50 Sure shot Questions ( XII- Physics )

Q1 : A conducting loop is held above a current carrying wire PQ as shown in the figure. Depict the
direction of the current induced in the loop when the current in the wire PQ is constantly increasing.

Answer : The increasing magnetic field in the loop due to wire PQ is out of the plane of the paper
(perpendicular to the plane). So, the direction of the induced current in the loop will be such that it
produces an inward magnetic field (perpendicular to the plane). Thus, the current induced in the loop is in
clockwise direction (using the right-hand thumb rule).
Q2 : Using the concept of force between two infinitely long parallel current carrying conductors,
define one ampere of current.
Answer : One ampere of current can be defined as the amount of current which when flowing (in same
direction) through two infinitely long parallel wires separated by one metre produces an attractive force
of 2 107 N/m. The wires must have negligible circular cross-section and they must be placed in vacuum.
Q3 : Why is the use of A.C. voltage preferred over D.C. voltage ? Give two reasons.
Answer : The use of A.C. voltage is preferred over the use of D.C. voltage because of the following
reasons: (i) The loss energy in transmitting the A.C. voltage over long distances with the help of step up
transformers is negligible as compared to D.C. voltage.
(ii) A.C. voltage can be stepped up and stepped down as per the requirement using a transformer.
Q4 : Why do the electrostatic field lines not form closed loops?
Answer : Electrostatic field lines do not form closed loops because individual electric charges can exist.
Q5 : Of the metals and alloys, which have greater value of temperature coefficient of resistivity?
Answer : Metals
Q6 : How does the dip angle vary from equator to pole?
Answer : 0 to 90
Q7 : Write two applications of eddy currents.
Answer : Induction Furnace & Electric power meters.
Q8 : A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in water of
refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging or a diverging lens? Give reason.
Answer : A biconvex lens acts as a converging lens in air because the refractive index of air is less than
that of the material of the lens. The refractive index of water (1.33) is also less than the refractive index of
the material of the lens (1.5). So, it will behave as a converging lens.
Q9 : The graph shows the variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident radiation for two
photosensitive metals A and B. Which one of the two has higher value of work-function? Justify your
answer.

Answer : From the graph, the threshold frequency for metal A is greater than that for metal B. Hence, the
work function for metal A is greater than that for metal B.
Q10 : Why is it found experimentally difficult to detect neutrinos in nuclear -decay?
Answer : Neutrinos are difficult to detect experimentally in decay because they are uncharged particles
with almost no mass. Also, neutrinos interact very weakly with matter, so they are very difficult to detect.
Q11 : Draw a circuit diagram of n-p-n transistor amplifier in CE configuration. Under what
condition does the transistor act as an amplifier?
Answer : The circuit diagram of an NPN transistor amplifier in CE configuration is given below:

The transistor acts as an amplifier when the input circuit ( emitterbase) is forward biased with low
voltage VBB and the output circuit ( collectorbase) is reverse biased with high voltage VCC .
Q12 : Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of a p-n junction diode as a half-wave
rectifier.
Answer : The circuit diagram for a p-n junction diode as a half wave rectifier is shown below:

Working: During the positive half cycle of the input a.c. The p-n junction is forward biased i.e the forward
current flows from p to n, the diode offers a low resistance path to the current. Thus we get output acrossload
i.e.
a.c
input
will
be
obtained
as
d.c
output
During the negative half cycle of the input a.c. The p-n junction is reversed biased i.e the reverse current
flows from n to p, the diode offers a high resistance path to the current. Thus we get no output across-load.
This
principle
is
shown
in
the
diagram
given
below.

Q13 : Define the activity of a given radioactive substance. Write its S.I. unit.
(1)
Answer : The total decay rate of a radioactive sample is called the activity of the sample. The S.I. unit of
activity is Becquerel (Bq).

Q14 : Write the expression for the de Broglie wavelength associated with a charged particle having
charge q and mass m, when it is accelerated by a potential V. (1)
Answer : The charged particle has a mass m and charge q.
The kinetic energy of the particle is equal to the work done on it by the electric field.

Q15 : Draw typical output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in CE configuration. Show how these
characteristics can be used to determine output resistance. (2)
Answer : Output characteristics is the plot between collector-emitter voltage (VCE) and the collector
current (IC) at different constant values of base current (IB).

Output resistance is defined as the ratio of the change in collector-emitter voltage (VCE) to the change in
collector current (IC) at a constant base current (IB).
Initially with the increase in VCE the collector current increases almost linearly this is because the junction
is not reverse biased. When the supply is more than required to reverse bias the base-collector junction, IC
increases very little with VCE.
The reciprocal of slope of the linear part of the curve gives the value of output resistance i.e.
Q16 : Describe briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram, how a potentiometer is used to determine
the internal resistance of a cell.
Answer : Measurement of internal resistance of a cell using potentiometer:

The cell of emf, E (internal resistance r) is connected across a resistance box (R) through key K2.
When K2is open, balance length is obtained at length AN1 = l1
E = kl1 ............................................................................................................................(1)
When K2is closed:

Let V be the terminal potential difference of cell and the balance is obtained at AN2 = l2
V = kl2 ........................................................................................................................(2)
From equations (1) and (2), we get

From (3) and (4), we get

We know l1, l2 and R, so we can calculate r.

Q17 : A convex lens of focal length f1 is kept in contact with a concave lens of focal length f2. Find the
focal length of the combination. (2)
Answer : For convex lens, focal length, f = f1 and for concave lens, the focal length, f = -f2
The equivalent focal length of a combination of convex lens and concave lens is given as:

Q18 : In the block diagram of a simple modulator for obtaining an AM signal, shown in the figure,
identify the boxes A and B. Write their function. (2)

Answer : In the block diagram of modulator, A is Square Law Device and B is Band pass filter.
Band pass filter rejects low and high frequencies and allows a band of frequencies to pass through.
Square law device is a non linear device. It produces a non-linear output of message and carrier signals.
The output from square law device is,
y(t)=Bx(t)+Cx2(t)

Where, B and C are constants

Q19.A parallel plate capacitor is filled with dielectrics as shown in diagram.Find the capacitance of

the system .
Ans. The two capacitors formed by inserting the dielectric slabs are in series.
C1=(2K10A)/d , C2=(2K20A)/d
Cs= C1C2/C1+C2, we get Cs = =(2K1K20A)/d(K1+K2)
Q20 : What is the effect of inserting the dielectric slabbetween the plates of a capacitor on
thefollowing(i)electric field (ii)capacitance,(iii)potential difference (iv) energy stored provided the
battery remains connected.
Ans. (i) same
(ii) K times
(iii) same
(iv) K times.
Q21 : In the circuit shown in the figure, identify the equivalent gate of the circuit and make its truth
table. 2

Answer :

Thus the equivalent gate is OR gate.

Q22 : (a) For a given a.c., i = im sin t, show that the average power dissipated in a resistor R over a
complete cycle is
R.
(b) A light bulb is rated at 100 W for a 220 V a.c. supply. Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
Answer :(a)

(3)

(b) Power of the bulb, P = 100 W and Voltage, V = 220 V

Q23 : A rectangular conductor LMNO is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T. The field is
directed perpendicular to the plane of the conductor. When the arm MN of length of 20 cm is moved
towards left with a velocity of 10 m/s, calculate the emf induced in the arm. Given the resistance of
the arm to be 5 (assuming that other arms are of negligible resistance) find the value of the current
in the arm.
(3)

Answer : Let ON be x at some instant.

The emf induced in the loop = e.

Q24 : A wire AB is carrying a steady current of 12 A and is lying on the table. Another wire CD
carrying 5 A is held directly above AB at a height of 1 mm. Find the mass per unit length of the wire
CD so that it remains suspended at its position when left free. Give the direction of the current
flowing in CD with respect to that in AB. [Take the value of g = 10 ms2] (3)
Answer : Force per unit length between the current carrying wires is given as:
Let m be the mass per unit length of wire CD.
As the force balances the weight of the wire.

Q25 : Draw V I characteristics of a p-n junction diode. Answer the following questions, giving
reasons:
(i) Why is the current under reverse bias almost independent of the applied potential up to a critical
voltage?
(ii) Why does the reverse current show a sudden increase at the critical voltage?
Name any semiconductor device which operates under the reverse bias in the breakdown region. (3)
Answer : V-I characteristic of p-n junction diode:

(i) Under the reverse bias condition, the holes of p-side are attracted towards the negative terminal of the
battery and the electrons of the n-side are attracted towards the positive terminal of the battery. This
increases the depletion layer and the potential barrier. However the minority charge carriers are drifted
across the junction producing a small current. At any temperature the number of minority carriers is
constant so there is the small current at any applied potential. This is the reason for the current under
reverse bias to be almost independent of applied potential. At the critical voltage, avalanche breakdown
takes place which results in a sudden flow of large current.
(ii) At the critical voltage, the holes in the n-side and conduction electrons in the p-side are accelerated due
to the reverse bias voltage. These minority carriers acquire sufficient kinetic energy from the electric field
and collide with a valence electron. Thus the bond is finally broken and the valence electrons move into the
conduction band resulting in enormous flow of electrons and thus formation of hole-electron pairs. Thus
there is a sudden increase in the current at the critical voltage.
Zener diode is a semiconductor device which operates under the reverse bias in the breakdown region.
Q26 : Draw a labelled ray diagram of a refracting telescope. Define its magnifying power and write
the expression for it.
Write two important limitations of a refracting telescope over a reflecting type telescope. (3)
Answer : Refracting telescope:

Magnifying Power:The magnifying power m is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final
image to the angle which the object subtends at the lens or the eye.

Limitations of refracting telescope over reflecting type telescope:

(NOTE: Write any two)
(i) Refracting telescope suffers from chromatic aberration as it uses large sized lenses.
(ii) The requirements of big lenses tend to be very heavy and therefore difficult to make and support by
their edges.
(iii) It is also difficult and expensive to make such large sized lenses.
Q27 : Write Einsteins photoelectric equation and point out any two characteristic properties of
photons on which this equation is based.
Briefly explain the three observed features which can be explained by this equation.
(3)
Answer : Einsteins photoelectric effect equation:

The two characteristic properties of photons on which this equation is based are as follows:
(i) Photons have particle characteristic. It is emitted or absorbed in units called quanta of light.
(ii) Photons have wave characteristic. It travels in space with particular frequency, a characteristic of
waves.
Three observed features which can be explained by this equation are:
(i) Solar cells: Also called photo-voltaic cells. It converts solar radiations to electrical emf.
(ii) Television telecast: the dark and bright light parts of images are interpreted as high and low electrical
charges as given by photoelectric emission principle. These are further processed and transmitted.
(iii) Burglar alarm: The moment the ultraviolet radiation is cut due to thief, it stops the supply of photons
and thus works as off mode and the ring bells automatically.
Q28 : Name the type of waves which are used for line of sight (LOS) communication. What is the
range of their frequencies?
A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height of 20 m and the height of the receiving
antenna is 45 m. Calculate the maximum distance between them for satisfactory communication in
LOS mode. (Radius of the Earth = 6.4 * 106 m)
(3)
Answer : Space wave are used for the line of sight (LOS) communication.
The range of their frequencies is 40 MHz and above.
We have, height of transmitting antenna, hT = 20 m and height of receiving antenna, hR = 45 m
Then, Maximum distance between the two antennas,

Thus, the maximum distance between the antennas is 40 km.

Q29 : (a) Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain clearly the role of crossed electric and
magnetic field in accelerating the charge. Hence derive the expression for the kinetic energy acquired
by the particles.
(b) An Alpha particle and a proton are released from the centre of the cyclotron and made to
accelerate.
(i) Can both be accelerated at the same cyclotron frequency?
Give reason to justify your answer.
(ii) When they are accelerated in turn, which of the two will have higher velocity at the exit slit of
the does? (5)
Answer : Schematic sketch of cyclotron:

The combination of crossed electric and magnetic fields is used to increase the energy of the charged
particle. Cyclotron uses the fact that the frequency of revolution of the charged particle in a magnetic field
is independent of its energy. Inside the dees the particle is shielded from the electric field and magnetic
field acts on the particle and makes it to go round in a circular path inside a dee. Every time the particle
moves from one dee to the other it comes under the influence of electric field which ensures to increase the
energy of the particle as the sign of the electric field changed alternately. The increased energy increases
the radius of the circular path so the accelerated particle moves in a spiral path.
Since radius of trajectory,

Hence, the kinetic energy of ions,

(b) (i) Let us consider: Mass of proton = m, Charge of proton = q, Mass of alpha particle = 4m

Charge of alpha particle = 2q

Thus, particles will not accelerate with same cyclotron frequency. The frequency of proton is twice than the
frequency of alpha particle.
(ii)

Thus particles will not exit the dees with same velocity. The velocity of proton is twice than the velocity of
alpha particle.
Q30 : (a) Draw the plot of binding energy per nucleon (BE/A) as a function of mass number A. Write
two important conclusions that can be drawn regarding the nature of nuclear force.
(b) Use this graph to explain the release of energy in both the processes of nuclear fusion and fission.
(c) Write the basic nuclear process of neutron undergoing --decay.
Why is the detection of neutrinos found very difficult?
Answer : Plot of binding energy per nucleon as the function of mass number A is given as below:

Following are the two conclusions that can be drawn regarding the nature of the nuclear force:
(i) The force is attractive and strong enough to produce a binding energy of few MeV per nucleon.
(ii) The constancy of the binding energy in the range A= 30 to 170
(b) Nuclear fission: A very heavy nucleus (say A = 240) has lower binding energy per nucleon as
compared to the nucleus with A = 120. Thus if the heavier nucleus breaks to the lighter nucleus with high
binding energy per nucleon, nucleons are tightly bound. This implies that energy will be released in the
process which justifies the energy release in fission reaction.
Nuclear fusion: When two light nuclei (A<10) are combined to form a heavier nuclei, the binding energy
of the fused heavier nuclei is more than the binding energy per nucleon of the lighter nuclei. Thus the final
system is more tightly bound than the initial system. Again the energy will be released in fusion reaction.
(c) The basic nuclear process of neutron undergoing --decay is given as:

Neutrinos interact very weakly with matter so, they have a very high penetrating power. Thats why the
detection of neutrinos is found very difficult.

Unsolved
Q31 : What do you mean by modulation and demodulation?
Q32 : Define the term stopping potential in relation to photo-electric effect.
Q33 : Discuss Youngs double slit experiment to demonstrate the interference of light. What are the
conditions of bright and dark fringes?
Q34 : Derive Lens Makers formula.
Q35 : Using Biot Savarts law, derive the expression for the magnetic field in the vector form at a
point on the axis of a circular current loop.
Q36 : What is total internal reflection? What are the conditions under which this takes place?
Discuss two
important applications of this phenomenon.
Q37 : Two polaroids are placed at 90 to each other and the transmitted intensity is zero. What
happens when one more polaroid is placed between these two bisecting the angle between
them?
Q38 : Explain how Rutherfords experiment on scattering of alpha particles led to the estimation of
the size of nucleus. What are the conclusions made by Rutherford by this experiment?
Q39 : What is a p-n junction diode? Explain the formation of depletion region and barrier potential
set up in a p-n junction?
Q40 : In a single slit diffraction, how does the angular width of the central maximum change when :
(i) slit width is decreased, (ii) distance between the slit and screen is increased and (iii) the light
of smaller visible wavelength is used?
Q41 : Derive the expression for the equivalent emf and internal resistance for the parallel
combination of two cells with emfs E1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 respectively.
What is the corresponding formula for the series combination?
Q42 : Derive the expression for the force between two parallel current carrying conductors and
hence define one ampere.
Q43 : Define mutual inductance. Derive an expression for mutual inductance of two long coaxial
solenoids of same lengths wound over each other.
Q44 : In Young's double slit experiment, describe briefly how bright and dark fringes are obtained
on the screen kept in front of a double slit. Hence obtain the expression for the fringe width.
Q45 : Draw the schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain its working. Show that time period of ions
in a cyclotron is independent of both speed and radius.
Q46 : With the help of a neat and labelled diagram, explain the principle and working of a moving
coil galvanometer. What is current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of galvanometer? Increasing the
current sensitivity may not increase the voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. Justify this statement.
Q47 : Draw a labelled circuit diagram for a CE amplifier using n-p-n transistor. Draw the input and
output characteristics of this transistor.
Q48 : What does a toroid consist of? Find out the expression for the magnetic field inside a toroid for
N turns of the coil having the average radius r and carrying a current I. Show that the magnetic
field in the open space inside and exterior to the toroid is zero.
Q49 : Using Bohrs postulates, derive the expression for the frequency of radiation emitted when
electron in hydrogen atom undergoes transition from higher energy state (quantum number n i) to
the lower state, (nf).
When electron in hydrogen atom jumps from energy state n i = 4 to nf = 3, 2, 1, identify the spectral
series to which the emission lines belong.
(5)
Q50 : State Huygens principle and deduce the laws of reflection on the basis of this principle.