Area Bound of Horizons for Horava Lifshitz Black Hole

Parthapratim Pradhan
Department of Physics, Vivekananda Satabarshiki Mahavidyalaya, West Midnapur 721513, India

arXiv:1605.01186v1 [gr-qc] 4 May 2016

Abstract
We discuss various thermodynamic properties of the inner and outer horizons in the background
of Horava Lifshitz black hole. We compute area sum, area minus and area division of black hole
horizons. We find that they all are not universal quantities whereas the product is an universal
quantity. Based on these relations, we derive the area bound of all horizons. From area bound we
derive entropy bound and irreducible mass bound for both the horizons. We also observe that the
First law of black hole thermodynamics and Smarr-Gibbs-Duhem relations do not hold for this
black hole. The underlying reason behind this failure due to the scale invariance of the coupling
constant. All these calculations might be help us to understanding the nature of black hole entropy
both interior and exterior at the microscopic level.

Introduction

Recently general relativity community and string theory/M-therory community have become quite
interested to investigate the thermodynamic properties of inner and outer horizons[1, 2] and see
also [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Of particular interest are relations that are independent of mass so called
ADM(Arnowitt-Deser-Misner) mass and then these relations are said to be universal in black
hole(BH) physics. They are novel in the sense that they involve the thermodynamic quantities defined
at multi-horizons, i.e. the Cauchy(inner) horizon and event(outer) horizons of spherically symmetric
charged, axisymmetric charged and axisymmetric non-charged black hole. For example, let us consider first spherically symmetric charged BH, i.e. Reissner Nordstrm(RN) BH, the mass-independent
relations could be found from the area product and entropy product of both the horizons(H ):
A+ A = (4Q2 )2 .

(1)

S+ S = (Q2 )2 .

(2)

and

For axisymmetric non charged BH, i.e. for Kerr BH, the mass independent relations could be
found from
A+ A = (8J)2 .

(3)

S+ S = (2J)2 .

(4)

and

Finally for charged axisymmetric BH, these relations are

A+ A = (8J)2 + (4Q2 )2 .

(5)

S+ S = (2J)2 + (Q2 )2 .

(6)

and

pppradhan77@gmail.com

In the above formulae, the common feature is that they all are remarkably independent of the mass
parameter of the back ground spacetime. Thus they all are universal quantities in this sense.
Now taking into consideration of the BPS(Bogomolni-Prasad-Sommerfield) states then the area
product formula of H would be[2]
p
p 
(7)
A+ A = (8)2
N1 N2 = N, N N, N1 N, N2 N .
where the integers N1 and N2 may be viewed as the excitation numbers of the left and right moving
modes of a weakly-coupled two-dimensional conformal field theory(CFT). N1 and N2 depend explicitly
on all the black hole parameters. Consequently, the entropy product formula of H should be
p
p 
S+ S = (2)2
(8)
N1 N2 = N, N N, N1 N, N2 N .

It implies that the product of H could be expressed in terms of the underlying CFT which would
be interpreted in terms of a level matching condition. That means the product of entropy of H is
an integer quantity[?].
The product formulae, either area or entropy product of inner horizon and outer horizons could
be used to determine whether the corresponding Bekenstein-Hawking entropy may be written as
a Cardy formula, therefore providing some evidence for a CFT description of the corresponding
microstates[3, 4, 9]. This encourages to study the properties of the inner horizon thermodynamics in
contrast with outer horizon thermodynamics.
It is also true by fact that CH is a blue-shift surface whereas event horizon is a red-shift surface by its own nature. Again it is well known that the CH is highly unstable due to the exterior
perturbation[10]. Thus there might be a relevance of inner horizon in BH thermodynamics to understanding the microscopic nature of inner BH entropy in comparison with the outer BH entropy. This
is the another reason to study the inner horizon thermodynamics.
In our previous work[26], we derived the surface area product, BH entropy product, surface temperature product, Komar energy product and specific heat product for this BH. Besides the area or
entropy product it should be known what happens in case of area sum, area minus and area division.
For this reason we extend this work by computing area sum, entropy sum, temperature sum and
specific heat sum of all the horizons. We expect that the quantization area product formula that we
have found from our previous investigation provide a strong indication that there exists an universal near-horizon structure for more general BHs. This indicates the possibility that the microscopic
degrees of freedom may admit a dual field theoretic explanation that generalizes the 2D CFT duals.
Thus in this Letter we wish to examine various thermodynamic properties (besides the area
or entropy product) of Kehagias-Sfetsos BH[11] in Horava Lifshitz gravity[12, 13, 14]. We have
considered both the inner horizon and outer horizon to further understanding the microscopic nature
of BH entropy both interior and exterior. Moreover using these relations, we derive the area bound
of all horizons. From area bound we derive entropy bound and irreducible mass bound for both the
horizons. The upper area bound of outer horizon is actually the Penrose-like inequality which is the
first geometric inequality[25] in BH physics.
The structure of the paper is as follows. In Sec. 2, we shall describe various thermodynamic properties of Kehagias-Sfetsos BH in Horava Lifshitz gravity, we also calculate the different thermodynamic
bound in different subsections. Finally, we conclude our discussions in Sec. 3.

Thermodynamic Properties of Ho
rava Lifshitz BH:

In 2009, Horava[12, 13, 14] gave a beutiful field theory model for a UV complete theory of gravity
which is a non-relativistic renormalizable theory of gravity and reduces to Einsteins general relativity
at large scales for the dynamical coupling constant = 1. We have not mentioned the ADM formalism
here because it has been already mentioned in[26]. Since we are interested in this work to study the

thermodynamic properties of Kehagias-Sfetsos(KS) BH[11] in Horava Lifshitz(HL) gravity thus the

metric of KS BH [15, 16, 11, 17, 18, 19] is given by
ds2 = F(r)dt2 +

dr 2
+ r 2 (d 2 + sin2 d2 ).
F(r)

(9)

where,
F(r) = 1

4Mr + 2 r 4 + r 2 ,

(10)
1

3
and M is an integration constant related to the mass parameter. For r ( M
) , we obtain the usual
behavior of a Schwarzschild BH.
The BH horizons correspond to F(r) = 0:
r
1
.
(11)
r = M M2
2

where r+ is event horizon and r is Cauchy horizon respectively. As long as

M2

1
0.
2

(12)

1
then the KS metric describes a BH, otherwise it has a naked singularity. When M2 2
= 0, we find
the extremal KS BH.
The product and sum of horizon radii becomes

r+ r =

1
and r+ + r = 2M .
2

(13)



1
= 4 2Mr
2

(14)

The area[26] of this BH is given by

A
Their product[26] and sum yields
A+ A =



4 2
1
2
and A+ + A = 4 4M
.
2

(15)

It is remarkably that the area product of KS BH is independent of mass but the area sum is not
independent of the mass parameter.
For completeness, we further compute the area minus and area division:
r
1
.
(16)
A A = 16M M2
2
and
A+
A

2
r+
2 .
r

(17)

Again, the sum of area inverse is found to be

1
1
+
A+ A

1
4M

(18)

1
.
2

(19)

and the minus of area inverse is computed to be

1
1

A A

4 2 M
=

M2

It indicates that they are all mass dependent relations.

Likewise, the entropy product[26] and entropy sum of H becomes:


1
2
2
and S + S+ = 4M
S S+ =
.
4 2

For our record, we also compute the entropy minus of H as

r
1
S S = 4M M2
.
2

(20)

(21)

and the entropy division of H as

S+
S

2
r+
2 .
r

(22)

Again, the sum of entropy inverse is found to be

1
1
+
S+ S

4 2

1
4M

(23)

1
.
2

(24)

and the minus of entropy inverse is

1
1

S S

16 2 M
=

M2

The Hawking[23] temperature on H reads off

T =

(r M)
2 ).
2(1 + r

(25)

Their product[26] and sum yields

T+ T =

1 2M2
4M 1 2M2
and T+ + T =
.
2 2 (1 + 16M2 )
(1 + 16M2 )

(26)

It may be noted that surface temperature product and sum both depends on mass thus they are not
universal in nature. It is shown that for KS BH:
q
1
8M M2 2
.
(27)
T+ S+ + T S =
1 + 16M2
In general, this relation is for RN BH or Kerr BH[28]:
T+ S+ + T S = 0 .

(28)

It is in-fact a mass independent(universal) relation and implies that T+ S+ = T S should be taken

as a criterion whether there is a 2D CFT dual for the BHs in the Einstein gravity and other diffeomorphism gravity theories[9, 21]. This universal relation also indicates that the left and right central
charges are equal i.e. cL = cR = 12J, which is holographically dual to 2D CFT[27].
But for KS BH, we see that it is mass dependent. It is also interesting to mentioned that except
the area product, entropy product and irreducible mass product all the thermodynamic relations of
KS BH are mass dependent.

2.1

Smarr Formula for HL BH on H :

Smarr[22] first derived the ADM mass can be expressed as a function of area, angular momentum and
charge for Kerr-Newman black hole. On the other hand, Hawking[23] pointed out that the BH area
always increases. Therefore the BH area is indeed a constant quantity over the H . Analogously, the
area of both the horizons for KS BH in HL gravity is given by
#
"
r
1
1
2
(29)
2M M2
A = 4 2M
2
2
Alternatively, the mass could be expressed as in terms of horizons(H ):
A

1
+
.
+
16 4 2 A 4

M2 =

(30)

After differentiation, we get the mass differential as

dM = T dA + d

(31)

where,
T = Effective surface tension for horizons
M
1  1

=
=

.
M 32 8 2 A2
A
= Effective potential for horizons due to
1 
1  M
=
+
.
=
M 4 3 A 8 2

(32)

(33)

It is well known that for Spherically symmetric RN BH, the Smarr-Gibbs-Duhem relation is
satisfied by the following condition:

M
T S
Q = 0.
2
2

(34)

where the symbols are used as usual for RN BH. But for KS BH this relation is

M
T S =
2
2

2
2 + 5r
2 ) 6= 0.
8r (1 + r

(35)

It indicates, the Smarr-Gibbs-Duhem relation do not satisfied for KS BH in HL gravity. Followed by

the first law of BH thermodynamics also do not satisfied for this BH. The reason should be due to
the scale invariance of the coupling constant . This observation is essential here because we have
not seen such type of discussion in the literature regarding the KS BH in HL gravity.

2.2

Area Bound of KS BH for H :

Using the above thermodynamic relations, we are now able to derive the entropy bound of both
1
. Since r+ r , one can get
the horizons. Using the ineqality Eq. (12) one can obtain M2 2
A+ A 0. Then the area product gives:
A+

A+ A =

2
A .

and the area sum gives:





1
A+ + A
1
2
2
= 2 4M
= A+ + A A+
.
4 4M

(36)

(37)

Thus the area bound for H+ :



1
2 4M

1
A+ 4 4M

and the area bound for H :

2
.

0 A

2.3

(39)

Entropy Bound for H :

Analogously, as r+ r , one can get S+ S 0. Then the entropy product gives:

p

S+ S+ S =
S .
2

and the entropy sum gives:





1
1
S+ + S
2
2
4M
= 2M
= S+ + S S+
.

2
2
Thus the entropy bound for H+ :




1
1
2
2
S+ 4M
.
2M
2

and the area bound for H :

.
2

0 S

2.4

(38)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

Irreducible Mass Bound for H :

Christodoulou[24] had given a relation between surface area of the H+ and irreducible mass, which
can be written as
M2irr,+ =

A+
S+
=
.
16
4

(44)

It is now well known that this relation is valid for CH also. That means
M2irr, =

S
A
=
.
16
4

(45)

Now the the product and sum of the irreducible mass for both the horizons are
Mirr,+ Mirr, =

1
1
and M2irr,+ + M2irr, = M2
.
8
4

From the area bound, we get the irreducible mass bound for KS BH.
For H+ :
q
q
1
2
4M
4M2 1

Mirr,+
.
2
2 2

(46)

(47)

and for H :
0 Mirr,

1
.
8

Eq. 47 is nothing but the Penrose inequality, which is the first geometric inequality for BHs[25].
6

(48)

2.5

Temperature Bound for H :

In BH thermodynamics, temperature is an important parameter. So there must exists temperature

bound relation on the horizons. As is when r+ r , one must obtain T+ T 0. Then the
temperature product gives:
s
p
(1 2M2 )
T .
(49)
T+ T+ T =
2 2 (1 + 16M2 )
and the temperature sum gives:




4M 1 2M2
2M 1 2M2
T+ + T
= T+ + T T+
=
.
(1 + 16M2 )
2
(1 + 16M2 )

(50)

Thus the temperature bound for H+ :

4M 1 2M2
2M 1 2M2
T+
.
(1 + 16M2 )
(1 + 16M2 )

(51)

and the temperature bound for H :

0 T

2.6

(1 2M2 )
.
2 2 (1 + 16M2 )

(52)

Bound on Heat Capacity C for H :

In BH thermodynamics, the specific heat can be defined as

M
.
T

C =

(53)

which is an important parameter to determine the thermodynamic properties in BH physics. In our

previous work[26], we derived in detail the expression for specific heat for both the horizons. It is
given by
2 1) 1 + r 2
2 (2r

2
4
2
1 + 5r 2 r

C =

2

(54)

Their product[26] and sum on H yields:

C+ C =

2
2 1 2M2 1 + 16M2
.
2 2 (2 + 13M2 16 2 M4 )

(55)

and
C+ + C =

128 4 M6 + 8 3 M4 42 2 M2 + 4M2 + 2 1
.
2
(2 + 13M2 16 2 M4 )

(56)

1
Using M2 2
with the product of heat capacity and the sum of heat capacity, we get the bound
on heat capacity for both the horizons. For H+ :


128 4 M6 + 8 3 M4 42 2 M2 + 4M2 + 2 1
2 2
(2 + 13M2 16 2 M4 )

C+
7



128 4 M6 + 8 3 M4 42 2 M2 + 4M2 + 2 1
.
2
(2 + 13M2 16 2 M4 )

(57)

and for H :
0 C

(128 4 M6 + 8 3 M4 42 2 M2 + 4M2 + 2 1)
.
2
(2 + 13M2 16 2 M4 )

(58)

It should be mentioned that all the above thermodynamic formulae might be suggested the possibility of an explanation for the microscopic nature of such BHs in terms of a field theory in more
than two dimensions.

Discussion:

In order to understand the BH entropy at the microscopic level, we studied thermodynamic properties
of KS BH in HL gravity. We computed various thermodynamic formula for this BH. We speculated
that area sum, area minus and area division are mass dependent quantities, whereas the product is a
mass independent quantity.
Based on these relations, we computed area bound, entropy bound, irreducible mass bound,
temperature bound and specific heat bound. The upper area bound of outer horizon is actually the
Penrose-like ineqality in BH physics. Due to the scale invariance of the coupling constant parameter
, we showed that the First law of black hole thermodynamics and Smarr-Gibbs-Duhem relations do
not satisfied for this BH.
In conclusion, these thermodynamic product formulae suggests further evidence for the crucial
role of both inner horizon and outer horizon for understanding the microscopic nature of BH entropy
(both interior and exterior) which is the prime aim in quantum gravity.

Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to the authority of Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics(IUCAA),
Pune for warm hospitality during a Refresher course in Astronomy and Astrophysics and where
the most of the work was done.

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