Data Communication #3 Class XI Compiled by Wasim Anjum Farooqi (M.Ed.

), MCS)
Data Communication
Class XI (Chpater #3)

Q.1. Fill in the blanks

i) The process of transferring information from one point to another is known as communication
ii) A duplex line can send and receive data in both directions but not simultaneously
iii) Time interval between two characters in not fixed in asynchronous
iv) In synchronous transmission, start and stop bits are not required
v) Satellite serves as a relay station for transmission of signals generated from earth.
vi) Transferring a sequence of 1s and 0s by varying the amplitude, frequency or phase is called modulation
vii) A device that converts digital signals to analog and analog to digital for communication over a telephone line
is called modem
viii) The data communication speed is measured in Baud

Q.2. Define data communication system and explain the function of its basic elements.
OR
What is data communication? Define the basic components of communication network.

Data Communication

Communication means the exchange of information or messages. When we talk with each other, we are exchanging
information. For communication of information or messages, we use telephones, computers, and wireless devices that are
linked in a network.

Data communication is the exchange of data between two devices via transmission media such as a wire cable. In other
words, we can say that transfer of information or data from one location to another is called Data communication.

Generally, the term data communication can be defined as the movement of encoded information by means of electrical
transmission systems from one computer or device to another through communication channels such as cable, wireless
media etc.

Function of its basic elements

Data communication is the process of transferring information from one p( to another. Data communication consists of
three basic elements, which are:
1. A transmitter: Which is the source of information or from where information is sent?
2. A medium: Which carries the information such as telephone lines, coax cables, fiber optics, etc?
3. A receiver: Which receives the information?

The transmitter and receiver are normally computer devices

E.G. Computers, terminals, printers, etc.

Data communication systems

The electronic systems that transfer the from one place to another are called data communication systems.

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Components of Data Communication

There are five components in data communication network.

Message: The message is the information or data that is to be transferred from one location to another. It may consist of
text, numbers,
pictures, sounds, videos or any combination of these.

Sender: A device that sends messages or data is called sender. It may be computer, workstation, telephone, video c
camera and so on.

Receiver : A device that receives messages or data is called receiver. It may be computer, workstation, telephone,
television and so on.

Encoder: The encoder converts digital signals to a form, which can be transmitted through transmission medium.

Decoder: The decoder converts signals from encoded form into digital forms that are understandable for receiver.

Q.3. Explain the three types of data communication modes.

The way in which data is transmitted from one place to another is called data communication mode (or data
transmission mode). When a person is giving a lecture, information is conveyed in one direction. Similarly during a
conversation between two persons, spoken messages are exchanged in both directions. These messages may be
exchanged alternatively or simultaneously. Similarly, when data is transmitted between two devices or equipments,
three ways for transmitting data can be used.

Sometimes, communication modes are also referred to as directional modes in data transmission. The communication
modes are:

(i) Simplex Communication Mode

In simplex communication mode, the data communication can take place in only one direction. In this mode, a terminal
can only send data and cannot receive it or it can only receive data but cannot send data. Today, this mode of data
communication is not popular, because most of the modern communications require two-way exchange of data.
However, this mode of communication is used in business field at certain point-of-sale terminals in which sales data is
entered without a corresponding reply. The other examples of simplex communication modes are Radio and T.V
transmissions.

ii) Half-Duplex Communication Mode

In half-duplex communication mode, the data communication can take place in both directions, but only in one
direction at a time. In this mode, data is sent and received alternatively. It is like a one-lane bridge where two-way
traffic must give way in order to cross the other.
In half-duplex mode, at a time only one end transmits data while other end receives. In addition, it is possible to
perform error detection and request the sender to re-transmit information. The Internet browsing is an example of half
duplex. When we issue a request to download a web document, then that document is downloaded and displayed
before we issue another request.

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iii) Full-Duplex Communication Mode

In full-duplex communication mode, the data communication can take place in both directions simultaneously (i.e., at
same time) on the same channel. It is the fastest directional mode of communication. Example of this mode is
conversation of the persons through telephone. This type of communication is similar to automobile traffic on a two-
lane . The telephone communication system is an example of full-duplex communication mode.
Full-duplex communication is made possible by devices called multiplexers. This type of communication is limited to
mainframe computers because expensive hardware is required for this directional mode.

Q.4. What is meant by modulation? Explain how data can be transmitted over the telephone lines using amplitude,
frequency, and phase
modulation.

Modulation

Information .entering or leaving a digital computer is in binary form. The voltage on an input line takes only two values.
Two-level signals suffer considerable distortion when transmitted over a voice-grade telephone line, thereby leading to
transmission errors.

Because the pulsations of a sine wave are completely predictable, a pure sine wave transmits no information at all.
However, by varying the amplitude, frequency or phase, a sequence of Is and Os can be transmitted This process is
called modulation,

DATA COMMUNICATION USING TELEPHONE LINES

It is usually necessary to use the existing telephone network for communication purposes. The telephone networks
were designed for transmitting the human voice, not digital data, but they can be used to transmit digital data if the
number of bits per second is sufficiently low.

The maximum number of bits per second that can be transmitted over a given channel (telephone line, radio
transmission, etc.) is a characteristic of the channel. The noise level of the channel imposes the limitation. If an attempt
is made to transmit more bits per second then the channel is capable of transmitting, some information will be lost,
that is errors will occur. What happens is that, as the bit rate increases, the error rate also increases. Above a certain
error rate, a channel may be unacceptable. Telephone lines are rarely used at bit rates exceeding 56,000 bps.

To transmit digital information over an analog line, each second is divided into n indivisible time intervals. During each
interval, one or more bits can be transmitted. For example, if the computer could set the line to 1, 2, 3 or 4 volts during
any time interval, those four voltages could be used to represent 00, 01, 10 or 11, thus allowing 2 bits to be sent per
time interval.

An n-baud line is one in which the signal can change n times per second, that is, n intervals per second. If each change
has four possibilities, as in the preceding example, the transmission is called dibit and the bit rate is twice the baud
rate.

Amplitude Modulation

In this method two different voltage levels are used, for 0 and 1. A person listening to digital data transmitted at a very
low data rate would hear a loud noise for a 1 and no noise for a 0.

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Frequency modulation

The voltage level is constant but the carrier frequency is different for 1 and 0. A person listening to frequency
modulated digital data would hear two tones, corresponding to 0 and 1. Frequency modulation is often referred to as
frequency shift keying.

Phase modulation

The amplitude and frequency do not change but the phase of the carrier is reversed 180 degrees when the data
switches from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0. In more sophisticated phase-modulated systems, at the start of each indivisible time
interval, the phase of the carrier is abruptly shifted by 45, 135, 225 or 315 degrees, to allow 2 bits per time interval. Di
bits phase encoding is one of the most commonly used methods at speeds above 300 bps, for reasons of cost and
reliability.

Q.5. Distinguish between asynchronous and synchronous transmission.

Synchronous transmission

In this mode large volumes of information can be transmitted at a time. In this type of transmission, data is transmitted
block-by-block or word-byword simultaneously. Each block may contain several bytes of data. In synchronous
transmission, a special communication device known as 'synchronized clock' is required to schedule the transmission of
information. This special communication device or equipment is expensive.

Asynchronous Transmission

In this mode data is transmitted one byte at a 'time'. This type of transmission is most commonly used by
microcomputers. The data is transmitted character-by-character as the user types it on a keyboard.
An asynchronous line that is idle (not being used) is identified with a value 1, a1 ^ known as 'Mark' state. This value is
used by the communication devices to find whether the line is idle or disconnected. When a character (or byte) is about
to be transmitted, a start bit is sent. A start bit has a value of 0, also called a space state. Thus, when the line switches
from a value of 1 to a value of 0, the receiver is alerted that a character is coming.

Q.6. Explain the following types of communication media.

i) Microwave

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In microwave transmission, data is transmitted through air instead of through cables or wires. Microwaves are high
frequency radio waves that can only be traveled in straight lines. Microwave transmission is limited to a particular city
or geographical area.
The data is transmitted and received through a microwave station. A microwave station contains an antenna,
transmitter, receiver, and other equipments that are required for microwave transmission. Microwave antennas are
placed on the high towers or buildings and these are placed within 20 to 30 miles of each other. The data messages are
relayed from one location to another using antennas. In this way, data is transmitted over larger distances.

Microwave Relay Station

ii) Satellite

A communication satellite is a space station that receives microwave signals (or messages) from earth stations. Satellite
transmission stations that can send and receive messages are known as earth stations. The signals are transmitted from
one earth station to the satellite. The satellite receives and amplifies the signals and sends them to another earth
stations. In this way, data or messages are transferred from one location to another. Satellites rotate approximately
23,300 miles above the earth in precise locations.
In the early years of satellite communication research, the moon was used to transmit data signals from one place to
another. The time taken by a data signals to reach to the moon and then back to the earth was about 2 seconds. This
time is called satellite delay and is still present today in all our satellite communications.
Different communication satellites are used to carry different kinds of information such as telephone calls, television
channels, Internet traffic, military communication, weather data, and even radio stations use them for broadcasting.
The data transmission speed of communication satellite is very fast. The major advantage of satellite transmission is
that large amount of data can be communicated at once. The satellite transmission also has some disadvantages. The
main disadvantages are:
* The bad weather can affect the quality of satellite transmission.
* It has serious security problems, because it is easy to catch (or intercept) the transmission as it travels through the
air.

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iii) Fiber optics

In twisted-pair cable and coaxial cable, data is transmitted in the form of electric frequencies. The fiber optic cable uses
light to transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of tubes of glass (or thin glass fibers) through which data is
transmitted as pulses of light. A typical optical fiber consists of a very narrow strand or fiber of glass called the core ( It
is as thin as a human hair). The core is surrounded by a concentric layer of glass called Cladding. The diameter of a core
is 62.5 microns (1micron = 10 6 meters).
The diameter of cladding is about 125 microns, l! . cladding is coated with insulating material such as plastic, which is
called the Jacket
An important characteristic (or property) of fiber optic is refraction. Refraction is the characteristic of a material to
either pass or reflect light. When light passer through a medium, it bends as it passes from one medium to the other.
The major advantages of fiber-optical media are:

 Its transmission capacity is about 26,000 times greater than twisted pair media.
 It has high level of security.
 It is not affected by electromagnetic waves.
 It is more reliable and has lower data transmission errors.

Q.7. Define data communication speed, explain how it is measured and briefly explain narrow band, voice band and
broadband)

Different grades of channels provide a variety of speeds in which data can be transmitted over the channels. The grades
of channels are commonly classified into three categories.

Low Speed or Narrow Band

Low speed or narrow band has a bit transmission rate of 40 to 300 baud. In this category telegraph communication
lines are included. These channels are usually used for low-speed teletypewriter communications and for other low-
speed terminals.

Medium Speed or Voice Band

Medium speed lines operate at rates varying from 300 baud to 56,000 baud. This speed range is accommodated by
lines which are used for ordinary voice communication hence the term "voice band" is used to describe these lines. The
most commonly used media for this speed is telephone line.
Specific data transmission speeds are normally provided. Common speeds include 600, 1,200, 2.400, 4,800, 9,600, and
14.400. 28,800 and 56,000 baud.

At higher speeds, the lines must be specially conditioned by the addition of electronic components which minimize
interference on the line and ensure that the data is sent on the line without error.

High Speed or Broadband

High-speed communication channels, commonly called broadband or wideband, permit transmission rates over 56,000
baud. High speed channels require microwave, fiber optics or satellite transmission. They are normally used for
computer-to-computer communication since computers usually send data to each other faster than terminals send
data to computers. These systems can provide data transmission of 1 million baud or more. Broad band is used when
large volume of data is to be transmitted at higher speed

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Extra Questions /Answers

Q.1. Describe the Coaxial Cable communication media.

Coaxial cable consists of a single copper wire surrounded by insulating material. Coaxial cable contains from four to
twenty-two coaxial units called tubes. Each coaxial tube consists of 0.1 inch copper inner conductor which is kept
centered within a 0.375-inch cylindrical copper outer conductor by polyethylene insulating disks spaced about 1 inch
apart. The outer conductor is formed into a cylinder around the disks.
Coaxial cable can be used for telephone lines for voice and data transmission with very high frequency. The bandwidth
of coaxial cable is 80 times greater than twisted pair media. Coaxial cable is also widely used in local area network
(LAN). Because of its strength, coaxial cables are often used for long distance telephone lines that are carried under
water. Coaxial cable creates less distortion ant has less interference of external electromagnetic waves. Therefore
coaxial cable has low transmission error rates.

Q.2. Describe the "Twisted pair" communication media. Twisted Pair

Twisted pair is one of the most commonly used communication media and is used in telephone lines to carry voice and
data signals. It consists of a pair of thin diameter copper wires that are covered by insulating material such as plastic
and are twisted together to form a cable. The wires are twisted around each other to minimize (or reduce) interference
from other twisted pairs in the cable. The bandwidth of twisted pair is less than coaxial cable or optical fiber. The
twisted pair has been the standard communication channel for voice and data communication, but now its use is
reducing because today more reliable communication media are available such as . coaxial cable, fiber optic cable,
microwave and satellite.

Q.3. What is communication? Describe basic elements of data communication system.

Communication

We are all related with some sort of communication in our daily routine life. For communication of information and
messages we have been using telephone and postal communication system. Communication occurs whenever two
person A and B talk with each other. The medium between them is air or some other electric media.

Data Communication

The transfer of data from one location to another or one computer to another across geographical area (WAN) or in
local Area Network (LAN) is from one location to another data communication occurs.

Elements of Data Communication

Main components of data communication are giving below.

1. Sender or Encoder.
2. Receiver (Sink) or Decoder.
3. Medium.

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4. Message.
5. Feed Back.

Sender

The computer or device that is used for sending the data or the person who actually sends the message by writing or
speaking is called sender. It is also called as encoder or transmitter.
Receiver
The device or computer, which received the data or message, is called receiver. The receiver
May be a computer, FAX machine or a printer. Your receiver may be a reader or a listener and your message may have
more than one receivers.

Medium

It is the source though, which data is transferred from one location to another. In case of LAN the medium between
encoder and decoder is wire. Medium may be a telephone line, fiber optic cable etc. In case of WAN the medium is
environment.

Message

The idea or talk you wish to communicate with receiver is called message. It is the main computer of data
communication system due to which communication occurs.

Feed Back

It is the Feed Back or response from the receiver to the sender.

Q.4. Describe different types of modems. Types of Modems

In terms of physical size and shape, modems can be divided into following categories.

i) External Modem

External modem is an external unit of computer and is separated from system unit. It is connected to the serial port
COM1 or COM2 of the computer by means of a cable. It is connected to the telephone line through telephone wall Jack
by another cable. An external power is also supplied to it. External modem is very easy to set up.

ii) Internal Modem

An internal modem is a circuit board (or modem card) that is installed into one of the expansion slots inside the system
unit of the computer. This modem cannot be moved easily from one PC to another. It is also difficult to set up than
other types of modem such as
external modem.

iii) Wireless Modems

Wireless modems transmit the data signals through the air instead of by using a cable. They sometimes are called
radio-frequency modems. This type of modem is designed to work with cellular technology, and wireless local area
networks. Wireless modems are not yet perfected, but the technology is rapidly improving.

Q.5. What is Mobile communication? Mobile Communications

Mobile communication is a radio-based network that transmits data to and from the mobile computers. The data is
communicated through radio signals from one location to another. The computers can be connected to the network
through wireless connections or through wires.

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Q.6. What is communication media or channel? Communication Media

A path through which data is communicated from one place to another is referred to as communication media or
channel. The twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, microwave, satellite etc. are examples of communication
channels.
The communication media is divided into two types,

i) Guided Media

In guided communication media, communication devices are directly linked with each other via cables or physical
media such as twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, or fiber optic cable for transmission of data. The data signals are
bounded to a cabling media. Therefore, guided media is also called bounded media.
ii) Unguided Media

In unguided communication media, data is communicated between communication devices in the form of wave.
Unguided media provides means to transmit data signals but does not guide them along a specific path. The data
signals are not bounded to a cabling media. Therefore, unguided media is also called unbounded media. The
atmosphere and the space are examples of unguided media through which microwaves and satellites are used for
communication.

Q.7. Describe the following special purpose memories:

i) Register ii) Buffers iii) Cache memory

iv) Video memory v) Flash memory

Register:
A register holds an instruction or data to be processed immediately. It is part of CPU and can hold only one
piece of data at time. Because registers are part of the CPU, the transfer of data into and out of them is very fast. They
are high-speed memory areas that temporarily store data during processing. The most often used registers are.

Accumulators : Stores the result of last processed instruction, instruction.

Instruction register : holds an instruction in the control unit before processing.
Address register : hold the address of next piece of data.
Program counter : hold the address of next instruction to be executed.
EBX : holds the base address of data located in the memory
ECX : contain the count for certain instruction.
EDX : holds the most significant part of the product after Multiplication.

Buffers :

A buffer is another temporary holding space for data, it may be the part of CPU or it may be built into the input devices
or output devices. Unlike registers, a buffer can hold more than one piece of data at a time. Buffers acts as an
intermediate storage between the CPU and any input or output device. Input and Output devices operate at much
slower rates than does the CPU, so a temporary holding place is necessary for larger amount of data. For example, a
printer cannot print data as fast as CPU can send them. Therefore, the output is stored in the buffer from where the
printer accesses the data for printing.

Cache Memory:

Cache memory is high-speed memory area that the CPU can access quickly. Cache memory can locate on the
microprocessor chip or elsewhere on the motherboard. These memories are used in the computers with very fast
CPUs. The most frequently used instruction is kept in Cache memory so the CPU can look there first. This allows the
CPU to run faster because it does not have to take time to swap instruction in and out of main memory. Pentium-II
processor generally comes with at least 512 KB of cache memory. For example whenever a user download a web site
frequently from the server, this web is stored in the computer’s cache memory, when user send a request to down load
the site, the site is immediately available from cache.

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Flash Memory:

Flash memory of Flash RAM cards consists of circuitry on credit-card- sized cards that can be inserted into slots
connected to the motherboard. Unlike standard Ram chips Flash memory is non-volatile. That is it retains data even
when the power is turned off. Flash memory can be used not only to simulate main memory but also to supplement or
replaced hard disk drives for permanent storage.
Flash memory some times called Flash RAM. It is a type of constantly powered non-volatile memory that can
be erased and reprogrammed in units of memory called blocks. It is variation of electrically erasable programmable
read only memory (EEPROM), which, unlike Flash memory, is erased and rewritten at the byte level, which is slower
than Flash memory updating. Flash memory is often used to hold control code such as the basic input/output system
(BIOS) in a personal computer. When BIOS needs to be changed (Rewritten), the Flash memory can be written to in
blocks (Rather than byte) sizes, making it easy to update. On the other hand, Flash memory is not useful as random
aces memory (RAM) because RAM needs to be addressable at the byte (Not the Block) level. Flash memory gets its
name because the microchip is a organized so that a section of memory cells are erased in a single action or Flashed.

Q.8. What is data communication? Define the basic components of communication network.

Data Communication

Communication means the exchange of information or messages. When we talk with each other, we are exchanging
information. For communication of information or messages, we use telephones, computers, and wireless devices that
are linked in a network.

Data communication is the exchange of data between two devices via transmission media such as a wire cable. In other
words, we can say that transfer of information or data from one location to another is called Data communication.

Generally, the term data communication can be defined as the movement of encoded information by means of
electrical transmission systems from one computer or device to another through communication channels such as
cable, wireless media etc.

Q.9. What is meant by "signals" used in data communication? Also describe the types of signals such as Analog and
digital. Signals

The data is transmitted from are place to another in the form of electromagnetic or light waves through communication
medium. The electromagnetic or light waves representing data are called signals. Data communication signals can be in
analog or digital form.

Analog Signals

The analog signals are continuous electrical signals in the form of wave. This wave is called a carrier wave. The analog signal
has two characteristics. These are:

Frequency:

The number of times a wave repeats during a specific time of interval is called frequency.

Amplitude:

The height of a wave with a given period of time is called amplitude.

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Digital Signals

The digital signals are on-off electrical pulses in discontinuous or discrete form. Most of the computers are digital and data
is represented inside these computers in the form of binary numbers (or in the form of discrete set of values). It means that
computers accept and process data in the form of digital signals.

Q.10. Describe different types of data.

Types of Data

There are different types of data representation in data communication. These are text, numbers, images, audio, and video.

i) Numeric

Numeric data consists of digits from 0 to 9, +(positive) or -(negative) signs and decimal points .It can be of integer type or
real type data Integer data: It consists of positive or negative whole values including 0.
For example,

420, 302, + 62, -26 etc.

Real data: It consists of values that have decimal point. For example, 15.4, .006, 4.07, -6.27 etc.

ii) Text

It consists of words, sentences, paragraphs etc. For example, 'Pakistan', "I Love Pakistan", and this paragraph written about
"Text" etc. The text is stored as ASCII codes.

iii) Image

It consists of charts, graphs, pictures and freehand drawings. The data is sent as contiguous bits. These bits are packed into
bytes
(8-bits = 1 byte).

Q.11. Describe the popular coding schemes to represent data. BCD Code

BCD

BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal. It was 4-bits code used in early computers. It was used only to represent and process
the numeric data. Today, this coding system is not used in modern computers.

EBCDIC Code

EBCDIC stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. It is 8-bit code. In this binary coding system 256 (2 )
different characters can be represented inside the computer. It is used by IBM (International Business Machine) computers.

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It provides an efficient way to communicate data between hosts, which use EBCDIC coding scheme for data representation.
For transmission, the data is represented as 8-bit EBCDIC characters.

ASCII Code

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It was developed by American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) and is a standard code to represent alphanumeric data. The first ASCII code was 7-bit code. Then ASCII 7-bit
code system was extended to 8-bit code. The 7-bit code system can represent 128 characters while 8-bit code system can
represent 256 characters. Today, ASCII 8-bit code system is used in most of the computers.

Unicode Code

Unicode stands for Universal Code. It is a 16-bit code and can represent 65536 (216 = 65536) characters or symbols. It is
developed by following the ASCII coding scheme. The first 256 codes in Unicode are identical to the 256 codes used by ASCII
system.

Describe the types of data transmission modes. Types of Data Transmission Modes

There are two types of data transmission modes. These are: i) Parallel Transmission ii) Serial
Transmission

i) Parallel Transmission

In parallel transmission, bits of data flow concurrently through separate communication lines. Parallel transmission is
shown in figure below. The automobile traffic on a multi-lane highway is an example of parallel transmission. Inside the
computer binary data flows from one unit to another using parallel mode. If the computer uses 32-bit internal structure, all
the 32-bits of data are transferred
Simultaneously on 32-lane connections. Similarly, parallel transmission is commonly used to transfer data from computer to
printer. The printer is connected to the parallel port of computer and parallel cable that has many wires is used to connect
the printer to computer. It is very fast data transmission mode.

ii) Serial Transmission

In serial data transmission, bits of data flow in sequential order through single communication line. Serial data transmission
is shown in figure below. The flow of traffic on one-lane residential street is an example of serial data transmission mode.
Serial transmission is typically slower than parallel transmission, because data is sent sequentially in a bit-by-bit fashion.
Serial mouse uses serial transmission mode in computer.

Q.12. Describe difference between Hertz (frequency ) and BAUD

Number of bits transmitted per second is called frequency and measured in Hz

The data communication speed is measured in a unit called baud. In general, baud is same as number of bits transmitted
per second. However, as mentioned earlier, technically baud refers to the number of signal changes per second.

In most of the communication systems, I baud represents only one signal change per second and hence is equivalent to 1
bit per second. But if dibit is used 1 baud can represent 2 bits per second.

Q.13. What is bandwidth? Also differentiate between baseband and broadband?

Bandwidth

Each type of communication media or channel has different transmission speed. The data transmission rate over
communication channel is measured in bandwidth. The bandwidth will be higher if more signals are transmitted over the
communication channel. Actually, the bandwidth measures the amount of information that can be transmitted through the
media with a given period of time. For analog signals bandwidth is represented in Hertz and for digital signals, it is
represented in bit per second (bps).

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Baseband

Baseband is a communication technique in which digital signals are directly transmitted over transmission line without
changing into analog signals (i.e. without using modulation technique). In this communication technique, there is no need
to use any complex modem. The digital signals are commonly called baseband signals. The token ring and Ethernet use
baseband signals (or digital signals).

Broadband

Broadband is another communication technique in which large amount of data such as voice and video, is transmitted over
long distances simultaneously by modulating each signal onto a different frequency. In broadband transmission, FDM
(Frequency Division Multiplexing) technique is used, in which multiple signals (or several streams of data) can be
transmitted simultaneously.
Broadband is the bandwidth used for direct communication between very high-speed computer such as mainframe
computer. This bandwidth includes microwaves, satellites, fiber optics media etc.

******** Wish You Best of Luck **********

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