Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2014-15
Submitted to Uttar Pradesh Technical University
(U.P.T.U) for the fulfillment of the requirement for
the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
(Electrical and Electronics)
Prashant Shukla
Mayank Kumar
(1109621047)
(1109621034)
Shashikant Dubey
Virender Yadav
(1109621060)
(1109621072)
CERTIFICATE
Certified that Prashant Shukla, Mayank Kumar, Shashikant Dubey and Virender
Yadav have completed the project entitled TSUNAMI AND EARTHQUAKE ALERT
SYSTEM USING GSM for the award of Bachelor of Technology from
Vishveshwarya Institute of Engineering & Technology, Dadri ( G. B. Nagar) affiliated to Gautam
Buddh Technical University, Lucknow under my supervision. The project report embodies result of
original work and studies carried out by Students and the contents of the report do not form the
basis for the award of any other degree to the candidates or to anybody else.
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
This report is our own unaided work and was neither copied from nor written in collaboration with
any other person. It has never been submitted or done by any other student of any college
simultaneously and partially. We are a group of four viz.
PRASHANT SHUKLA
MAYANK KUMAR
SHASHIKANT DUBEY
VIRENDER YADAV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Before we get into the intricacies of the things, we would like to add a few heartfelt words for all
those who knowingly or unknowingly became a part of this project in numerous ways who gave
unending and unconditional support right from the stage the idea was conceived.
Bringing out this project was really an arduous task. But we were fortunate enough to get help and
guidance from a large number of persons. It is a pleasure to acknowledge them, though it is still
inadequate appreciation of their contributions.
We offer our profound gratitude to our project guide Rev. Mr. SAURABH TIWARI, our project
coordinator Rev. Mr. H.K. RAJPUT and our respected H.O.D. Mr. H.C. SHARMA sir for
their continuous inspiration and help, which finally helped in envisaging the project.
PRASHANT SHUKLA
MAYANK KUMAR
SHASHIKANT DUBEY
VIRENDER YADAV
ABSTRACT
Natural Disasters or Natural Calamities, whatever you name it has for long been the most dreaded
cause of mass destruction and loss of human lives, wealth and property. It destroys the beauty of
earth, lives of humans and leave behind no traces of existence. Its so severe in its approach that
millions and billions of people and land vanishes and escape into oblivion in just a moment. But
nothing fruitful or beneficial could be done as most of the people thought that these disasters are
natural and cannot be averted. As they say, MAN PROPOSES, GOD DISPOSES so they have
lived on with the same thought.
But with advancement of Science and Technology and with more research and development more
and more Scientists, Engineers and Physicists concluded that although such a calamity cannot be
averted but a proper precaution can be taken from it. They said Where there is a will there is a
way and Prevention is always better than cure so with that thought they created an alarming
or a warning system which would well beforehand makes the authorities and the people aware of
the dangers so that precautionary measures can be taken and there is not much or massive loss of
lives and property.
A warning system that can well in advance detect and alarm the people of the dangers and give us
ample time to relocate ourselves so as to avoid the severity caused by the disaster. It uses sensors,
microcontrollers and radio frequency so as to transmit and receive signals. With the technology still
at its infant stage, a lot of automation needs to be done so as to prepare for a better tomorrow and
the need of the hour is to stimulate the best use of growing science and technology.
PREFACE
This report aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in Tsunami
Warning System development, application and future trends. The information would be useful to
Geologists and Meteorological Department who wishes to explore the possibility of developing
Tsunami Warning System applications.
This report consists of three sections. The basic components of the tsunami warning system are
presented in the first section along with the introduction to the system and a glossary of the
terminology used to make such a system. The second section includes the block diagram and the
circuit description as to how the whole system has been assembled and how it works in order to
implement the cause it is designed for. The last section consists of the advantages and prediction
making capabilities of the system. We shall also discuss its future scope and advancements and all
the possible applications of this system.
The growth of tsunami warning system in ASIA is increasing rapidly and we believe this
technology will be an important one in the near future.
CONTENTS
GLOSSARY OF TERMS..xi
OBJECTIVE AND MOTIVATION .xii
LIST OF TABLE ....................................................................................................xiii
LIST OF FIGURE..xiv
CHAPTER 1..1
1.
Introduction...2
1.1. Block Diagram...3
1.1.1. Transmitter Section.3
1.1.2. Receiver Section.4
1.2. Circuit Diagram.....5
1.3. Working Approach....6
1.3.1. Power Supply Section.........6
1.3.2. Transmitter Section.6
1.3.3. Receiver Section.7
1.3.4. Fully Assembled Project.7
CHAPTER 2. ....8
2.
Power Supply.....9
2.1. Transformer....9
2.2. Resistor.......9
2.2.1. Resistor Symbol with color coding........10
2.3. Capacitor.....11
2.3.1. Electrolytic Capacitors....11
2.3.2. Ceramic Capacitors.12
2.4. Bridge Rectifier.......13
2.4.1. Current flowing In Bridge Rectifier....13
2.5. Diode...14
2.6. Light Emitting Diode..15
7
CHAPTER 3. .....17
3.
Transmitter Section...........................................18
3.1. Transistor..................................18
3.1.1. Type of Transistor...18
3.1.1.1. BJT.............19
3.1.1.2. FET................20
3.2. Encoder................................................................................23
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.2.3.
3.2.4.
Features..........23
Applications...........24
General Description...........24
Block Diagram..............25
3.3. RF Transmitter.........................26
3.3.1. Overview........................26
3.3.2. Features............26
3.3.3. Applications...........................26
3.4. Sensors............27
3.4.1. Water Level Sensor.............27
3.4.2. Piezo electric Sensor......................................................27
3.4.2.1. Principle Of Operation......27
3.4.2.1.1. Transverse Effect.........28
3.4.2.1.2. Longitudinal Effect...28
3.4.2.2. Electrical Properties......28
3.4.2.3. Sensor Design....29
3.4.2.4. Sensing Materials......30
3.5. Operational Amplifier.......31
3.5.1. Operation ...........................................................31
3.5.2. Ideal Op-Amp......32
CHAPTER 4. .......33
4. Receiver Section..............34
4.1. Crystal Oscillator......34
4.2. MicroController........36
4.3. 999999Display Section.....37
4.4. Decoder...38
8
4.4.1. Features...38
4.4.2. Applications...39
4.4.3. General Description....39
4.5. RF Receiver40
4.5.1. Applications..40
4.6. IC ...41
4.7. GSM MODEM.42
4.7.1.
SIM300 Module Features 42
4.7.2.
GSM Modem Features........42
4.7.3.
Interfaces..43
4.8. Buzzer....43
4.8.1. Piezo-Electric...43
CHAPTER 5.....44
5. Development And Analysis of the Project.......44
5.1
Functional Description.45
5.1.1 Tsunami by Seismicity..45
5.2 Solder 46
5.2.1. Procedure of making project...46
5.2.2. Tools...46
5.2.3. Mounting and Soldering.46
5.2.4. Soldering Kit..47
5.2.4.1.
Soldering Iron...47
5.2.4.2.
Solder....47
5.2.4.3.
Fluxes or Soldering Paste.....47
5.2.4.4.
Blades or Knife.47
Costing.....48
Table of Costing...49
Full Assembled View Of the Project.......50
CHAPTER 6.........................................................................................................52
6. Advantages and Future Applications.......52
6.1 Warning and Prediction.........53
6.2 Advantages and Future Scope...54
6.3 Conclusion and Future Enhancement.......55
Appendices56
References.59
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
10
c
D
IC
I/O
LED
ISO
MHz
Micro
OSC
R
RF
RS232
BJT
FET
VR
Tx
Rx
HT 12E
HT12D
LCD
O/p
Op-Amp
VCC
GND
SW
Vr
Capacitor
Diode
Integrated Circuit
Input and Output
Light Emitting Diode
International Standards Organization
MegaHertz
Microcontroller
Oscillator
Resistor
Radio Frequency
Serial Interface Standard
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Field Effect Transistor
Voltage Regulator
Transmitter
Receiver
Encoder
Decoder
Liquid Crystal Display
Output
Operational Amplifier
Positive Supply
Ground Supply
Switch
Variable Resistor
OBJECTIVE AND
MOTIVATION
11
In this theory, DARWIN proposed SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST, which is relevant in modern
professional setup. In order to move at a pace, with todays technological development we were
required to make a project which was at par with national requirement. Project Wireless Based
Tsunami And Earthquake Warning System is the need of the hour as per both technological and
biological aspects.
The task selected wasnt an easy one to complete all by ourselves. Mr. Hemant Kumar Rajput,
(Project Coordinator EN dept. VGI) and Mr. Saurabh Tiwari, (Asst. Professor EN dept. VGI)
were among those who have motivated us in the completion of this project. They were instrumental
in guiding and instructing us what and how we have achieved. Above all, they were the motivating
factor when our spirits were down.
12
LIST OF TABLES
Sr. No.
Table No.
Table Title
Page No.
1.
1.0
24
2.
2.0
25
3.
3.0
39
4.
4.0
RF Receiver Description
40
5.
5.0
Costing Table
49
LIST OF FIGURES
13
Sr. No.
Figure No.
Figure Title
Page No.
1.
1.0
Circuit Diagram
2.
2.0
3.
2.1
10
4.
2.2
10
5.
2.3
Electrolytic Capacitor
11
6.
2.4
Ceramic Capacitor
12
7.
2.4(a)
Bridge Rectifier
13
8.
2.5
Diodes
14
9.
2.6
LEDs
15
10.
2.7
Working Of LEDs
15
11.
2.8
Voltage regulator
16
12.
3.0
BJT Symbol
19
13.
3.1
Working Of BJT
20
14.
4.1
FET
22
15.
3.2
Encoder
23
16.
3.3
25
17.
3.4
RF Transmitter
26
18.
3.5
Piezoelectric Sensor
27
19.
3.6
Schematic Symbol(Piezoelectric)
28
20.
3.7
Frequency response
29
21.
3.8
Sensor Design
29
22.
3.9
OP-Amp
31
23.
3.10
Ideal op-Amp
32
14
24.
4.0
Crystal oscillator
34
25.
4.1
Microcontroller
36
26.
4.2
LCD
37
27.
4.3
Decoder
38
28.
4.3(a)
RF Receiver
40
29.
4.4
IC
41
30.
4.5
Piezoelectric Buzzer
43
31.
5.0
45
32.
5.1
Solder Tool
46
33.
5.2
Solder Mounting
47
34.
5.3
52
35.
5.4
52
15
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Previous statistics show the initial tsunami wave from the 1700 event reached the coast in 20 to 30
minutes. So time is limited. Geologic history showed waves with this event were as high as 30 feet.
So you must get at least that high above sea level.
Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the Earth's crustal
deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is
displaced from its equilibrium position
We are going to present advance Tsunami Warning System which helps minimize loss of life and
property. We are using piezo electric vibration sensor to sense earth quake and its intensity. Due to
earth quake the water height in sea increases so we are sensing sea water level. These two sensor
will be placed at least 20 km from the sea coast. The reading from these two sensor is transmitted
using 433Mhz FM transmitter to the coastal area. The FM receiver receives the transmitted data and
AT89C52 process the data. We are using LCD to display the earth quake and the increased water
level. If water level increased from the certain value, meaning tsunami is coming so buzzer starts
beeping.
GSM
MODE
M
GS
M
MO
DE
M
The whole project can be sub-divided into four basic sections. They are as follows :1)
2)
3)
4)
CHAPTER 2
POWER SUPPLY
2.1 Transformers
For electronic devices to function it is necessary to have a DC power supply. Batteries and
rechargeable cells can fulfill the role, but a much more efficient way is to use a POWER SUPPLY.
The basic component of a power supplyr is a transformer to transform the 220V "mains" to a lower
value, say 12V. A common type of transformer has one primary winding which connects to the
220V and one (or several) secondary windings for the lower voltages. Most commonly, cores are
made of E and I laminations, but some are made of ferromagnetic material. There are also iron core
transformers used for higher frequencies. Various types of transformers are shown on the picture
below
2.2 RESISTOR
Resistors are the most commonly used component in electronics and their purpose is to create
specified values of current and voltage in a circuit. A number of different resistors are shown in the
photos. (The resistors are on millimeter paper, with 1cm spacing togive some idea of the
dimensions). Photo 1.1a shows some low-power resistors, while photo 1.1b shows some higherpower resistors. Resistors with power dissipation below 5 watt (most commonly usedtypes) are
cylindrical in shape, with a wire protruding from each end for connecting to a circuit.
9
2.3 CAPACITOR
10
Capacitors are common components of electronic circuits, used almost as frequently as resistors.
The basic difference between the two is the fact that capacitor resistance (called reactance) depends
on the frequency of the signal passing through the item. The symbol for reactance is X c and it can
be calculated using the following formula:
Aluminum
is
used
for
the
electrodes
by
using
thin
oxidization
membrane.
Large values of capacitance can be obtained in comparison with the size of the capacitor, because
the dielectric used is very thin.
Electrolytic capacitors represent the special type of capacitors with fixed capacity value. Thanks to
special construction, they can have exceptionally high capacity, ranging from one to several
thousand F. They are most frequently used in circuits for filtering; however they also have other
purposes.
Electrolytic capacitors are polarized components, meaning they have positive and negative leads,
which is very important when connecting it to a circuit. The positive lead or pin has to be connected
to the point with a higher positive voltage than the
negative lead. If it is connected in reverse the insulating
layer inside the capacitor will be "dissolved" and the
capacitor will be permanently damaged.
Explosion may also occur if capacitor is
connected to voltage that exceeds its working
voltage. In order to prevent such instances, one
of the capacitor's connectors is very clearly
marked with a + or -, while the working voltage is printed on the case.
Fig. 2.3 Electrolytic Capacitor
11
47F
(16V)
[diameter
mm,
high
mm]
100F
(25V)
[diameter
mm,
high
11
mm]
220F
(25V)
[diameter
mm,
high
12
mm]
[diameter
18
40
mm]
1000F
(50V)
mm,
high
12
When the input connected to the left corner is negative, and the input connected to the right corner
is positive, current flows from the upper supply terminal to the right along the red (positive) path
to the output, and returns to the lower supply terminal via the blue (negative) path.
In each case, the upper right output remains positive and lower right output negative. Since this is
true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC output from an AC input, it
can also provide what is sometimes called "reverse polarity protection". That is, it permits normal
functioning of DC-powered equipment when batteries have been installed backwards, or when the
leads (wires) from a DC
power source have been
reversed, and protects the
equipment from potential
damage caused by reverse
polarity.
13
2.5 DIODE
A diode is a semiconductor device which allows current to flow through it in only one direction.
Although a transistor is also a semiconductor device, it does not operate the way a diode does. A
diode is specifically made to allow current to flow through it in only one direction. Some ways in
which the diode can be used are listed here.
A diode can be used as a rectifier that converts AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current) for
Devices that combine 4 diodes in one package are called diode bridges. They are used for full-wave
rectification.
14
Positive
voltage
flows
out
of
the
meter
is
set
to
measure
resistance.
15
16
CHAPTER 3
17
TRANSMITTER SECTION
3.1 TRANSISTORS
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and power. It is
composed of a semi-conductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external
circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current
flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than
the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are
packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in
modern electronic systems. Following its development in the early 1950s the transistor
revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios,
calculators, and computers, among other things.
3.1.1 Types of Transistors
electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By
controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons entering the
collector can be controlled. Collector current is approximately (common-emitter current gain)
times the base current. It is typically greater than 100 for small-signal transistors but can be smaller
in transistors designed for high-power applications.
Unlike the FET, the BJT is a lowinput-impedance device. Also, as the baseemitter voltage (Vbe) is
increased the baseemitter current and hence the collectoremitter current (Ice) increase
exponentially according to the Shockley diode model and the Ebers-Moll model. Because of this
exponential relationship, the BJT has a higher transconductance than the FET.
Bipolar transistors can be made to conduct by exposure to light, since absorption of photons in the
base region generates a photocurrent that acts as a base current; the collector current is
approximately times the photocurrent. Devices designed for this purpose have a transparent
window in the package and are called phototransistors.
19
drain current begins) in the "space-charge-limited" region above threshold. A quadratic behavior is
not observed in modern devices, for example, at the 65 nm technology node.
For low noise at narrow bandwidth the higher input resistance of the FET is advantageous.
FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The
IGFET is more commonly known as a metaloxidesemiconductor FET (MOSFET), reflecting its
original construction from layers of metal (the gate), oxide (the insulation), and semiconductor.
Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a p-n diode with the channel which lies between the source
and drain. Functionally, this makes the N-channel JFET the solid-state equivalent of the vacuum
20
tube triode which, similarly, forms a diode between its grid and cathode. Also, both devicesoperate
in thedepletion mode, they both have a high input impedance, and they both conduct current under
the control of an input voltage.
Metalsemiconductor FETs (MESFETs) are JFETs in which the reverse biased p-n junction is
replaced by a metalsemiconductor junction. These, and the HEMTs (high electron mobility
transistors, or HFETs), in which a two-dimensional electron gas with very high carrier mobility is
used for charge transport, are especially suitable for use at very high frequencies (microwave
frequencies; several GHz).
Unlike bipolar transistors, FETs do not inherently amplify a photocurrent. Nevertheless, there are
ways to use them, especially JFETs, as light-sensitive devices, by exploiting the photocurrents in
channelgate or channelbody junctions.
FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, depending on whether
the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage. For enhancement mode, the
channel is off at zero bias, and a gate potential can "enhance" the conduction. For depletion mode,
the channel is on at zero bias, and a gate potential (of the opposite polarity) can "deplete" the
channel, reducing conduction. For either mode, a more positive gate voltage corresponds to a higher
current for N-channel devices and a lower current for P-channel devices. Nearly all JFETs are
depletion-mode as the diode junctions would forward bias and conduct if they were enhancement
mode devices; most IGFETs are enhancement-mode types.
21
22
3.2 ENCODER
23
Fig. 3.3
24
3.3 RF TRANSMITTER
3.3.1 Overview
The STT-433 is ideal for remote control applications where low cost and longer range is required.
The transmitter operates from a 1.5-12V supply, making it ideal for battery-powered applications.
The transmitter employs a SAW-stabilized oscillator, ensuring accurate frequency control for best
range performance. Output power and harmonic emissions are easy to control, making FCC and
ETSI compliance easy. The manufacturing-friendly SIP style package and low-cost make the STT433 suitable for high volume applications.
3.3.2 Features
433.92 MHz Frequency
Low Cost
1.5-12V operation
11mA current consumption at 3V
Small size
4 dBm output power at 3V
3.3.3 Applications
25
3.4 SENSORS
26
,
the dimension in line with the neutral axis is,
apply,
is in line with the charge generating axis
27
corresponds to the
A piezoelectric transducer has very high DC output impedance and can be modeled as a
proportional voltage source and filter network. The voltage V at the source is directly proportional
force,
passed
equivalent circuit.
to
the
applied
through
the
Fig. 3.7 Frequency response of a piezoelectric sensor; output voltage vs applied force
Fig. 3.8 Metal disks with piezo material, used in buzzers or as contact microphones
Based on piezoelectric technology various physical quantities can be measured; the most common
are pressure and acceleration. For pressure sensors, a thin membrane and a massive base is used,
ensuring that an applied pressure specifically loads the elements in one direction. For
accelerometers, a seismic mass is attached to the crystal elements. When the accelerometer
28
experiences a motion, the invariant seismic mass loads the elements according to Newtons second
law of motion
.
The main difference in the working principle between these two cases is the way forces are applied
to the sensing elements. In a pressure sensor a thin membrane is used to transfer the force to the
elements, while in accelerometers the forces are applied by an attached seismic mass.
Sensors often tend to be sensitive to more than one physical quantity. Pressure sensors show false
signal when they are exposed to vibrations. Sophisticated pressure sensors therefore use
acceleration compensation elements in addition to the pressure sensing elements. By carefully
matching those elements, the acceleration signal (released from the compensation element) is
subtracted from the combined signal of pressure and acceleration to derive the true pressure
information.
Vibration sensors can also be used to harvest otherwise wasted energy from mechanical vibrations.
This is accomplished by using piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical strain into usable
electrical energy.
30
Fig. 3.10 An equivalent circuit of an operational amplifier that models some resistive nonideal parameters.
An ideal op-amp is usually considered to have the following properties, and they are considered to
hold for all input voltages:
Infinite open-loop gain (when doing theoretical analysis, a limit may be taken as open loop
called rails.
Infinite bandwidth (i.e., the frequency magnitude response is considered to be flat
to ).
Zero input current (i.e., there is assumed to be no leakage or bias current into the device).
Zero input offset voltage (i.e., when the input terminals are shorted so that
, the
current).
Zero noise.
Infinite Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR).
Infinite Power supply rejection ratio for both power supply rails.
31
CHAPTER 4
32
4. RECEIVER SECTION
High-frequency crystals are typically cut in the shape of a simple, rectangular plate. Low-frequency
crystals, such as those used in digital watches, are typically cut in the shape of a tuning fork. For
applications not needing very precise timing, a low-cost ceramic resonator is often used in place of
a quartz crystal.
When a crystal of quartz is properly cut and mounted, it can be made to distort in an electric field
by applying a voltage to an electrode near or on the crystal. This property is known as
piezoelectricity. When the field is removed, the quartz will generate an electric field as it returns to
its previous shape, and this can generate a voltage. The result is that a quartz crystal behaves like a
circuit composed of an inductor, capacitor and resistor, with a precise resonant frequency.
Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in such a way that the
frequency dependence on temperature can be very low. The specific characteristics will depend on
the mode of vibration and the angle at which the quartz is cut (relative to its crystallographic axes) .
Therefore, the resonant frequency of the plate, which depends on its size, will not change much,
either. This means that a quartz clock, filter or oscillator will remain accurate. For critical
applications the quartz oscillator is mounted in a temperature-controlled container, called a crystal
oven, and can also be mounted on shock absorbers to prevent perturbation by external mechanical
vibrations.
Quartz timing crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens of
megahertz. More than two billion (2109) crystals are manufactured annually. Most are small
devices for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cellophanes.
Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters, signal
generators, and oscilloscopes.
34
4.2 Microcontroller
The 8051 family of microcontrollers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for
embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from military equipment to
automobiles to the keyboard. Second only to the Motorola 68HC11 in eight bit processors sales, the
8051 family of microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers such
as Intel, Philips, and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals
to the 8051 such as I2C interfaces, analog to digital converters, watchdog timers, and pulse width
modulated outputs. Variations of the 8051 with clock speeds up to 40MHz and voltage requirements
down to 1.5 volts are available. This wide range of parts based on one core makes the 8051 family
an excellent choice as the base architecture for a company's entire line of products since it can
perform many functions and developers will only have to learn this one platform. The AT89S52 is a
low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system
programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile
memory technology and is compatible with the industrystandard
80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52
is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost effective solution to many
embedded control applications. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation
down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to
continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator,
disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
35
36
4.4 DECODER
4.4.1 Features
_ Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V
_ Low power and high noise immunity CMOS
technology
_ Low standby current
_ Capable of decoding 12 bits of information
_ Binary address setting
_ Received codes are checked 3 times
_ Address/Data number combination
_ HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits
_ HT12F: 12 address bits only
_ Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor
_ Valid transmission indicator
_ Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission
medium
_ Minimal external components
_ Pair with Holtek_s 212 series of encoders
_ 18-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP package
4.4.2 Applications
_ Burglar alarm system
_ Smoke and fire alarm system
_ Garage door controllers
_ Car door controllers
_ Car alarm system
_ Security system
_ Cordless telephones
37
4.5 RF RECEIVER
Detailed offer Description
Product name
Product number
Voltage
Current
Frequency
Sensitive
Data Rate
Operating Temperature
Certification
Antenna
module
RY-RBX10
12V
5.7 mA
315MHZ,433.92MHZ
-107dBm
4.8Kbps
-20 to 85
ISO9001:2000
Length=22.6cm for 315MHZ; Length=17cm
for 433.92MHZ
38
Integrated circuits were made possible by experimental discoveries which showed that
semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes, and by mid-20th-century
technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of
tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of
circuits using discrete electronic components. The integrated circuit's mass production capability,
reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design
standardized ICs in
of
discrete transistors.
Fig.4.4 ICs
There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low
because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography and not
constructed a transistor at a time. Performance is high since the components switch quickly and
39
consume little power, because the components are small and close together. As of 2006, chip areas
range from a few square mm to around 350 mm2, with up to 1 million transistors per mm2.
Designed for global market, sim 300 is a tri-band gsm / gprs engine works on frequencies
egsm 900.
Works on frequencies egsm 900 mhz, dcs 1800 mhz and pcs 1900 mhz.
SIM300 features gprs multi-slot class 10 / class 8 (optional) and supports the gprs coding
schemes.
cs-1, cs-2, cs-3 and cs-4 with a tiny configuration of 40 mm x 33 mm x 2. 85 mm
SIM300 can fit almost all the space requirements in your applications, such as smart phone,
pda phone and other mobile devices.
GSM module.
Industrial quality PCB with adequate grounding for better performance and noise immunity.
RS232 Interface with Hardware Flow Control Support.(5 wire Serial interface with TX, RX,
40
Circuit ground plan and antenna ground plan can be connected simply by solder jumper, if
required.
Supports features like voice, data / fax, SMS, GPRS and integrated TCP / IP stack.
Control via AT commands (GSM 07.07, 07.05 and enhanced AT commands).
AC/DC 9-12 V /1.5 A Power Input.
4 Pin 0.1" connector for Speaker & Mic connectivity.
RTC Battery holder(Optional).
Average Current consumption in normal operation 250 mA, can rise up to 500-700 mA
during Voice and GPRS connections. Current pulse can be high as 1.5-2 A.
4.7.3 Interfaces :
RS-232 Interface with Hardware Flow Control support.(5 signals - TX, RX, RTS, CTS &
4.8 Buzzer
A buzzer or beeper is
an audio signaling
device,
which
may
4.8.1 Piezoelectric
A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio
signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a
button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.
41
CHAPTER 5
42
43
5.2 SOLDER
5.2.1 Procedure of Making Project
Building project in the proper manner is really an art, something which must be practiced and
learned through trial and error, it is not all that difficult. The main thing is to remember to take each
step slowly and carefully according to the instructions giving making since that everything at it
should be before proceeding further.
5.2.2 Tools:
The electronics workbench is an actual place of work with comfortably & conveniently & should be
supplied with compliment of those tools must often use in project building. Probably the most
important device is a soldering tool. Other tool which should be at the electronic work bench
includes a pair of needle nose pliers, diagonal wire cutter, a small knife, an assortment of screw
driver, nut driver, few nuts & bolts, electrical tape, plucker etc. Diagonal wire cutter will be used to
cut away any excess lead length from copper side of P.C.B. 7 to cut section of the board after the
circuit is complete. The needle nose pliers are most often using to bend wire leads & wrap them in
order to form a strong mechanical connection.
44
Mounting
45
COSTING
Components
Rating
Quantitie
s
Price (in
Rs.)
Transformer
12-0-12
120
500
5/6
30 / 7
22 / 2
40 / 10
7805
2/1
40 / 10
1/1
50 / 300
5/8
10 / 15
Leds / Diodes
46
16*2
RF Transmitter/ Receiver
434MHz
Gsm modem
2/1
23 / 20
200
1/1
70 / 70
1/1
410/ 410
1200
1500
Total--
47
48
CHAPTER 6
49
Drawbacks can serve as a brief warning. People who observe drawback (many survivors report an
accompanying sucking sound), can survive only if they immediately run for high ground or seek the
upper floors of nearby buildings. In 2004, ten-year old Tilly Smith of Surrey, England, was
on Maikhao beach in Phuket, Thailand with her parents and sister, and having learned about
tsunamis recently in school, told her family that a tsunami might be imminent. Her parents warned
others minutes before the wave arrived, saving dozens of lives. She credited her geography teacher,
Andrew Kearney.
In the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami drawback was not reported on the African coast or any other
east-facing coasts that it reached. This was because the wave moved downwards on the eastern side
of the fault line and upwards on the western side. The western pulse hit coastal Africa and other
western areas.
A tsunami cannot be precisely predicted, even if the magnitude and location of an earthquake is
known. Geologists, oceanographers, and seismologists analyse each earthquake and based on many
factors may or may not issue a tsunami warning. However, there are some warning signs of an
impending tsunami, and automated systems can provide warnings immediately after an earthquake
50
in time to save lives. One of the most successful systems uses bottom pressure sensors, attached to
buoys, which constantly monitor the pressure of the overlying water column.
Regions with a high tsunami risk typically use tsunami warning systems to warn the population
before the wave reaches land. On the west coast of the United States, which is prone to Pacific
Ocean tsunami, warning signs indicate evacuation routes. In Japan, the community is well-educated
about earthquakes and tsunamis, and along the Japanese shorelines the tsunami warning signs are
reminders of the natural hazards together with a network of warning sirens, typically at the top of
the cliff of surroundings hills.[28]
The Pacific Tsunami Warning System is based in Honolulu, Hawaii. It monitors Pacific Ocean
seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other information triggers a tsunami
warning. While the subduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes
generate tsunami. Computers assist in analyzing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in
the Pacific Ocean and the adjoining land masses.
51
52
53
54
APPENDICES
'Green house
$crystal = 12000000
$regfile = "89c51cc.dat"
Config Lcd = 16 * 2
Config Lcdpin = Pin , Db4 = P2.4 , Db5 = P2.5 , Db6 = P2.6 , Db7 = P2.7 , E = P2.3 , Rs = P2.2
Dim I As Byte
Dim J As Byte
Dim K As Byte
P1 = &B11111111
P3 = 0
P2 = 0
Cls
Main:
P3.0 = 0
Locate 1 , 1
Lcd "Tsunami"
Locate 2 , 1
Lcd "Warning system"
Wait 2
Cls
Check:
If P1 = &B11111000 Then
Locate 1 , 1
Lcd "Tsunami"
For I = 0 To 10
P3. = 1
Waitms 100
P3.0 = 0
Waitms 200
Next I
Else
If P1 = &B11110100 Then
Locate 1 , 1
Lcd "Danger wave"
Else
If P1 = &B11110110 Then
Locate 1 , 1
Lcd "High wave"
55
Else
If P1 = &B11110111 Then
Locate 1 , 1
Lcd "Normal wave"
End If
End If
End If
end if
Goto Check
End
56
REFERENCES
BOOKS :-
[1] Patrick J.Sweeny II, RFID for Dummies, by Wiley Publishing Inc.
[2] Klaus Finkenzeller, RFID Handbook, by Wiley Publishing Inc., Second edition
[3] Bill Christensen, Technovelgy.com (2008, May 23). Electronic Number Plate keeps tabs on
vehicles. [Online]. Available: http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?
NewsNum=195
[4] Roadtraffic-technology.com (2008, May 23). Tagmaster- Automatic Vehicle Identification
(AVI) for hands-free vehicle access. [Online]. Available: http://www.roadtraffictechnology.
com/contractors/access_control/tagmaster/
[5] Alan Benksy, Short-range Wireless Communication, Communications Engineering Series, by
Newnes, Elsevier Inc.,
[6] Basic Electronic Circuits : Malvino & Zbar
[7] Electronic Components Manual : Parsai
[8] EFY Vol.-1995
WEBSITES :57
[1] www.wikipedia.org
[2] www.efy.com
[3] www.ieee.org
[4] www.way2students.com
58