MCB 2000 Exam FOUR Study guide

1. What are chemotherapeutic agents?

2. What are the differences between natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic antibiotics?
3. List sites on infectious agents that could be used as a target for antimicrobial agents
4. What is Beta-Lactam ring? Which group of antibiotics contain beta lactam ring?
5. Why ribosomes are excellent targets against many infectious diseases
6. Which groups of microorganisms produce antibiotics and Why?
7. Describe the mechanism of action and name different antibiotics.
8. Which of the above antibiotics inhibit: cell wall, cell membrane, protein/DNA/RNA synthesis
9. Define selective toxicity. How this is a problem with developing anti-viral and anti-fungal drugs
10. List the Mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance and spread to other bacteria
11. Give examples and mechanisms of action of anti-fungal and anti-viral drugs
12. What is MIC, what are benefits of knowing this number?
13. Define sterilization, name methods that achieve sterilization
14. List the microbes according to their resistance to physical and chemical agents. Know the specifics
of each group of organism that make them more resistance to chemical agents.
15. List the physical and chemical methods of control of microbial growth?
16. How anti-HIV drugs work?
17. Why it is very difficult to develop vaccine against HIV infection?
18. Difference between active and passive immunization. Know different forms of vaccine.
19. What are some practical uses of ELISA test? Difference between direct and indirect ELISA?
20. Distinguish between natural acquired immunity and artificial acquired immunity. Give examples
21. Define cell-mediated immunity? Humoral immunity? List their major components/cells involved
22. Know different components of an antibody structure.
23. Define Opsonization. What is the effect of opsonization? Name two opsonin molecules
24. What is meant by hypersensitivity? List, give examples, and briefly describe each type
25. Name several immunodeficiency diseases, indicate the target tissue in each case
26. What is meant by acquired immunodeficiency disease?
27. What are the differences between disinfectants and anticeptics?
28. List and describe the antibacterial actions of skin, mucous membrane?
29. Name the elements involved in nonspecific immunity, Give examples for each.
30. What are the complements? What are their functions?
31. What are the advantages of live attenuated vaccine?
32. What are MHC proteins? What is their significance?
33. Define: lymphocytes, leukocytes, and erythrocytes
34. What are the differences between different forms of B cells
35. What are cytokines? Interferon? Give examples
36. Define passive, active, artificial, and natural immunity produced against infectious agents
37. Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs, where all blood components are originated from?
38. What are the characteristics of primary and secondary immune response to infection
39. What are the elements of first, second, and third line of defense
40. List (and explain) the infectious agents in the order of their resistance to chemicals
41. Name several phagocytic cells.
42. Define and list characteristics of antigen, which molecule is the most antigenic. What is an allergen?
43. Define lysosomes, phagosome, and the fusion between the two
44. Why gram negative bacteria are more resistant to chemicals than gram positives
45. Name a specific gram negative bacteria that is very resistant to killing by chemicals, and it is a major cause of
opportunistic infections in hospitals.

46. What does the term de-granulation refers to. Which cells are capable of de-granulation? Name an example of
granules produces by these cells.

47. Which cells are transplanted during bone marrow transplant?

48. Compare different classes of antibodies. IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE

49. What is the job of eosinophil, Tc, NK, and T helper cells
50. What are the differences between plasma cells and memory B cells
51. What is the job of the lymphoid tissue
52. What is the relationship between Rh factor and hemolytic disease?
53. Describe how blood cell count results may be interpreted?
54. What is meant by antigen processing? APC. Which cells are involved in this process? List APCs
55. Define inflammation and list its major characteristics
56. How fever is produced? Which molecules may induce fever? What are they called?
57. What are the greenhouse gases? How they contribute to the global warming.
58. What is role of microbes in C, N, O and Sulfur cycle
59. Define: COMPOSTING, SILAGE, biosensors, biological magnification, AND microbial leaching.
60. Describe the role of microbes in treatment of raw sewage. What is BOD?