.1
51.9
66.2
21.9
39.3
42.9
48.4
61.1
16.2
28.2
32.4
40.1
56.0
10.1
19.2
21.0
25.3
38.3
31.4
69.1
69.6
N
N
62.3
20.9
44.2
54.3
55.0
15.5
N
42.0
50.3
12.2
31.3
56.4
53.2
56.0
11.6
26.6
46.9
44.6
51.8
73.7
75.5
7
72.6
7
75.9
N
N
N
N
Latin America/Caribbean
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982
1992
1999
2006
2012
Colombia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985
1999
2010
Costa Rica. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984
1996
2006
2012
Guatemala. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981
1987
199899
2004
2012
Jamaica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988
1998
2004
2010
10
7
7
N
88.2
87.8
83.0
85.4
87.2
85.8
N
55.4
74.5
11
69.6
51.4
71.1
67.5
11
58.4
25.2
61.5
10
12
38.9
21.1
29.1
26.5
12
90.3
95.0
94.1
92.5
92.9
85.8
88.5
87.2
92.2
90.0
66.9
63.3
71.4
66.7
66.4
90.5
81.6
9
81.8
9
80.8
N
N
N
N
52.4
46.4
41.4
54.8
9
9
7
7
N
43.7
49.1
11.6
22.2
35.0
39.8
N
19.3
35.2
11
6.9
9.1
20.3
27.3
3.2
3.7
8.9
10.7
7.5
4.8
11.5
12
4.6
14.1
11.7
4.5
6.3
6.5
7.7
12.0
16.7
5.4
25.0
12
3.1
2.8
6.8
6.8
11
12
10.1
23.7
45.1
39.7
44.7
9.0
20.6
41.0
30.3
36.3
6.5
13.7
28.8
23.7
15.0
65.4
53.5
9
50.1
9
55.7
N
N
N
N
24.9
18.4
17.3
16.6
9
9
Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980
1988
1996
2006
2012
95.3
96.9
95.6
95.4
94.9
93.8
91.9
91.9
92.5
91.8
91.4
85.5
85.6
88.2
85.4
85.6
77.5
74.1
74.0
71.5
68.6
58.4
52.0
45.8
42.8
29.1
38.2
41.3
50.4
55.4
27.5
31.7
35.0
44.0
50.2
24.6
24.6
31.2
35.3
41.5
24.1
23.2
23.8
28.5
32.8
18.6
16.9
14.1
14.7
15.5
Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1972
1981
1989
1999
2006
2012
97.1
98.7
94.4
96.8
98.7
97.0
95.5
97.3
88.3
93.3
94.6
94.9
92.8
94.9
83.2
85.6
87.0
91.0
83.9
88.5
75.0
72.5
65.5
83.5
61.5
63.2
34.6
41.1
28.8
56.9
19.5
26.9
54.4
68.1
67.0
77.8
17.9
26.0
42.9
57.2
56.2
73.6
16.1
23.6
38.8
47.5
39.2
65.2
13.4
23.4
23.9
38.2
34.9
57.8
8.5
12.5
12.0
19.2
15.3
36.1
Uruguay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985
1995
2006
2012
94.3
96.4
97.9
96.3
89.4
94.3
96.4
94.6
80.0
89.3
91.2
89.0
51.8
59.3
68.8
65.4
16.2
19.4
19.7
24.5
46.4
64.6
75.9
78.4
37.5
59.5
69.4
73.3
25.3
41.0
58.7
67.0
13.3
23.9
39.0
43.1
3.6
6.7
8.4
10.4
1981
1991
2001
2006
2012
93.6
93.1
91.1
90.8
89.9
90.9
89.5
86.4
87.8
87.8
84.4
78.3
72.2
76.1
78.9
68.8
54.1
46.5
53.3
58.0
17.3
14.4
9.4
12.1
17.1
59.6
76.3
79.8
82.6
84.4
52.1
66.4
72.7
78.1
80.9
41.9
49.9
53.3
62.3
69.4
28.3
28.1
27.4
37.1
45.7
6.0
5.7
3.4
5.2
8.8
Northern America
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table B-8.
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age, Sex, and Country: Selected Years 1980 to 2012Con.
(In percent)
Male
Country
Female
Year
45 to 49
years
50 to 54
years
55 to 59
years
60 to 64 65 years
years and over
1980
1991
2000
2006
2012
92.0
92.2
90.1
7
85.7
88.1
88.5
88.4
86.8
N
84.1
80.6
79.0
77.1
76.3
78.0
60.4
54.8
54.8
57.5
60.5
19.3
15.8
17.5
19.7
23.6
92.5
89.6
89.5
89.2
89.2
89.4
N
85.1
86.1
86.7
81.3
73.8
72.5
75.7
80.0
53.1
50.0
46.7
56.4
62.6
12.3
8.9
9.6
12.1
16.8
95.8
94.2
90.7
92.6
91.5
94.1
89.5
88.4
91.6
90.9
87.5
80.0
81.2
87.2
88.2
45.7
33.5
57.4
73.1
77.6
10.9
8.8
10.4
16.8
25.5
45 to 49
years
50 to 54
years
55 to 59
years
60 to 64 65 years
years and over
61.5
75.4
79.1
7
64.7
75.6
56.3
67.8
74.1
N
73.7
48.4
55.7
61.2
64.7
67.3
34.0
35.1
40.1
45.4
50.4
8.2
8.6
9.4
10.7
14.4
56.5
62.8
73.8
78.3
78.5
46.3
N
65.0
73.4
76.3
32.8
36.0
44.6
57.9
65.7
15.5
15.2
18.3
33.5
44.5
4.9
2.5
3.1
4.3
7.8
52.5
79.7
79.9
81.9
82.3
43.7
65.7
73.6
80.0
82.8
30.9
49.9
60.1
71.7
77.4
11.7
15.7
32.5
50.0
64.1
1.9
2.9
3.9
8.0
15.0
Northern AmericaCon.
United States. . . . . . . . . . . .
Oceania
Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . .
1981
1991
1999
2006
2012
1981
1992
1999
2006
2012
N Not available.
1
Refers to ages 65 to 66 years.
2
Refers to ages 65 to 74 years.
3
Refers to ages 50 to 64 years.
4
Refers to ages 50 to 59 years.
5
Refers to ages 60 years and over.
6
Refers to ages 65 to 70 years.
7
Refers to ages 45 to 54 years.
8
Refers to ages 40 to 49 years.
9
Refers to ages 55 to 64 years.
10
Refers to ages 45 to 59 years.
11
Refers to ages 60 to 69 years.
12
Refers to ages 70 years and over.
Notes:
For some countries in this table, data are derived from labor force surveys as well as population censuses. Labor force surveys are more focused on economic
activity than are general census enumerations and, therefore, may yield more comprehensive information on various aspects of economic activity. The user should
recognize that temporal differences in labor force participation rates within a country may, in part, reflect different modes of data collection.
Czech Republic: Data prior to 1991 refer to the former Czechoslovakia.
Germany: Data prior to 1996 refer to the former West Germany.
United Kingdom: Data for 2000 and 2006 are averages of reported quarterly rates.
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division data files; various issues of the International Labour Office Yearbook of Labour Statistics; and the International
Labour Office electronic data base accessible at <www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/home/statisticaldata>.
APPENDIX C.