Traditional Logic II: Martin Cothran Instructor

Traditional Logic II
Martin Cothran
Instructor
Reduction of Syllogisms
What is Reduction?
Two Methods of Reduction
How to Use the Mnemonic Verse
Four Operations for Reduction
Review of Conversion
Reduction Involving Conversion
Review of Partial Conversion
Reduction Using Partial Conversion
Reduction Involving Multiple Steps
Review
Sample Exercises
What is Reduction?
Review
Sample Exercises
What is Reduction?
Reduction of a syllogism is the
process of changing a 2nd, 3rd,
or 4th Figure syllogism into a
syllogism of the 1st Figure
Two Reasons to Reduce

Syllogisms:
First Figure syllogisms are more
straightforward than syllogisms in
other figures
Reducing syllogisms to the First
Figure will help you understand
syllogisms better

Syllogisms:
other figures
syllogisms better

Syllogisms:
other figures
syllogisms better
What is Reduction?
Review
Sample Exercises
Two Methods for

Reducing Syllogisms
Direct Reduction
Indirect Reduction
Two Methods for

Reducing Syllogisms
Direct Reduction
Indirect Reduction
Two Methods for

Reducing Syllogisms
Direct Reduction
Indirect Reduction
What is Reduction?
Review
Sample Exercises
The Mnemonic Verse

BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIOque
prioris;
CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO
secundae;
Tertia; DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI,
FELAPTON, BOCARDO, FERISON habet;
Quarta insuper addit; BRAMANTIP,
CAMENES, DIMARIS, FESAPO, FRESISON
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
What the Consonants

Mean
The first consonant in each name
indicates the syllogism in the 1st
Figure to which it reduces
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
10
An Example
All chickensPd are birdsMu

No horseSd is a birdMd
No horseSd is a chickenPd
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
11
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
12
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
An Example
cAm: All chickensPd are birdsMu

Est: No horseSd is a birdMd
rEs: No horseSd is a chickenPd
13
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
An Example
cEl: No birdMd is a horsePd

Ar: All chickensSd are birdsMu
Ent: No chickenSd is a horsePd
14
What is Reduction?
Review
Sample Exercises
Rules for Reduction

S: Simple conversion of the proposition signified by
the preceding vowel
P: Per accidens, or partial conversion of the
proposition signified by the preceding vowel
M: Mutatio, or transposition of the premises; make
the minor premise the major, and the major the
minor
C: Reduction by contradiction. This is the indirect
method of reduction through (rather than to)
BARBARA. It is signified by a non-initial c and is
applied only to BAROCO AND BOCARDO
15
Rules for Reduction

the preceding vowel
minor
Rules for Reduction

the preceding vowel
minor
16
Rules for Reduction

the preceding vowel
minor
Rules for Reduction

the preceding vowel
minor
17
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
Reducing a CESARE
cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd
Ar: All whalesSd are mammalsMu
E: No whaleSd is a fishPd
18
Reducing a CESARE
prae-prae (2nd Figure)

Reducing a CESARE

19
Reducing a CESARE

Reducing a CESARE

20
Rules for Reduction

the preceding vowel
minor
Rules for Reduction

the preceding vowel
minor
21
What is Reduction?
Review
Sample Exercises
Simple Conversion
Obversion
Contraposition
22
Simple Conversion
Obversion
Contraposition
Simple Conversion
Switch the subject and the
predicate
23
Simple Conversion
No robins are sparrows
Simple Conversion
No sparrows are robins
24
What is Reduction?
Review
Sample Exercises
Simple Conversion of
CESARE
E:
No whaleSd is a fishPd
25
CESARE
E:
CESARE
E:
26
CESARE

E:
CESARE
cEs: No mammalMd is a fishPd
E:
27
Resulting in a
CELARENT
sub-prae (1st Figure)
cEl: No mammalMd is a fishPd

Ent: No whaleSd is a fishPd
Resulting in a
CELARENT
cEl: No mammalMd is a fishPd

Ent: No whaleSd is a fishPd
28
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
29
What is Reduction?
Review
Sample Exercises
Review of Partial
Conversion
Partial conversion is accomplished
by interchanging the subject and
predicate of an A statement and
changing its quantity
30
Partial Conversion
All robins are birds
Partial Conversion
All birds are robins
31
Partial Conversion
Some birds are robins
What is Reduction?
Review
Sample Exercises
32
Reducing a DARAPTI
sub-sub (3rd Figure)
dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu

Apt: All turkeysMd are birdsSu
I:
Some birdsSu are irritablePu
Reducing a DARAPTI

I:
33
Reducing a DARAPTI

I:
Reducing a DARAPTI

I:
34
Reducing a DARAPTI

I:
Reducing a DARAPTI
Apt: All birdsSu are turkeysMd
tI:
35
Reducing a DARAPTI
Apt: All birdsSu are turkeysMd
I:
Reducing a DARAPTI
Apt: Some birdsSu are turkeysMd
I:
36
Reduction to DARII

I:
Some birdsSu are turkeysMd
I:
Reduction to DARII

I:
Some birdsSu are turkeysMd
I:
37
What is Reduction?
Review
Sample Exercises
How to Reduce Using

Multiple Steps
What if there is more than one
reduction operation indicated by a
syllogism name?
38
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
39
The Mnemonic Verse

prioris;
secundae;
Example of a syllogism
requiring multiple step
reduction
dIs: Some birdsMu are extinctPu

Am: All birdsMd are animalsSu
Is:
Some animalsSu are extinctPu
40
reduction

Is:
reduction

Is:
41
reduction

Is:
How to Reduce Using

Multiple Steps
Perform the reduction operations in the
order in which they are indicated by
the syllogism name
42
Reducing a DISAMIS

Is:
Reducing a DISAMIS

Is:
43
Reducing a DISAMIS

Is:
Reducing a DISAMIS

Is:
44
Reducing a DISAMIS
dIs: Some extinct thingsPu are birdsMu
Is:
Reducing a DISAMIS
Is:
45
Reducing a DISAMIS
Is:
Reducing a DISAMIS
dAr: All birdsMd are animalsSu
Im: Some extinct thingsPu are birdsMu
Is:
46
Reducing a DISAMIS
I:
Some extinct thingsPu are birdsMu
Is:
Reducing a DISAMIS
I:
Is:
47
Reducing a DISAMIS
I:
Is:
Reducing to a DARII
dAr: All birdsMd are animalsPu
I:
Some extinct thingsSu are birdsMu
I:
Some extinct thingsSu are animalsPu
48
Reducing to a DARII

I:
I:
Reducing to a DARII

I:
I:
49
What is Reduction?
Review
Sample Exercises
Review
Four Operations of Reduction
Reduction Involving a Single Step
50
Review
Review
51
Review
Review
52
What is Reduction?
Review
Sample Exercises
Exercise 4
Why would logicians want to

transform syllogisms in the other
three figures to syllogisms in the
First Figure?
53
Exercise 4
Why would logicians want to

transform syllogisms in the other
three figures to syllogisms in the
First Figure?
other figures. In addition, the
process of reducing syllogisms helps
you to understand syllogisms better.
Exercise 15
To which syllogism in the First

Figure does FESTINO reduce?
54
Exercise 15
To which syllogism in the First

Figure does FESTINO reduce?
FESTINO reduces to FERIO.
Exercise 19
Explain what the consonants S, P, M

and C indicate when they are
found after the initial letters in the
syllogism names?
55
Exercise 19
Explain what the consonants S, P,

M and C indicate when they are
found after the initial letters in
the syllogism names?
These letters indicate which
procedure must be used to
change the proposition indicated
by the preceding vowel.
Exercise 22
Reduce the following syllogism to the

First Figure by following the
procedures indicated:
Some saints are philosophers
All philosophers are men
Some men are saints
56
Exercise 22
What figure is the syllogism in?

Some saints are philosophers
Some men are saints
Prae-prae (4th Figure)
Exercise 22
What mood is the syllogism in?

I: Some saints are philosophers
A:
I:
Some men are saints
The IAI mood
57
Exercise 22
What mood is the syllogism in?

dIm: Some saints are philosophers
Ar: All philosophers are men
Is:
Some men are saints
The IAI mood
Exercise 22
Which consonant (or consonants) tells

you how to reduce to the First
Figure?
dIm: Some saintsPu are philosophersMu
Ar:
All philosophersMd are menSu
Is:
Some menSu are saintsPu
58
Exercise 22
Which consonant (or consonants)

tells you how to reduce to the
First Figure?
Ar: All philosophersMd are menSu
Is: Some menSu are saintsPu
Exercise 22
Rules for Reduction

the preceding vowel
minor
59
Exercise 22
Reduce the following syllogism to

the First Figure by following the
Exercise 22

60
Exercise 22

dAr: All philosophersMd are menSu
I:
Some saintsPu are philosophersMu
Exercise 22

I:
61
Exercise 22

I:
Exercise 22

procedures indicated: Write the
syllogism after it has been
reduced to the First Figure:
dAr: All philosophersMd are menPu
I:
Some saintsSu are philosophersMu
I:
Some saintsSu are menPu
62
Exercise 22
Write the syllogism after it has been

reduced to the First Figure:
I:
I:
Exercise 22
What mood is the syllogism now in

(give the name)
I:
I:
The syllogism is now a DARII
63
Exercise 22

I:
I:
Traditional Logic II
Martin Cothran
Instructor
64

Traditional Logic II: Martin Cothran Instructor

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Traditional Logic II

Two Reasons to Reduce

Two Reasons to Reduce

Two Reasons to Reduce

Two Methods for

Two Methods for

Two Methods for

The Mnemonic Verse

The Mnemonic Verse

What the Consonants

The Mnemonic Verse

The Mnemonic Verse

The Mnemonic Verse

The Mnemonic Verse

The Mnemonic Verse

All chickensPd are birdsMu

The Mnemonic Verse

The Mnemonic Verse

The Mnemonic Verse

The Mnemonic Verse

cAm: All chickensPd are birdsMu

The Mnemonic Verse

cEl: No birdMd is a horsePd

Rules for Reduction

Rules for Reduction

Rules for Reduction

Rules for Reduction

Rules for Reduction

The Mnemonic Verse

cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd

cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd

cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd

cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd

Rules for Reduction

Rules for Reduction

cEs: No fishPd is a mammalMd

cEl: No mammalMd is a fishPd

cEl: No mammalMd is a fishPd

The Mnemonic Verse

The Mnemonic Verse

dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu

Some birdsSu are irritablePu

dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu

Some birdsSu are irritablePu

dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu

Some birdsSu are irritablePu

dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu

Some birdsSu are irritablePu

dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu

Some birdsSu are irritablePu

Some birdsSu are irritablePu

Some birdsSu are irritablePu

Some birdsSu are irritablePu

dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu

Some birdsSu are turkeysMd

Some birdsSu are irritablePu

dAr: All turkeysMd are irritablePu

Some birdsSu are turkeysMd

Some birdsSu are irritablePu

How to Reduce Using

The Mnemonic Verse

The Mnemonic Verse

The Mnemonic Verse