IllicitDrugUse

04/12/2016

Myths
Ifitislegal,itmustbesafe
o 60xmorepeopledieduetotobaccoandalcoholusethanotherillegaldrugs
combined
Illegaldrugsarethemostdangerous
o PharmaceuticalsareoneoftheleadingdrugaddictionproblemsinAmerica
rightnow
Alldrugusersbecomedrugaddicts
o Somepeoplearemorepredisposedtodrugaddictionbasedongenetics
Druguse/addictiononlyexistsamongthelowerclass
o Addictiontocertaindrugsinmoreprominentinthelowerclass
HigherSES,themorelikelysomeoneistousemarijuana
o Theproblemsrelatedtodrugaddictionaremoreprominentamongthelower
class
Therearenorisksassociatedwithmarijuanause
o Youcantoverdoseanddie,butitcanmakeyousick(.)
MajorCategoriesofDrugs
ClassifiedbasontheeffecttheyhaveontheCentralNervousSystem
o Oneproblemwiththissystemisthatdrugscanhavedifferingeffectsonthe
CNS
Categories:
o Depressants
Drugsthatreduce(depress)theactivityoftheCNS

 Relaxesmuscles
Relievesanxiety
Alleviatespain
Canboostmood
Createsenseofeuphoria
Lowersbloodpressure,heartrate,andrespiration
Examples:
Heroin
Opioids
PCP
Alcohol
Morphine
Asprin
o Stimulants
DrugsthatstimulatetheactivityoftheCNS
Producesalertness,arousal,andexcitation
Increasesheartrateandbloodpressure
Diminishesneedforsleepanffood
Improvemood
Alleviateanxiety
Examples:

 Cocaine(allforms)
Amphetamines(allforms)
Caffeine
Nicotine
o Hallucinogens/Psychedelics
DrugsthatdisturbtheCNS
Alteringtheusersperceptionofreality
Createhallucinationsindifferentforms
Examples:
LSD
Peyote
Ecstasy
Psilocybin
Lickingcertainbreedsoftoads
FactorsInfluencingtheEffectofDrugs
Dosage
o Higherdose=strongereffect
Dependentontherestofthefactors
Purity(potency)
o Mostlyanissuewithstreetleveldrugs

Heroin
Cocaine
Drugmixing
o Drugeffectscanchangewhenmixedwithothersubstances
Administration
o Mainliningidthequickestmethod,buthastheshortestduration
Habituation
o Begintodevelopatolerancethemoreoftenadrugisused

EffectsofMajorDrugsintheUS
Marijuana
o MostcommonlyusedillegaldrugintheUS
o Canbephysicallyaddictive
Mildlypsychologicallyaddictive
o Potentialproblemsassociatedwithhabitualuse:
Memoryproblems
Distortedperception
Impairedjudgment
Respiratoryillness
Depression
Anxiety

Problemsatwork
o Someclaimincreasedriskofcancer
Heroin
o Processedformofmorphinewhichcomesfromopium
Bothmorphineandheroinareanalgesics
o Canbebothpsychologicallyandphysicallyaddictive
Withdrawalsymptomsoccurwithinafewhoursofuse
o Complications:
Overdose
HIV/AIDS
Fromsharingneedles
Liverdisease
Lungcomplications
Collapsedveins
Fromshootingup
o Withdrawalcanbedeadly
o Heroinaddiction:
Debateaboutwhyusersareaddicted
Isittoavoidawfulwithdrawalsymptoms?
Ortocontinuefeelingsofeuphoria?
Itsactuallyboth

Methamphetamines
o Highlyaddictivestimulant
o Effectdependsonmethodofadministration
o Complications:
Hyperthermia
Agitation
Decreasedappetite
o Chronicusecanleadto:
Psychoticbehavior
Paranoia
Hallucinations
Violentbehavior
o Otherissues:
Methmouth
Methbugs
Acceleratesbreakdownofcollagen
Makespeopleagemuchfaster
Cocaine
o Highlyaddictivestimulant
Bothphysicallyandpsychologically
Especiallyincrackform

Maytakealittleas610weeksforaddiction
o Complications:
Heartattacks
Stroke
Respiratoryfailure
Seizures
IVusersaresusceptibletoHIV/AIDS&hepatitis
Ecstasy/MDMA
o Thehugdrug
o Morepopularamongstudentsthanolderadults
o Complications:
Braindamage
Purityissue
Depression
Hyperthermia
PrescriptionDrugs
o AbuseofOxyContinandVicodinhasincreasedinrecentyears
Increaseduseandmisuserelatestoanincreaseinoverdoses
o Mostcommonamongwhitesandwomen,thanmenandminorities

MeasuringDrugUse

MonitoringtheFuture(MTF)
o Annualstudyofstudents(typically8th,10th,&12thgraders)aboutavarietyof
behaviorsincluding:
Criminalactivity
Druguse
Drinking
Smoking
Schoolactivities
Demographiccharacteristics
Etc.
o Asksaboutdruguseover:
Alifetime
Haveyouever?
Thepastyear
Pastmonth
Onadailybasis
o Results:
12thgraderslifetimeuseofanyillicitdrug(2010)
8thgrade
21.4
th
10 grade
37.0

12thgrade
48.2
Usagebydrugfor12thgraders(2010)
Marijuana
43.8
Heroin
1.6
Cocaine
5.5
Crack
2.4
Meth
2.1
Ecstasy
7.3
o Trends:
Diddruguseamongseniorsincreasebetween2004&2010?
No,therewasactuallyadecreaseof2.9%
Whichdrughadthehighestlevelofuseamongstudents?
Marijuana
Whichdrughasthelowestlevelofuse?

Heroin
NationalSurveyonDrugUseandHealth(NSDUH)
o Householdsurveyofpeopleages12andolder
o Providesnationalandstateleveldataontheuseof:
Tobacco
Alcohol
Illicitdrugs
Includingnonprescriptionuseofprescriptiondrugs
ArresteeDrugAbuseMonitoringProgram(ADAM)
o Measuresdruguseamongarrestees

SocialDimensionsofDrugUse
DruguseishigherintheUSthanothersimilarcountries
o Evenincountrieswheremarijuanauseislegal
AccordingtoNSDUH,9%ofUSpopulationage12orolderuseillicitdrugsevery
year
o Halfofthemonceamonth
Pastmonthuseisdefinedascurrentuser
Althoughdruguseisnotlimitedtooneparticularclass,seriousdrugproblems
(addiction,overdose,drugrelatedhomicides)tendtobeconcentratedamonglower
classdrugabusers
Youngadults(1825)havethehighestrate
GenderandDrugUse

Overall,menaremorelikelythanwomentobeillegaldrugusers
o Ratesofthepastmonthare:
Men
11.2%
Women
6.8%
Thegenderdifferencereallydependsonthedruginquestion
o Prescriptiondrugabusehasthesmallestgendergap
Menarealsomorelikelythanwomentoabusedrugs

RaceandDrugs
Althoughblacksmakeup~12%ofthepopulation,theyaccountforoverhalfofdrug
arrestsandconvictions
o Isthisallduetodifferencesinlevelsofuse?
No,thereisactuallyverylittledifferenceinlevelsofcurrentdruguse
betweenblacksandwhites
o So,isthisdiscrimination?
Somewhat,itistruethatminoritiesaremorelikelythanwhitestobe:
Stopped
Questioned
Frisked
Arrested
Prosecuted

Sentenced
Receivelongersentencelengths
However,becauseofpovertyandsocialisolation,minoritiesaremore
likelytobeinvolvedinillegalmarkets
Includingdrugmarkets
Further,IVdrugslikeheroinandcrack,aremorelikelytobeusedby
innercityresidentsandminorities
Bothdrugsareknownforbeinghighlyaddictive
Sothedifferenceinarrestratesareduetomultiplefactors:
o Differenttypesofdrugsused
o Differentlevelsofabuseandaddiction
o Higherlevelofinvolvementindrugmarkets
o Discriminationinthecriminaljusticesystem
Doesdrugusecausecrime?
o Theredoesseemtobearelationshipbetweendruguseandcrime
Drugusersaremorelikelythannondruguserstocommitothertypes
ofcrime
Meaningnondrugrelatedcrimes
IsthisthesameassayingdrugsCAUSEpeopletocommitcrime?
o Notnecessarily
Itdependsontheperspectiveyoutake
Drugenslavementtheory
o Peoplefromthelowerclassaremorelikelytoturntoillicitdrugsasawayof
copingwithdaytodaystress
Becauseofthis,peoplefromthelowerclassaremorelikelytobecome
addictedtodrugs

Inordertosupporttheirdrughabittheyareforcedintoalifeofcrime
togetmoneytobuydrugs
o Supportforthisperspective:
Studiesfindheroinaddictscommitquiteabitofpropertycrimeto
supporttheirhabits
Accordingtoonestudyofincarceratedoffenders,about20%saidthey
committedtheiroffensetosupporttheirdrughabit
o ThisperspectivedoesNOTexplaincrimescommittedbyleisureusers
Whichmostdrugusersare(casualusers;notaddicted)
Generaldeviancesyndrome
o SomepeoplearelikelytobeinvolvedinillegaldrugsANDothertypesof
illegalactivities
Somepeoplehaveageneraltendencytowardsdeviance,including
drug/alcoholuse/abuse
o Supportforthisperspective:
Someresearchfindsthatdrugusersaremorelikelytotakerisks
WealsoknowmanypeoplearecommittingdeviantactsBEFORE
usingillegaldrugs
Ifthisistrue,thendruguseisNOTtheunderlyingcauseof
theirdeviantactivities
Drugusemayintensifycriminal/deviantbehavior,butdrugsarenot
thecauseofthedeviance
Thisisjustanotherformofdevianceinwhichtheyengage

DrugsandViolentCrime
Violenceisusedtoreducecompetitionfordrugmarketterritoryandcustomers
o Violenceisalsousedtoresolvedisputesoverripoffsandthefts
Researchfindsthoseinvolvedindrugtradehaveatendencytowardviolenceapart
fromdrugtrafficking

WaronDrugs
Twosides:
o Punitiveside
Dealswithlawenforcementstrategiestoreducesupply
Bordercontrol
o Supportiveside
Triestoreducedemandthroughdrugusepreventionprogramsand
drugtreatment
In2008,theUSspent$8.3billiononthepunitivesideand$4.6billiononthe
supportiveside
o And,amonghighlyindustrializedcountries,westillhaveoneofthehighest
ratesofdruguse/abuseandthehighest%ofincarceratedcitizens
Manybelieve,nomatterhowmuchmoneywespendonlaw
enforcementtoarrestdrugusersanddealersortobuildprisonsto
incarceratedrugusersanddealers,wewillneverwinthewaron
drugsifwedonotdomoretostymiethedemandforillegaldrugs
Islegalizationtheanswer?
o Whataretheargumentsagainstlegalization?
Ifdrugsarelegalized,thendruguseandabusewillskyrocket.
o Whataboutprolegalization?
Currentdruglawsdomoreharmthangood,generatingmorecrime
includinghomicide
o Whataboutdecriminalization?
Concedethatlegalizationcouldcausedruguseratetosoar,but
regulatingsmallscalesalesofmarijuanawouldmaketheconsumption
ofthissubstancemuchsafer
DrugTreatmentOptions
Chemicaltreatment
o Mayincludedetoxificationandmaintenancetherapy

Detoxification
o Theprocessbywhichabodyridsitselfofadrug
Maintenancetherapy
o Givingthepatientadrugthathasasimilarchemicalmakeuptotheillicitdrug
theyredependenton
Psychologicaltherapies
o Evaluationandtreatmentforcooccurringmentalhealthissues,suchas
depressionandanxiety
Therapeuticcommunity
o Drugaddictslivingtogetherlikemembersofafamily

FactorsIncreasingChancesofaSuccessfulRecovery
Individualhastobecommittedtorecovery
Longertimeperiodintreatment
Positiverelationshipwithstaff(support)
Familysupport
Programsthatdealwithallproblemareas
o Lifeskilltraining
o Jobtraining
o Therapyforabuse
Maytakemultipletreatmentattempts
DefinitionsofDrinking
Moderatedrinking

Typicallydefinedasnomorethan1drinkperdayforwomenandnomorethan2
drinksperdayformen
o Adrinkisdefinedas:
12ozbeer(5%)
5ozwine(12%)
1.5ozdistilledspirits(40%)
Problemdrinking
Occurswhensomeoftheaspectoftheindividualslife,usuallymorethanone,is
negativelyaffectedbytheirdrinking
o Personalrelationships
o Health
o Performanceatworkorschool
Thismayleadtoalcoholdependence
Thereisnospecificquantitylistedhereaswithmoderatedrinking
Alcoholism
Strongcraving
Lossofcontrol
o 1beerturnsto10,evenwhen/afteritcausesthemtobehammered
Physicaldependence
o Maygetillwhendrinkingstops
Tolerance
o Takesmorealcoholtogetintoxicatedorjusttofunction
Extent

Accordingtoyourtext:
o 63%drink(mostlyinmoderation)
o 37%abstainfromalcohol
o about6%ofAmericansareconsideredtobealcoholics
Effectsofalcohol
Mentalandphysicalimpact:
o Alcoholisadepressant
Reducessensorimotorskills
o ItdoesNOTimprovedancing,sexualperformance,ordriving!
o DoesNOTcausepeopletoinsultorharmothers
Alcohollowersinhibitions,butthatisnotthesameascausingthe
behavior
o Thisismoreofaselffulfillingprophecyweexpectittomakeusacertain
way,soitdoes.
Thesamealcoholyouusetorelaxisthesamealcoholyouusetoparty
andhaveagoodtime
Somemayexcusepeoplesbadbehaviorbecausetheyaredrunk
Somefactorsinfluencingdegreeofintoxication
Sizeofdrinker
o Onaverage,smallerpeoplegetintoxicatedmorequicklythanlargerpeople
Sexofdrinker
o Onaverage,womengetintoxicatedmorequicklythanmen
Notonlyaremensmaller,onaverage,thanmen,womenprocess
alcoholdifferentlythanmen
Womenexperiencetheeffectsofalcoholmorequicklyandforalongerperiodoftime
thanmen

Percentageofalcohol(proof)inbeverage
o Themorealcoholinabeverage,themorequicklyonegetsintoxicated
MixingtypesofalcoholreallyhasNOTHINGtodowiththis
Rateofabsorptionofalcohol
o Alcoholisabsorbedinthestomach
Ifyoudrinkwhileeating,oronafullstomach,therateofalcohol
absorptionisslowed,asistherateofintoxication
SocialEffectsofExcessiveDrinking
Alcoholandmotorvehiclecrashdeaths
o In2012,alcoholrelatedmotorvehiclecrashesaccountedfor1/3ofalltraffic
relateddeaths
Overhalfofchildrenwhodieinalcoholrelatedmotorvehiclescrashes
wereridingwiththedrinking/drunkdriver
Alcoholandviolence
o About42%ofviolentcrimeswerecommittedundertheinfluenceofalcohol,
including:
52%ofnegligentmanslaughter
45%ofmurders
75%ofspousalabuse
o Nearlyonehalfofthecasesofchildhoodabuseandneglectareassociated
withparentalalcoholordrugabuse
HealthRelatedProblems
Alcoholandunintentionalinjuries
o About1/3ofpeoplewhodiefromunintentionalinjuries(drowning,falls,
hyper/hypothermia)wereintoxicated
THISEXCLUDESMOTORVEHICLEACCIDENTS
Alcoholandpregnancy

o AlcoholusewhilepregnantcanleadtoFetalAlcoholSyndrome,aswellas,
alcoholrelatedneurologicaldevelopmentalproblemsininfants
Whilesmallamountsofalcoholintakeareunlikelytocausethese
problems,thereisNOagreeduponSAFEamountofalcohol
consumptionforpregnantwomen
Liverdamage
o Excessivedrinkingisrelatedtofattyliverandcirrhosis
Alcoholisprocessedintheliversoexcessivealcoholintakecan
damagetheliver
Heartdiseaseandstrokes
o Moderatedrinkersaregenerallyhealthierandlivelongerandsufferlessfrom
heartdisease
Heavydrinkers,ontheotherhand,faceanincreasedriskofheart
diseaseandstroke
Cancer
o Ingeneral,theriskofcancerincreaseswithincreasingamountsofalcohol
Thisistrueforbreast,throat,pancreatic,andlivercancers
Othereffects
o Prematureaging
o Impairedmemory
o Alcoholicmyopathy
Musclediseasewhichcausesswellingandcramping
Differinghealtheffectsformenandwomen?
Chronicalcoholabusetakesaheaviertollonwomenthanmen
o Womenmetabolizealcoholdifferentlythanmen
o Asaresult,alcoholdependenceandrelatedmedicalproblems,suchasbrain,
heart,andliverdamage,progressmorerapidlyinwomenthanmen.
READSECTIONINBOOKABOUTMALEVSFEMALE
ALCOHOLICS!!!!!(Pg347349)

SocialFactorsandDrinking
Genderanddrinking
o Ingeneral,morementhanwomendrinkandarealcoholdependentorhave
alcoholproblems
o Amongwomenandmenage12andolder:
Women42%werecurrentdrinkers
Men55%werecurrentdrinkers
o Why?
Gendernormsandmasculinity
However,morewomendrinktodaythaneverbefore.
Ageanddrinking
o Alcoholproblemsarehighestamongyoungadultsages1829andlowest
amongadultsages65andolder.
Generally,drinkingdecreaseswithage
Riskydrinkingdecreasesevenmorerapidlywithage
o Peoplewhostartdrinkingatanearlyageforexample,atage14oryounger
greatlyincreasethechancethattheywilldevelopalcoholproblemsatsome
pointintheirlives
Drinkingandsocioeconomicstatus
o PeoplewithhigherSESmorelikelytodrinkthanthosefromlowerSES,but
thosefromlowerSESaremorelikelytohavedrinkingproblems
Thishastodowithwhypeoplearedrinking(toescapeproblemsvs
socialfacilitator)
Peoplewhodrinktoescapeproblems,theyaremorelikelyto
developalcoholproblems
Race/Ethnicityanddrinking
o BlacksandHispanicsareLESSlikelytodrinkthanwhites,butaremorelikely
toabusealcohol
Asaresult,theysufferfromahigherrateofalcoholrelateddisorders

Why?
SES/Poverty(drinkingtoescapeproblems)
Oftenwhenpeopledrinktoescapetheirproblemsthey
aremorelikelytodevelopproblemswithalcohol
o Otherethnicgroups
IrishAmericans
Veryhighratesofalcoholism
ItalianAmericans&ChineseAmericans
Lowratesofalcoholism,despitealcoholconsumptionbeing
partoftheirculture
Why?
o Howandwhypeopledrink
Ifpeopledrinkwhiletheyreeatingthey
arelesslikelytogetdrunk,leadingtoa
decreasedchanceofdeveloping
problemswithalcohol
RegionandReligion
o Southernersarelesslikelythanothertodrink,butiftheydodrinktheyare
morelikelytobecomeproblemdrinkers
Why?
SES/Poverty
Alsoconservativereligioustraditions
Conservativereligions(likeBaptists)arelesslikelyto
drink,butaremorelikelytodevelopalcoholrelated
problems

BingeDrinking
~44%ofcollegestudentsengageinbingedrinking
o consuming5drinksinaroworshortperiodoftimeusually2hoursorless

Onlyabouthalfofthebingedrinkersdidsofrequently
o 3ormoretimesaweek
Whoismostlikelytobebingedrinking?
o White
o Male
o Under23yearsold
o Residentofafraternity
Why?
o Togetdrunkbecauseofpeerpressureandacademicstress
o Statusassociatedwithdrinking
o Thecultureofalcoholconsumptiononcampus
Problemswithbingedrinking:
o Bingedrinkersaremorethan20xaslikelythannonbingedrinkerstohave:
Beeninjured
Engagedinunplannedsexualactivity
Notuseprotectionwhenhavingsex
Gottenintroublewithcampuspolice
Damagedproperty
Missedclass
Drivenacarafterdrinking
Effectsofbingedrinkingonothers:

o Manycollegestudentsreportexperiencingatleastoneadverseconsequence
ofanotherstudentsdrinkingduringtheschoolyear,including:
Havingtheirsleeporstudyinginterrupted
Havingtotakecareofanintoxicatedstudent
Beinginsultedorhumiliated
Havingexperiencedanunwantedsexualadvance
Havinghadaseriousargument
Havinghadpropertydamaged
Havingbeenpushed,hit,orassaulted
Havingbeenthevictimofasexualassaultordaterape
CausesofAlcoholAbuse
Doesalcoholismruninfamilies?
o Theriskfordevelopingalcoholismdoesindeedruninfamilies
Why?
Bothgenesandlifestylefactors
o However,riskisnotdestiny!
o Justbecausealcoholismtendstoruninfamiliesdoesn'tmeanthatachildof
analcoholicparentwillautomaticallybecomeanalcoholictoo
Somepeopledevelopalcoholismeventhoughnooneintheirfamily
hasadrinkingproblem
Bythesametoken,notallchildrenofalcoholicfamiliesgetinto
troublewithalcohol.
TreatmentOptions

AlcoholicsAnonymous(AA)
Residentialtreatment
Detox
Medications
o ReViaandAntabusediscouragesdrinkingbymakingthepersonfeelsickif
theydrinkalcohol
Allthesametreatmentoptionsavailablefordrugabuse
InternetPornography
Whythis?
o Easy
o Anonymous
o Sexualoutlet
o Private
o Canaccessalltypesoffetishes
Who?
o White
o Middleclass
o Men
o Atleasthalfaremarried
Howmuchandwhen?
o Abouthalfofinternetusersadmittolookingatpornonline
o About25%ofinternetsearchesarerelatedtosex

o Muchofittakesplaceduringworkhours
70%oftraffic
o 12%ofinternetwebsites(~4.2million)containporn
ChildPornography
Illegaltomake,possess,view,orexchange
Who?
o Morecommonamongwhite,middleagedmen
o Manyareconsideredpedophilesandmanyarecollectorsofpornographic
images
Withtheinternetitcanbedistributedthroughouttheworld
o Makingitdifficulttotrack
However,thenumberofwebsitesofferingchildpornographyhasdeclined
ChildrensExposuretoPorn
Averageageoffirstexposuretoonlineporn
o 11
90%ofkidsaged816haveviewedpornonline
1outof7youthsusingtheinternethavebeensolicitedforsex
Percentageofkids(717)whowouldfreelygiveoutemailaddress14%
o Comparedto29%whowouldgiveoutphysicaladdress

Cybersex
Whatisit?
o Exchangingeroticpictures,emails,and/ormessagesinchatroomsforthe
purposeofsexualstimulation
Who?
o Morecommonamong:
Whites
Males
Collegeeducated
Manyaremarried
Why?
o Anonymity
o Easysharingofsexualfantasies
o Outletformasturbation
o Canleadtorealsex
OnlineAffairs
o Internetcanfacilitateonlineaffairs
Marriedpeopleengagingincybersex
o Whythis?
Anonymous
Easy
Escapism

 Maynotconsideritrealcheating
Canleadtorealsex
o Areonlineaffairsconsideredinfidelity?
Mostpeoplesayyes!
o Eventhoughtheparticipantsmaynevermeet,onlineaffairscanbejustas
damagingtoamarriageasofflineaffairs
Nearly1/3ofmarriedpeoplehavingonlineaffairsmeetinperson
Womenaremorelikelytowanttomeetoffline
Cyberstalking
Theuseoftheinternet,email,orotherelectroniccommunicationdevicestostalk
anotherperson
o Stalkinggenerallyinvolvesrepeatedharassingorthreateningbehaviorthatan
individualengagesin,forexample:
Appearingatthepersonshomeorplaceofbusiness
Makingharassingphonecalls
Leavingwrittenmessagesorobjects
Vandalizingapersonsproperty
Statelawmayrequirecrediblethreatofviolence,othersonlyrequireimplied
threat
Majorsimilarities:
o Majorityofcasesinvolvestalkingbyaformerintimatepartner
Althoughstrangerstalkingoccursintherealworldandcyberspace
o Mostvictimsareyoungerwomen
o Moststalkersareoldermen

Majordifferences:
o Removesneedforgeographicproximitybetweenvictimandoffender
o Easierforacyberstalkertoencouragethirdpartiestoharassand/orthreatena
victim
Impersonatingthevictimandpostinginflammatorymessagesto
bulletinboardsandinchatroom,causingviewersofthatmessageto
sendthreateningmessagesbacktothevictimauthor
o Lowerbarrierstoharassmentandthreats
Acyberstalkerdoesnotneedtophysicallyconfrontthevictim
Isitarealthreat?
o Yes!
Justbecausephysicalconfrontationisnotnecessarydoesntmean
cyberstalkingisnotarealthreat
Inaddition,theeaseofuseandnonconfrontational,impersonal,and
sometimesanonymousnatureofinternetcommunicationsmayremove
disincentivestocyberstalking
Aswithphysicalstalking,onlineharassmentandthreatsmay
beapreludetomoreseriousbehavior,includingphysical
violence
Prevalenceofstalking(bothphysicalandonline)
o Womenarefarmorelikelytobethevictimsofstalkingthanmen
Nearly80%ofallstalkingvictimsarewomen
o Menarefarmorelikelytobestalkers
87%ofthestalkersidentifiedbyvictimsinthesurveyweremen
o Womenaretwiceaslikelyasmentobethevictimsofstalkingbystrangers
and8xaslikelytobethevictimsofstalkingbysomeonetheyknow

Cyberbullying
Thewillfulandrepeatedharminflictedthroughelectronictext
o Examplesinclude:

Pretendingtheyareotherpeopleonlinetotrickothers
Spreadingliesandrumorsaboutthevictim
Trickingpeopleintorevealingpersonalinformation
Sendingorforwardingmeantextmessages
Postingpicturesofvictimswithouttheirconsent
Howcommonisitandwhodoesit?
o Ifdefinedasrepeatedonlinebullying,then~20%ofstudentsage1118
reportbeingbulliedatsomepoint
Aboutthesamenumberreportcyberbullyingothersatsomepoint
~10%reportbeingbulliedandbullyingothersonline
Littlegenderdifferenceinlevelsofoffendingandvictimization
o Mostcommonplaces:
Chatrooms
Textmessages
Email
Iscyberbullyingillegal?
o Currently,mostcyberbullyingisNOTillegal
Itonlybecomesillegalifitbecomescyberstalkingmakingdirector
impliedthreatstoapersonortheirfamily

OnlineIdentityTheft
Veryprofitableandrelativelylowrisks
Muchofthetheftofinformationisdonebycompanyinsiders

o Companiesineffectiveresponseandscreeningallowsittocontinue
Techniques:
o Hacking
Usingacomputertogainunauthorizedaccesstodatawithasystem
o Phishing
theactivityofdefraudinganonlineaccountholderoffinancial
informationbyposingasalegitimatecompany
o Keylogging
theuseofacomputerprogramtorecordeverykeystrokemadebya
computeruser
Especiallyinordertogainfraudulentaccesstopasswordsand
otherconfidentialinformation

OnlineGambling
MostofitisillegalintheUS
Problems:
o Highpotentialforfraud
o Cantcheckageofparticipants
o Involvementoforganizedcrimeandmoneylaundering
Onlinegamblerstendtobeyoungerandmorefinanciallystablethantraditional
gamblers
Maybelesslikelytogambleinexcess