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B.

Tech Seminar on

Piles for Expansive soils


For the subject of ADVANCED FONDATION ENGINEERING

By:Avi Maniar (11BCL003)


Jwalit Kansara (11BCL094)

Parth Gandhi (11BCL108)


Submitted To:Dr. Trudeep Dave

Department of Civil Engineering


School Of Technology
Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
Gandhinagar, Gujarat

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXPANSIVE SOILS..1

2. PROBLEMS...3

3. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES4

4. SELECTION CRITERIA.5

5. UNDER REAMED PILES6

6. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY..9

7. REFERENCES.....13

Expansive Soils: - [4]


Expansive clay is clay that is prone to large volume changes that are directly related to
changes in water content. Soils with a high content of expansive clay can form deep cracks in
drier seasons or years; such soils are called vertisols. Soils with smectite clay minerals,
including montmorillonite and bentonite, have the most dramatic capacity. The mineral
make-up of this type of soil is responsible for the moisture retaining capabilities. The parent
rock most associated with expansive soils is
shale, which can also be expansive. The
volumetric

changes

associated

with
!

"

expansive soil comprise one of the most


#

&

expensive of geologic hazards.


'

&

All clays can be classified as either 1:1 or


$

2:1. These ratios refer to the proportion of


$

&

tetrahedral sheets to octahedral sheets.


'

Figure 1:- Expansive Soil

[2]

Octahedral sheets are sandwiched between


"

two tetrahedral sheets in 2:1 clays, while 1:1


-

clays have sheets in matched pairs. Expansive clays have an expanding crystal lattice in a 2:1
)

&

ratio.

Expansive soils contain minerals such as smectite clays that are capable of absorbing water.
#

When they absorb water they increase in


#

volume. The more water they absorb the


more their volume increases. Expansions of
ten percent or more are not uncommon. This
change in volume can exert enough force on
a building or other structure to cause
damage. Cracked foundations, floors and
basement walls are typical types of damage
done by swelling soils. Damage to the upper
floors of the building can occur when motion

Figure 2:- Effects On Expansive Soils [3]

in the structure is significant. Expansive soils will also shrink when they dry out. This

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>

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shrinkage can remove support from buildings or other structures and result in damaging
subsidence. Fissures in the soil can also develop. These fissures can facilitate the deep
penetration of water when moist conditions or runoff occurs. This produces a cycle of
shrinkage and swelling that places repetitive stress on structures. Expansive clay particles are
invisible to the naked eye and swell by absorbing large amounts of water relative to their
volume. When these particles dry out, they can shrink considerably.
Alternate swelling and shrinkage in extensive limit during wet and dry process respectively
results cracks in soil without any warning. These cracks may sometimes extent to severe
limit like wide and 12 deep. So building to be founded on this soil may suffer severe
!

"

damage with the change of atmospheric conditions. They swell when water is added to them
#

&

and shrink when they dry out. These are common in countries like Australia, India, South
'

Africa, USA; Indonesia etc. Black Cotton Soil is an example of Expansive soil.
&

Misconceptions
+

&

'

Builders and engineers have their own opinions and concepts regarding precautions and
!

"

solution for structures founded on expansive soils. The opinions may not always be on facts
!

and as a result, it can be quite misleading at times. Here are few misconceptions regarding
#

the design of structures on swelling conditions which are not always true:
&

The shallow foundations if designed for a low allowable bearing pressure helps to
/

minimize the expansion of soil.


)

Soils which arent black in color are unlikely to be expansive soil.

If site is pounded before construction, the chances of swelling after construction are
eliminated.

Chemical stabilization of swelling soil takes care of all the problems related to swelling
soil.

Coarse-grained material placed below the floor slab reduces the uplift pressure by

allowing the swelling clay to fill in the voids.

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Problems [17]
A house built on expansive soil will probably move if the foundation was not designed to
take this soil type into account. Movement occurs because the soils expand so forcefully, the
foundation actually moves. Different parts of the house can move at different rates and
distances, thus cracking the foundation. Significant cracks often appear at the corners of
windows and doors, in walls, garage slabs, walkways, and driveways. Doors and windows
may become jammed. The "looks" of a home could be affected. During extreme drought
conditions, even homes that are not normally affected by expansive soil problems may
experience slight cracking. Expansive soils can affect homes with suspended wood floors as
!

"

well as those with concrete slab floors. Most of the movement occurs at the outside walls of a
#

&

'

building, but the inside of a house can move if water finds its way under the house when it
!

rains, through landscape watering or through a plumbing leak.


&

Problems

often

associated
,

&

with expansive soils include:


'

"

1. Foundation cracks;
-

2. Heaving and cracking


/

&

of floor slabs and walls;


1

3. Jammed

doors

and
$

windows;
)

4. Ruptured

pipelines;
.

and
5. Heaving and cracking
of sidewalks and roads

Figure 3: Foundation Cracks [7]

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>

Pile Classification [18]

"

&

'

&

&

'

"

&

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<

>

>

Selection criteria [13]


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Type of structure to be supported


Load carrying capacity
Subsurface conditions
Availability of materials
Local experience
Site conditions & Constraints
Construction schedule

"

&

'

&

&

'

"

&

Figure 4: Installation Methods

[12]

Figure 5: Subsoil Conditions

[14]
#

8. Overall economy
9. Types of piles available in the market
10. Installation Methods
11. Contractual Requirements

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Under reamed piles [19]


Under reamed piles have mechanically formed enlarged bases that have been as much as 6 m
in diameter. The form is that of an inverted cone and can only be formed in stable soils. In
such conditions they allow very high load bearing capacities.
The diameter of the pile stem (D) varies from 20 to 50 cm. The diameter of the under-ream
bulbs (Du) is normally 2.5 times the diameter of the pile stem. It may however, vary from 2
to 3 times of diameter of the pile stem (D) under special circumstances. In case of double or
multi-under!

reamed piles, the


"

centre to centre
&

'

vertical

spacing
(

&

between two bulbs


$

may vary from 1


$

&

to 1 times the
'

under-ream bulbs
"

(Du).The length of
-

under-reamed
)

&

piles varies from 3

to 8 meter and
$

their

centre

to
)

centre

spacing

should

normally

Figure 6:- Under Reamed Piles [10]

be not less than 2 times the under-reamed diameter.


Under reamed piles are the most safe and economical foundation in expansive soils. Under
reamed piles are bored cast in situ concrete piles having bulb shaped enlargement near base.
A Pile having one bulb is called single under reamed pile. In its closed position, the under
reamer fits inside the straight section of a pile shaft, and can be expanded at the base of the
pile to produce the enlarged base. The cost advantages of under-reamed piles are due to the
reduced pile shaft diameter, resulting in less concrete needed to replace the excavated

material.

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Under reamed piles are of two types:


1. Pre-cast under reamed piles
Pre-cast piles require specialized pile driving equipments. They are advantageous over in-situ
cast pile because they dont need holes to be bored and the pile is already cast complete with
the reinforcing steel in place.
2. In-situ cast under reamed piles
This type of pile installation is used to
replace soil removed by drilling rather
!

"

than occupying the space of displaced soil


%

&

'

as in driven piles and thus, it mostly relies


(

&

on end-bearing capacity of the earth layer


)

at the drilled depth.


$

&

'

Under reamed pile foundation for


!

"

Black cotton soil


!

The bearing capacity of the pile is


/

&

increased by increasing the number of


1

bulbs

at

the

base.

Such

type

of
$

foundations is ideally suitable in the areas


!

where the black cotton soil or expansive


Figure 7:- Section [21]

soil is beyond 2.50 meter. The basic


principle of under reamed pile is to anchor

the structure at a depth where ground movements are negligible due to moisture variation or

other reasons.

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>

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Tools required for construction of under-reamed piles are spiral auger, under reaming tool,
and boring guide. This is a well proven and established technology for construction of
foundation in expansive soils. For speeding up the construction bore and under ream for large
diameter and deeper pile a mechanical rig can be used. The construction and design of such
foundation can be done in accordance with Indian Standard Code of Practice IS 2911-Part
III. Provision of
under
bulbs

reamed
has

the

advantage

of

increasing

the

"

bearing

and
%

&

'

uplift capacities.
(

&

It also provides
$

better anchorage
$

at greater depths.
&

'

These piles are


"

efficiently used
-

in

machine
)

&

Figure 8:- Under Reamed Piles

[11]

foundations,

over
%

bridges, electrical
3

transmission tower foundation sand water tanks.

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>

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Design Philosophy
The design philosophy is based on IS 2911 (Part 3): 1980 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PILE FOUNDATIONS. Following are the general
considerations which are to be kept in mind:
1. It should be designed in such a way that the
load from the structure they support can be
transmitted to the soil without causing any soil failure
and any type of settlement. The pile shaft should have
!

adequate capacity to withstand all type of loads.


"

2. In deep deposits of expansive soils the


&

'

Figure 9: section of single reamed


pile [20]

minimum length of piles, irrespective of any other


(

&

considerations, shall be 3.5 m below ground level.


$

3. The diameter of under-reamed bulbs


$

&

may vary from 2 to 3 times stem


'

diameter

depending

upon

the
"

feasibility of construction and design


-

requirements. In bored cast in Titus


)

&

under-reamed piles the bulb diameter

shall normally be 2.5 times, and in


$

under-reamed compaction piles two


)

times.
/

4. For piles up to 30 cm diameter, the


spacing of bulbs should not exceed
1.5 times the diameter of bulb. For
piles of diameter greater than 30 cm
spacing can be reduced to I.25 times
the stem diameter.
5. The top-most bulb should be at a

Figure 10: Section for multi Under Reamed


pile [15]

minimum depth of 2 times the bulb

diameter. In expansive soils it should also not be less than l-75 m below ground level.

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The minimum clearance below the underside of pile cap embedded in the ground and
the bulb should be a minimum 1.5 times the bulb diameter.
6. Under-reamed piles with more than two bulbs are not advisable without ensuring their
feasibility in strata needing stabilization of boreholes by drilling mud.
7. The minimum diameter of stem for borehole needing stabilization by drilling mud
should be 25 cm.
8. The minimum diameter of stem for strata consisting of harmful constituents, such as
sulphates, should be 30 cm.
!

The load carrying capacity of pile depends on pile dimensions and the subsoil strata. Axial
"

load on a pile is transmitted by point bearing at the toe and the projected area of the bulb(s)
%

&

'

and skin friction along the pile stem. In uplift load, point bearing component at toe is absent
(

&

but unlike other straight shaft piles, point bearing on an annular projection of the bulb is
$

present. Lateral load and moment are sustained by horizontal soil reaction developed along
$

the pile length. The design of


&

'

piles shall be such that it has an


"

adequate factor of safety against:


-

1. A structural member to
/

&

transmit

the

imposed
1

loads
$

2. Failure of strata due to


)

reaching

ultimate
.

strength.

The

minimum

longitudinal

area

reinforcement

of
in

Figure 11:- Steel Cage for In-Situ Pile Works [16]

stem should be 0.4 percent of


mild steel or HYSD steel. Reinforcement is to be provided in the full length irrespective of
any other considerations and is further subject to the condition that a minimum number of
three l0 mm diameter mild steel or three 8 mm diameter HYSD steel bars shall be provided.

The transverse reinforcement as circular stirrups shall not be less than 6-mm diameter mild

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steel bars at a spacing of not more than the stem diameter or 30 cm whichever is less. In
under reamed compaction piles, a minimum number of four, 12-mm diameter mild steel or
four 10 mm diameter high strength steel bars shall be provided. For piles of lengths
exceeding 5 m and/or 37.5 cm diameter, a minimum number of six 12-mm diameter bars of
mild or HYSD steel shall be provided. For piles exceeding 40 cm diameter, a minimum
number of six 12 mm diameter mild or HYSD steel bars shall be provided. The circular
stirrups for piles of lengths exceeding 5 m and diameter exceeding 37.5 cm shall be of 8 mm
diameter bars. For piles up to 30 cm diameter, if concreting is done by tremie, equivalent
amount of steel placed centrally may be provided. The minimum clear cover over the
K

longitudinal reinforcement shall be 40 mm. In aggressive environment of sulphates, etc, it


M

may be increased to 75 mm.


P

Safe Load:O

For clayey soils the ultimate load carrying capacity of an under-reamed pile may be worked
O

out from the following expressions:


Q

+
(

5
=

>

&

<

"

"

&

"

5
-

&

&

"

&

"

"

&

&

+
&

&

&

&

7
$

<

KT

F
(

&

&

Qu =

ApNcCp +

AaNcCa +

CaAs

!CaAs

"

&

"

"

+
&

&

&

&

&

'

"

&

<

&

&

&

&

"

&

&

"

&

+
%

"

<

&

"

<

&

&

&

"

&

<

"

'

&

&

&

NOTE 1 - The first two terms in formula are for bearing and the last two for friction
components.
NOTE 2 - If the pile is with one bulb only the third term will not occur.
NOTE 3 - For calculating uplift load first term will not occur in formula.

For sandy soils the ultimate load carrying capacity of an under-reamed pile may be worked
out from the following expressions:

Qu

Ap(0.5D!N! + !DtNq) + Aa(0.5Dun!N! + !Nq "dr) + 0.5#D!Ktan$*(d12 +

df2 - dn2)
!

"

&

'

Ap (cm ) = (#/4)*D

&

Aa (cm2) = (#/4)*(Du2-D2)
)

n = number of under reamed bulbs


$

! (kg/cm ) = average unit weight of soil


&

'

N! and Nq = bearing capacity factors


"

dr (cm) = depth of centre of different under reamed bulbs below ground level
-

df (cm) = total depth of pile below ground level


)

&

K = earth pressure coefficient (usually 1.75)


1

% = angle of wall friction


$

st

d1 (cm) = depth of centre of 1 under reamed bulb


)

dn (cm) = depth of centre of last under reamed bulb


/

NOTE
1. The first two terms in the formula are for bearing component and the last one for friction
component

2. For uplift bearing on tip, Ap will not occur.

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References
1. http://pilingindustrycanada.com/drilling-across-the-beauharnois-canal-bauerfoundations-canada/
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansive_clay
3. http://www.propertyrisk.com/refcentr/expsoil.htm
4. http://www.aegweb.org/students-educators/student-resources/aeg-forstudents/geologic-hazards/expansive-and-collapsible-soil
5. http://hdfoundationrepair.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/dry-soil-around-

6. http://www.dualpier.com/cause1.gif
7. http://www.sinaiconstruction.net/LA-foundation-retrofit-blog/wpcontent/uploads/2012/03/settlement-cracks-update.jpg
8. http://www.propertyrisk.com/refcentr/expsoil.htm
9. http://www.numahammers.com/newsitems/images/500/turnerriver_australia-09.jpg
10. http://www.lddrill.com/assets/uploads/cms/157-17.jpg
11. http://www.civilworksaustralia.com.au/uploads/images/working_sequence.jpg
12. http://www.gnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2009_03.pdf
13. https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/893/flashcards/429893/png/wetclimate_soil_profile1318950840999.png
14. http://www.expertsmind.com/CMSImages/677_Underreamed%20Piles.png
15. https://www.sefindia.org/rangarajan/E%20Conference_files/image006.jpg

Seminar Report on Under Reamed Piles for Expansive Soils

foundation1.jpg

16. http://www.geology.ar.gov/geohazards/expsoils_geninfo.htm
17. http://civiltraining.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Types-of-pile-foundation.png
18. IS 2911 (Part 3): 1980 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
19. http://www.cdeep.iitb.ac.in/nptel/Civil%20Engineering/Foundation_Engineering/Slid
es/Module%205/Lecture%2024/Section%2024.1/24.1_2.html
20. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/h4r6tWWV5a8/TdQN7QkynyI/AAAAAAAACUY/SNKnQ3_pUAw/s1600/underreamed+pile-1.JPG

References

Page 13

Design Problem
Design an under reamed in-situ pile of uniform cross section and length 4m having bulbs for a
load of 500kN on a clayey soil. Consider the following assumptions:1. Bearing Capacity Factor, Nc = 8.5
2. Cohesive force of soil around toe, Cp = 0.184 kgf/cm2
3. Average cohesion of soil around the under reamed bulbs, Ca = 0.184 kgf/cm2
4. Reduction factor, = 0.5
5. Average cohesion of soil along the pile stem, Ca = 0.204 kgf/cm2
6. 1=2=45
7. factor of safety, FOS = 2.5
8. Assume Non-Aggressive environment

Qu = ApNcCp + AaNcCa + CaAs + CaAs

(Cl. 5.2.3.1 (A), IS 2911 (Part 3) 1980)

Assume 50cm pile stem diameter and bulb diameter as 75 cm (Cl. 5.1.2, IS 2911 (Part 3) 1980)
Qu =

* 502 * 8.5 * 0.184 +

* (752 502) * 8.5 * 0.184 + 0.184 *22/7 *50 * (400-(75-50)) + 2 *

22/7 * 75 * [50/4 + (75 - 50) * 1.414]


Qu = 74458.19 kgf
Qu = 268.41 kN

Qu = ApNcCp + AaNcCa + CaAs + CaAs

(Cl. 5.2.3.1 (A), IS 2911 (Part 3) 1980)

Assume 75cm pile stem diameter and bulb diameter as 187.5 cm (Cl. 5.1.2, IS 2911 (Part 3) 1980)

Qu = 4 * 752 * 8.5 * 0.184 + 4 * (187.52 752) * 8.5 * 0.184 + 0.184 * 22/7 * 75 * (400 - (187.5 - 75))
+ 2 * 22/7 *187.5 * [75/4 + (187.5 - 75) * 1.414]
Qu = 153334.2262 kgf
Qu = 1380.008 kN
Using FOS = 2.5
Qu = 552.003 kN > 500 kN

Hence design Ok.


Provide 75cm pile diameter

Reinforcement Design:Required Reinforcement = 0.4% of c/s area of pile stem


=

0.4
100

* *752

= 28285.71429 cm2
Using 4.5cm HYSD Steel Bar

C/s area = * 4.52 = 15.911 cm2


Steel Rods needed =

28285.71429
15.911

= 17.778

Spacing of longitudinal reinforcement =

105
18

= 5.833

Provide 18 bars of 4.5cm @ 6cm c/c

Transverse Reinforcement:
The diameter of the transverse reinforcement is maximum of the following
1. One fourth of diameter of the largest longitudinal bar =

45
4

= 11.25mm

2. 16mm
Provide 16mm
Pitch distance between the transverse reinforcement is more than the least of the following
1. Least lateral dimension of compression member = 75cm = 750mm
2. 16 times the diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement = 16 * 45 = 720mm
3. 300 mm

Provide 400 mm
Transverse Reinforcement needed =

4000
400

+ 1 = 11

Provide 11 bars of 1.6cm @ 40cm c/c

Provide a clear cover of 50 mm

Assume Fe - 400 HYSD Steel Bars and M20 grade concrete


From Cl. 3.8.4.4 BS 8110 (Part 1) 1985,

Load that can be resisted, L = 0.35fcuAc + 0.67Ascfy


L=

0.35 20 (

7502;18 452) : 0.67 400 18 452


4
4
4

1000

= 10564.351kN

Using a FOS of 2.5


Lu =

10564.351
2.5

= 4225.741 kN > 500 kN

Provide Fe - 400 HYSD Steel Bars and M20 grade concrete

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