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ion
A positively or negatively charge atom or (covalently bonded) group of atoms (a molecular ion).
ionic bonding
The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
(first) ionisation energy
The energy required to remove one electron from each ion in one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of
gaseous 1+ ions.
(second) ionisation energy
The energy required to remove one electron from each ion in one mole of gaseous 1+ ions to form one mole of
gaseous 2+ ions.
successive) ionisation energy
A measure of the energy required to remove each electron in turn, e.g. the second ionisation energy is the energy
required to remove one electron from each ion in one mole of gaseous 1+ ions to form one mole of gaseous 2+ ions.
isotopes
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and different masses.
limiting reagent
The substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first.
lone pair
An outer-shell pair of electrons that is not involved in chemical bonding.
mass (nucleon) number
The number of particles (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus.
metallic bond
The electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons.
molar mass, M
The mass of a mole of a substance. The units of molar mass are g mol1.
molar volume
The volume per mole of a gas. The units of molar volume are dm3 mol1. At room temperature and pressure the
molar volume is approximately 24.0 dm3 mol1.
mole
The amount of any substance containing as many particles as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12 g of the carbon
12 isotope.
molecular formula
The number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
molecular ion, M+
The positive ion formed in mass spectrometry when a molecule loses an electron.
molecule
A small group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
nomenclature
A system of naming compounds.
period
A horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table. Elements show trends in properties across a period.
periodicity
A regular periodic variation of properties of elements with atomic number and position in the Periodic Table.
precipitation reaction
The formation of a solid from a solution during a chemical reaction. Precipitates are often formed when two aqueous
solutions are mixed together.
principal quantum number, n
A number representing the relative overall energy of each orbital, which increases with distance from the nucleus.
The sets of orbitals with the same n value are referred to as electron shells or energy levels.
rate of reaction
The change in concentration of a reactant or a product in a given time.
relative atomic mass, Ar
The weighted mean mass of an atom of an element compared with one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
relative formula mass
The weighted mean mass of a formula unit compared with one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
relative isotopic mass
The mass of an atom of an isotope compared with one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
relative molecular mass, Mr
The weighted mean mass of a molecule compared with one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
salt
A chemical compound formed from an acid, when a H+ ion from the acid has been replaced by a metal ion or another
positive ion, such as the ammonium ion, NH4+.
shell
A group of atomic orbitals with the same principal quantum number, n. Also known as a main energy level.
simple molecular lattice
A three-dimensional structure of molecules, bonded together by weak intermolecular forces.
skeletal formula
A simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and
associated functional groups.
species
Any type of particle that takes part in a chemical reaction.
spectator ions
Ions that are present but take no part in a chemical reaction.
standard conditions
A pressure of 100 kPa (1 atmosphere), a stated temperature, usually 298 K (25 C), and a concentration of 1 mol
dm3 (for reactions with aqueous solutions).
standard solution
A solution of known concentration. Standard solutions are normally used in titrations to determine unknown
information about another substance.
standard state
The physical state of a substance under the standard conditions of 100 kPa (1 atmosphere) and 298 K (25 C).
stoichiometry
The molar relationship between the relative quantities of substances taking part in a reaction.
sub-shell
A group of the same type of atomic orbitals (s, p, d or f) within a shell.
water of crystallisation
Water molecules that form an essential part of the crystalline structure of a compound.