Y Yb

YY9

YT\
Y TP

YTP
Y Y9

YYY
Y YV

1 Well Test

-+

q = - k S grad p

1 Interference Test
2 Darcy's Law

1 Filtration Rate
2 Apparent Rate
3 Radial Flow
4 Compressibility

div pV +
-,

a (P$SJ = 0
at

1 Diffusion Equation
2 Material Balance

1 Mobility
2 Storativity Capacity

p.p (r, t) = --4zkh

I
qBp Ei

(g)

4'3

q (r, t) = qB exp - -

t fixed

'1

log r

'2

rl

2
'

I
)

compressible zone

r-tm

'2

log r

1 Propagation Velocity
2 Perturbation
3 Radius of Investigation

p i - p (r, t) =

-*
4xkh

Ei

(YY-\)
(YY-I)

1 Transient Flow
2 Pseudo steady State Flow
3 No flow boundary
4 Steady State Flow
5 Principle of Superposition

1 Pressure Build up

1 Multirate Testing

wellhead flow rate

bottomhole flow ;ate

I,

,.I

wellbore storage effect period

1 Wellbore Storage
2 Tubing

1 Naturally Eruptive Wells

1 Pumping Wells

C=

qB
24 x slope

1 Bottom Hole Pressure

2 Shut in

1 Fluid Segregation
2 Bottom hole flow

1 Skin

+Y

LX

+I

+jl, ,

J-5A
1 ,Hunt and Everdingen's Approach "l;r
( \ -!"

3k;).~>13

o k o+

>g3

JjL

&+3

;(

S = - 1 In-

--

1 Effective Radius

1 Gravel Pack
2 Screen Radius
3 Underreaming Radius
4 Perforations
5 Inclined Wells

1 Partially Perforating the Reservoirs

2 Hydraulic Fracturing
3 Horizontal Wells
4 Injection Skin
5 Geological Skin

1 Conventional Interpretation Methods

p - p (r, t) =---" b i
I
4nkh

($1

qBp (In Kt + 0.81)

Pi - PJ~) = --4zkh

pi -.pJt)

@P (In Kt + 0.81
=4xkh

log t

Pi-Pd=

+ 2 S)

+ log -- 3.23 + 0.87 S

$PC,

pi - p,

It-* &Y

log t

+ log --3.10

1
pD=- (In tD ~ ' 0 . 8 1
+ 2 S)
2

1 Draw Down Test.

2 Build up Test
3 Multi Rate Test

12,

6 ~ 5

+0.87 S

1 Interpretation
2 Semi-Log
3 Semi-log Straight Line
4 interpulation

At hours

1-fJG

1 Homer's Method
2 Rate Fluctuations

Pi - pws(At) =

tp + At

log ------ .
At

1 Analysis

21.5qBp
log ---kh
At

pi - pJtJ

S = 1.15

kh

k
qBp (log tp + log ----

wet 6

tp+ 1

+IOCJ--

t~

- 3.23

log ---

+ 0.87 S)

(YT-Y)

1 Extrapolated Pressure
2 Oil in Place

pi - puvl=

- @&- (In At - h tJ
47ckh

1 After Varying Flow Rates

K At + 0.81 + 2 S)
(In -

- (qn- q,)

I',

- PM(fk1) =

P&)

P,(N - P&,)

G2.6 Bp
kh

= 2' .5 Bp
kh

\
I

Igl (qi-

q
),,

log

tn-1

t,

\i=1

:1

z (qi- qkl) log, , t

trtt

- ti-1

- t,, + At

- tk-1

(TT-I)

- tc, + At

A"
L

>l&1

+~(GI*.

&\a

L&)

I,
TT-'f 5 L J ~ -L

TI-'f

LL-

3213

eL 9 L L d &&~r?- 6L&i 9 ,jLj jl &L-sj; lA

~ j

%
;
+ JA
' + .dp
& cskj
o*L

.A+&

ok 9

OL

L 5 g o j l ~ ,U
l
A
I,L
.LA1 0d.d.L

m = 162.6 Bp
kh
m = 21.5 B p
kh

$1

'&L

J+m +.+

o&
&
&
A
..

?k;o

&Ls$,GI

+L-

,,

g'+leL-

I
;'A+
(US 55,!K
K

dJ & L L
y,!

(\*l)-.f)

++

(fYf-Y)

3 )

Superposition

v- F@

1 Simplification of the Flow Rate History

2 Equivalent Time
3 Equivalent Production Time
4 Total Production
5 Actually Production Recorded

1 Validity of the Method

tpe

Portion of simplified data

Simplified data

I Build up Radius of Investigation

Ve

~ 1 g i l .Z
L+

JL
,s

;L4; ;uls+
i;LzXh.~l

ok +--LOjiLS;_ +&I* -I

OL

&I2 b
-

,s ,L J91

gi &-L.

ds

GS

LL Li

&&;)M

0 3 k L l S~CLXCL~

Aganval et al. sb-

4;s

Mckinley dbcih;" 4 ; s
Earlougher and Kersch dbcih;" 4 ; s
Gringarten et al. &b+

8~,ji
d~jiok
&+r-&X

0slii.l

.Lii
.a+&

&Ie

, ,A~

Gringarten et al.

0 s L 1 c;c6; u,s

,J

I, b
LA

,& e b c i ~ ;&-I.

ej

*l,l

1 Types Curves

&lS

GS

4;s

~jk?F.daviau

4_( 3-;jCPd b9l . ; j l

d.&

k-l,s Gringarten et al. &

J&S#

t i a m

6 , s

Gringarten et al.

1 Reservoir Well Configuration

2 Dimensionless Variables

&+

-3

-y-b

e"+jL

;,Y

+ YL ALL Gringarten et al.&+

&li
~ - j

e ;jl
~
OALI

4
:LA1

e ;a

t+
pS

log-log ,la+ ,a &I ,p &9, to 1 co ,I&

,W
j916i &ii + b+
.u-,L
p L CDexp (2s) $ 1 ~ 4 ,I&
.LL&
CDexp (2s) ++ pL sl,la G+ ,J 9% &+
' o L ~& h a $,&I
>I9
4 , ~ - + q y4
LB;"CDexp (2s) &Yt+
0

O ~ Y+
S .dp
j k k i ,I h o b ,a
J

a e r

-1

-3

+ Y4 ~n

-+

&04
a ~j ~6 LS+l~ &+ + byp Coexp(2S)

1 Asymptote
2 Match point

or

10'

loo

lo-'

kh

Dimensionless time group

At

&= 0.000295 - CD
CI
c

i- r-LI9

Dimensionless time group

u-

&CD

= 0.000295

r-LIm

kh

At

--

Dirnensionkis 6me group

CD

= 0.000295

yr-4 @

kh

At

P c

CD

.A+&

1 Type Curve System

2 Field Data System

+Cd exp (2s)

L,!A

gl?;! b O h6 - b,A b

e 4;s

.A+&

d+LM

The uper type curve can

100

10.1

101

102

used
104

103

'~CD

r-AJC;
\

&2LjT &b*
b k iL; +J k l + J1
LsL

A+

OA~J

o&-3

b*

4~0b9( b L O j +L-

~ j &

. ~ j , l,I>
~ ,hS
1&-bjI &Lb-

&hi\ ,hi g l &-Ljj &b+

hL;rrl3L;1 9 ~ $ ? , l > b ~ ~ w j l

LJ

L ,h

L 4 j

&i ,J

At,

'JJL

bL;

,u&I
OL

[V

1 Flattening out of Type Curves

2 Equivalent Time

A-L~I s~-

J g o j l ~ l

OA!A

;I OALI'

+p ,-,&Li

c,,\ c p l .&4&

L G a&"\

d bj 3;;jj

Agarwal's J&s
c;~_i+i

o&

JYL&&+,+++&J+~
.A+&

,u

&Ifl

~j

0 2 ; ~a
~J J ~ I ~ . ~ , o

&LdAganvalls

At +2 J+

jj,

y,&k

Permeability = 60 mD

&-JW

Skin = -1
CDexp(2S) = 1230

bj ~2s

10'-

10.'

100

1o1

lo2
' ~ C D

1 Derivative

pD= - (In ,t

1 Representation

+ 0..8t + 25)

Dominatingwellbore
storage effect

Transition

Semi-log straight line

(with less than 10% error)
Maximum depending

Unit slope log-log

straight line

Horizontal straight lin

Pll; n

-4

p+.-9

1 Power Function Equation

2 Logarithmic Function Equation
3 Diagnosis

;,F + log-log , l ~ +

k
;4.

js,

+-3

L_c,;

10

Dimensionless time group

104

102

ID
=
CD

0.000295

kh At
k
c

+LG

'16 ~ p +6 C Z J ~

6 1 ~ 1 3 L3+CP

.&L&?

w - g ~ ~L;YBLS;_ jl J JJ3CD exp (2s)A ~ l k oL k;,

\ & j L 4 p +sp l i i o L kj, 45 & b & G 4
j u 3 ~

-.I
)a

J-)o8

&j+

>+

&"
&&)G $9)

6 1 3 LBO~~S

I Analysis Method

I) gL_k;l

I) 'pL?

jl

~ o j l &0~13
~ l

jl

0 3 L lj

w, - \
J

+'& &I3 j+.+

CD exp (2s)+lko -IJA&

&lrs03l3 L 45 &Ci3r;o
45 18-

45 &.bci~;1)

&-I91d.;lJy
Gy
) y + ,l3+ >a J
;
;
.
.
1
&"
$ 3 ~
;f?J~3 & '5'GjJ 'SJ* 3E9JJLWP

39 blii; ;>y+ JJ-O OL

c s
+ bbi
L y OL +I&
(1-Y-ti 3xj)18.LL

LGL.0k6183 $+I

&3

&K
-Y
-T
.A+&

1 Flow Rate History

Dimensionlesstime group

= 0.000295

CD

kh At
-

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,,>""'

,...*'..*.....

***-

..***

.*;.-**.

..
.'*..'..

-*.
*.

.*:**

I
I
I

-.'.

I
-0..

a
-

1u2

At, 10"

I
I

-0.

- - - T+? - - - - - - - - - -*s
- - - $*'
*** I
-*- , ,I. ,,,,I

, , ,,,,,
, ,
100

At hours

F-f

,,

, ,,,,
'

10'

-.A.

I
, ,I , , ,,,,
Ats

S = 1.151

I*.
A: : 3

<st

At, - log
k
- log -----1 +-Ats
1$~~&+3.23

t~

I Reservoir's Boundaries
2 Infink Acting
3 Linew Sealing Fault
4 Chamel
5 Intersecting Linear Boundary
6 Cons'&& Pressure Boundary
7 Closed Reservoirs

I Linear Sealing Fault

0well

1 Disappearing Facies
2 Unconformities
3 The Method of Image
4 Superposition

well

image well

I
p, = (In tD+ 0.81 + 2s)
2

1 Channels

1 Two Parallel Sealing Faults

2 Sedimentary Deposit Channel
3 Two Parallel Lateral Variations in Facies

a=ln-- (
27crw

In (sin xe)

l Accentricity

1 Bounded Channels

F-A

d = - 2nra - In / 1 - exp(- 2nra )]

- IIn [I - 2 exp(2

2nrW) cos (2ne) + exp(- 4nrW )]

- 1In (1 - 2 exp(- 2nr,,

2

) cos (2ne) + exp(- 4nrDI))

1 Reference Pressure

(V-A \)

JA

+&

93

;)G

CI

(-

+J9\

*I0

+J G 1j ,U

l+&LA,L ,la+

63,
.Lt&,

j G *I*

log-log ,la+

LS;_

JLr

-..,I

Y-A

jL_fl

jj+

A)

jp

& &L
wyd l log-log ,IS+ 6 9 )
33 .&acsa el6
L
+j=S e
J1Zr;;l

&jJ
-Ij

. a s c p ;)bjp jl

fl 0jl~;I+ p j ~

o k Lhl;j, &I$

&I*

+
A

V-A

Jbl

3SL;I

1 Intersecting Faults

1 Constant Pressure Boundary

2 Aquifer

well

I
I

well

image well

p, = - (In t,
2

+ 0.81 + 2s)

(T-\ .)

1 Closed Reservoirs

1 Drainage Area of the Well

.&Ld
.dJb

+!,I

Earlougher J-9

o k h3
3+ 35;j 6U
;I
;;+ oL;~Lkl-j, & d r ; +,,b

o b
\

A+

+ke

j p

JX; -r;. CA

W+
Js+

[ \ '7 Ep] ( \ - \ \ J9+).';"l

J3

& &+ (y-\

\ ) d3L ' J ~ I A

& l o r r \ ~ &%

0jj7&-$fa
)3 o

4(

oAA

Jb

:+Ip

1 Shape Factor

j3

CA

In CA

112 In (2.2458)
CA

Exact
101

tDA>

Less than
1% error

fmh>

Use infinite
system soluti with
less than 1% wor
for tm<

1 1 ytz 1

1/21n(2.~+

+ 0.6758

f,y$

for IDA>

less than 7 % error

fcf bA<

2.0

060

0.02

use ( x ~ / x instead
~ ) ~ of PJr;

in v&tically
fractured reservorrs

IN=%

26541

Use infintie

system solution wrih

for fractured systems

0.9761

-0.CB35

0.115

0.08

mutiiile

3.22

- 1.20

in reservoirs

with water drive

I reservoirs of

unknown
production character

25,O

-1

&dd
& &;

+log-log

,13+

JCU L,Y + ,b ,LL.

&fl
& & A- L d LL,y + ,L=s

,
!

59, \

+'ba+AbS

J&
' p a

(7- \ \

&)

AS &i
j~
69, &fl
.3+&

slope of 1,
pseudosteadystate flow

10'

,-J

:::

102 103 104

101 102 103 lo4

slope of 0.5 ;
channel

100

l o

rl l:

slope of 0.5 ;
bounded channel

100
101 102 103 104

fault ; channel

101 102 103 lo4

two intersecting
faults (90" angle)

constant pressure

bounded reservoir

constante pressure
t

DRAWDOWN

~D'CD

constant pressure and

constant pressure and

bounded reservoir
P

log
.

tp + At
At

' ~ C D
BUILDUP

4k (t,

+ At

.&A&
:L.+$&&I

ojgz

L+>Li9P

4(

+ I>(\\-\\)dSL+l+&
(\Y-\ \)

o e -

&-o j

ht.5L+>)W &L

.3C;)
.&Lp

&OJIJ j l ~ Y b l - \
( o k

&L Lkfl L j q &bjY

L &0 j
A+ &-39 L->-))i

,LA

44( &Lcp
k 4A-32

S9j&I

cS~,jK &Lj

s9,j l cjl+&.&L

MBH

.qo
j j l --jW

J+~J

+:-

djj jl

. 3 g &,j&

j\

A-

o k

6 >bj6tP>ALL

2, &I>.LL+

&L

P*+-

s k l

-Y

;)+a 9 & d

'&L&

+P * ~L
I +

j~

% L+]I& ,ails >I>

I-.

-Y

j+

-Y
&bjP

Diet &,

,&)

MDH ,I+

&j,

L+,I&

+&&I+
.a@&

:&L

>j

0 3 k I (+

~ p 'p
L,AS ;

Diet sjJ
IJ Y-Y L;jr! Jog t

;e;r[\b

u I ?jY '$,,
&I 1
j o s k l &,I

Dimensionlessproduction time, t

Dimensionless production time, t p m

1 Reservoir Well Configmation

--

1 Productivity Index

kh

IP =

a B p (log t

+ log ------ - ~ ~ 0 ~ 8 7 s )

12w

@PCf

a = 2.303/4n:
a = 162.6

a = 21.5

j3 = - 0.81/2.303
j3 = 3.23
j3 = 3.10

(in SI units)
(in practical US units)
(in practical metric units)

a = 162.6

y = 0.234

(in practical US units)

a = 21.5
a = 1.151

y = 0.0417
y= 5

(in practical metric units)

(in SI units).

IP =

kh

A + log -----2.2458 + 0.87S)

a B w (log -

1 - Well Productivity Potential

cA

(in SI units)
(in practical US units)
(in practical metric units).

1 Naturally Fractured Reservoir

2 Network of Fracture
3 Network of Matrix
4 Geometrical Characteristics
5 Porosity
6 Capacity
7Permeability
8Homogenious

1 Rectangular Parallel Piped Shape

2 Cubic Matrix Blocs
3 Match Matrix Blocs
4 Slab Matrix Blocs
5 Shape Factor

r = Volume of matrix block

Area of the matrix block

V - Total volume of fractures

- Total volume of the sample

'

(Y- \ Y)

= Total volume of the matrix

m

Qf

,+,

Total volume of the sample

Volume of voids located in fractures

Total volume of fractures

Porous volume located in the matrix

Total volume of the matrix

1 Capacity

(Y- \ Y)

1 Capacity Contrast

1 Intrinsic Permeability of Fractures

2 Matrix Fracture Exchange

Flow

1 Flow from the Fracture

2 Transition Period

1 Pseudo Steady State Interporosity Flow

1 Transient Interporosity Flow

2 Transition Period

?&.
V-

A\ ',

3 fracture planes, transient

1 fracture plane, transient

At hours

At hours

1 Global Matrix Fracture Flow

pi pd = !@kk

kth

(log t

+ log

'

-P

~ 0 . 8 S)
7

~ f & C

. .......* .

100

701

. ....-.d

.-....ml

102

L+Y

104

1 Fluid Circulating

Dimensionless time

CD

= 0.000295

kh At
il
c

0.000295 k,h

(At),

CL

ctdcdM

C=

(TA- l Y)

1 Well Log

Dimensionless time l d C ~

w l r p

Dimensionless time t d C ~

9A- 1

l"m

Double porosity reservoir (pseudosteady-state)

:
C
= 0.023 m3/bar
Skin
= -3.05
Permeability = 5775 mD
. . . . , . , . . . .
CD exp(2S) = 0.075
h exp(2S)
= 0.044
--.---CD exp(2Sh = 1.5

. . .

9-7'ad-+-

Double porosrty reservoir (pseudosteady-state)

= 0 023 m 3 b r
Skm
= -3.05
Permeabillty= 5775 mD

Omega
Lambda

00

400

= 005
= 0.0001

600

800
1000
Superposition

1200

1400

. .

--

Double porosity reservoir (pseudosteady-state)

C
= 0.058 m3lbar
Skin
= -22
Permeability = 105 mD
.

1 Two Layer Reservoirs

(Bourdet) ~;ra,g! J c ~ c -Y-\'f

1 Net Thickness
2 Instantaneously Pseudo Steady State

(Y- !Y)

1 Double Porosity and Double Permeability

2 Total reservoir Transmissivity
3 Transmissivity Contrast

&Ij

cj+

&+IJ4

+ (69 ep)
Gao-Cheng Tai JL I;

O S L I L IJ h ;;01J4

.A$&

(f- 1Y )

1 Exchange Term

aqBp (log t
Pi - Pd -kl",

Pi-Pd=-

(9- \ T
9
1

k1

+ log

- f3 + 0.87 S,)

(WJ,P<

"qBp (log t + log -- p + 0.87 S)

(WJ&

kh

odLJ

&).A+~

1
j &L-

6%
LS;_.
4 +Y 93 p

es;I! $ct_Y 9L x jl &L

.LL&

)t; (h

d~

;~l,k)

+Y 33

'+

Kh

e"
&Ir!

L x lAj

l=LiJJg (K );>I+

+i p b LL;,I&

039

.&L&

a1-

&"
jl
L x J&

Ley a

+&

OL-6
,&i &-bjj

b ~41
j

0~~

&b

;IYj

Jjb

+li9393bj+~"
J31 -1;

L)-SLQ4 d & ~ % l L1 cjLyS;- &%I

)3

i*yj

.+ L +Y ,s p &I2!
.A+&

bldb ( L ~ g Kh)

oaLl-L

.dd
&5 -Li

J a L GF

Kh

,+I> .+I
-s+

U
S
,

~"l;t;49%
&I3

J91 +A59,

++ p~ L -L
p:~,~i
-a+
4;g2-1
I) p9s &1;
L&+ ~ j

p ( G ~ . 9 Kh) JJL
+a+

9~ ; -.
y SUstl
~
jl

; ; r

!Ok
JJ-O
L-4 J+
3-9

~)t; &I a, -

&-Lj793
.a+

&lo&S

L9k
&+&

;j^ J

+$
Kh L &L

$.z

Kh

(j3J9i
a;

+ &I2!

j~
41~1%b3J9i

~pjS
-1;

~jb+
03L

\+I

&-al I~ J
L &bji

'9)

~ g ? ~

+-

LL
&la
2-I J.I .

ssl33 I;

d+!

9 J+

A-\ T

3 ~ ;

;j

"

1 Partial Penetration
2 Pay Zone
3 Production Logs

1 Shoulders

1 Open Interval
2 Spherical Flow
3 Permeability Anisotropy
4 Isotropic

pi - ,p

= %!?E (log t

khP

k -- P + 0.87
+ log --

OW,^

S)

(Y- \ 6)

(Y- \ Q)

(V- 'IB )

Pi-Pd=- aqBp (log t

kh

+ log -- P + 0.87 St)

Wt<

1 Shoulder Beds

1 Ambiguous Interpretation

1 Coning

1 Slanted Well

1 The Dip
2 Horizontal Pseudo Radial Flow
3 Dip Shell

1 Artificially Fractured Well

2 Natural Fractures
3 Hydraulic Fracturing Operation
4 Acidizing

1 Linear Flow in Fracture

FRACTURE

-+

FRACTURE

/
C-

WELL

(T- \ V)

(F- \ V)

1 Relative Conductivity

(h- \ V)

&.\

jl

d4$o h ' !

-3

-IJ

l&

'hLj

(cpCt)Wkf.a,ls
2j ,jLj&I3

~p

1 Bilinear Flow

bbir dl ~5

>J

y >6

L 5

+G

U &a

&s (YY'

Jj~j

Cinco

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2

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Ratio between elapsed time and cycle duration. tLIAb

Ratio between elapsed time and cycle duration, tl/Ak

IU '

Ratio between elapsed time and cycle duration, tLIAt,

P- rr*

.-

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v-rr*

Ratio between elapsed time and cycle duration, tL/A1,

A-

rrJr;

."

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1)-

rr@

Ratio between elapsed time and cycle duration, tLIAk

r- rr-

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tr-rrp

6 9 s3J4 &-I9
m
mD
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bars

OR

O
K

CP
m3lj
cuWj

[I] DAVIAU F., Interpretation des essais de puits: 1es rnethodes nouvelles,
Editions Technip, Paris, 1986.
CHAUMET P., Ecoulement monophasiue des fluides dans 1es milieux poreux,
cours de production, ENSPM, tome 111, Editions Technip, Paris, 1965.
[2]

[3] VAN POOLEN H.K., "Radius of drainage and stabilization time equations",
Oil and Gas Journal, September 14, 1964, pp. 138-146.
[4]

LEE J., "Well testing", SPE Textbook Series, Vol. 1.

[5] VAN EVERDINGEN A.F., "The skin effect and its influence on the
productive capacity of a well", Trans., AIME, 1953, 198, pp. 171- 176.
[6] HORNER D.R., "Pressure build up in wells", Proc. Third World Pet. Congr.,
E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1951,II, p. 503.
[7] AGARWAL R.G., "Anew method to account for producing time effects when
draw type curves are used to analyse pressure build-up and other test data", SPE
9289. 1980.
[8] MATTHEWS C.S., RUSSEL D.G., "Pressure build-up and flow tests in
wells", Monograph Volume 1 of the Henry L. Doherty Series.

[9] BOURDET D., WHITTLE T.M., DOUGLAS A.A., PIRARD V.M., "A new
set of type curves simplifies well test analysis", World Oil, May 1983.
[lo] LARSEN L., HOVDAN M., "Analysing well test data from linear reservoirs
by conventional methods", SPE 16 777, Dallas, 27-30 Sept. 1987.
[ l 11 PRASAD R.K., "Pressure transient analysis in the presence of two intersecting
boundaries", SPE 4560, Las Vegas, Oct. 1973.
[12] EARLOUGHER R.C., "Advances in well test analysis", Monograph Volume
5 of the Henry L. Doherty Series.
[13] RAMEY H.J. Jr., COBB W.M., "A general build up theory for a well in a
closed drainage area", JPT, Dec. 1971, pp. 1493-1505.
[14] WA.RREN J.E., ROOT P.J., "The behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs",
SPEJ, Sept. 1963, pp. 245-255.
[15] DIETZ D.N., "Determination of average reservoir pressure from build up
survey", JPT, Aug. 1965, pp. 955-959.
[16] EARLOUGHER R.C., RAMEY H.J., MILLER F.G., MUELLER T.D.,
"Pressure distribution in rectangular reservoirs", JPT, Feb. 1968, pp. 199-208.
[17] SWANN O.A. (DE), "Analytic solutions for determining naturally fractured
reservoir properties by well testing", Trans., AIME, 1976.
1181 BOURDET D., GRINGARTEN A.G., "Determination of fissure volume and
block size in fractured reservoirs by type curve analysis", SPE 9293, 1980.
[19] BOURDET D., AYOUB J.A., WHITTLE T.M., PIRARD Y.M., KNIAZEFF
V., "Interpreting well tests in fractured reservoirs", World Oil, Oct. 1983.
[20] CINCO-LEY H., SAMANIEGO F., "The pressure transient behavior for
naturally fractured reservoirs with multiple block size", SPE 14 168, Las Vegas,
Sept. 1985.
[2 I] REISS L.H., Reservoir engineering en milieu fissure, Editions Technip, 1980.
[22] BARENBLATT G.I., ZELTOV J.P., KOCINA J.N., Notions fondamentales
de la theorie d'ecoulement des liquides homogenes dans les milieux fissures, Priklad
Mat. i. Mekh. OTN, 24, 5, pp. 858-864, 1960.
[23] RAWLINS E.L., SCHELLHARDT M.A., "Backpressure data on natural gas
well and their application to production practices", US Bureau of Mines, Monograph
7, 1936.

[24] Houpeurt A., "On the flow of gases in porous media", Revue de I'lnstitut
Francais du PetroIe, XIV, (1 I), pp. 1468-1684, 1959.
[25] KATZ D.L., Handbook of natural gas enginnering, McGraw-Hill, 1959.
[26] CORNELSON D.W., "Analytical prediction of natural gas reservoir recovery
factors", J.Can. Pet. Tech., 13, (4), pp. 17-24, 1974.
[27] BOURDET D., ALAGOA A., AYOUB J.A., PIRARD Y.M., "New type
curves aid analysis of fissured zone well tests", World Oil, April 1984.
[28] GRINGARTEN A.C., W E Y H.J., RAGHAVAN R., "Pressure analysis for
fractured wells", SPE 4051, San Antonio, Oct. 1972.
[29] GRINGARTEN A.C., RAMEY H.J., "Unsteady-state pressure distribution
created by a well with a single horizontal fracture, partial penetration or restricted
entry", SPEJ, Aug. 1974, pp, 413-425.
[30] CINCO-LEY H., SAMANIEGO F., DOMINGUEZ N., Transient pressure
behavior for a well with a finite conductivity vertical fracture, SPE 6014, New
Orleans, Oct. 1976.
[31] CINCO-LEY H., S W I E G O F., "Effect of wellbore storage and damage
on the transient pressure behavior of vertically fractured wells", SPE 6452, Denver,
Oct. 1977.
[32] CINCO-LEY H., SAMANIEGO F., "Transient pressure analysis for fractured
wells", JPT, Sept. 1981, pp, 1749-1766.
[33] CINCO-LEY H., SAMANIEGO F., "Transient pressure analysis: finite
conductivity fracture case versus damaged fracture case", SPE 10 189, San Antonio,
Oct. 1981.
[34] BRITT L.K., BENETT G.O., "Determination of fracture conductivity in
moderate permeability reservoirs using bilinear flow concepts". SPE 14 165, Las
Vegas, Sept. 1985.
[35] CINCO-LEY H., SAMANIEGO F., "Transient pressure analysis for fractured
wells", SPE 7490, Houston, Oct. 1978.
[36] AGARWAL R.G., AL-HUSSAINY R., RAMAY H.J. Jr., "An investigation of
wellbore storage and skin effect in unsteady liquid flow-I. Analytical treatment",
SPEJ, Sept. 1970,279-290.
[37] DAVIAU F., MOURONVAL G., BOURDAROT G., CURUTCHET P.,
"Pressure analysis for horizontal wells", SPEFE, Dec. 1988, pp. 716-724.

[38] MONTIGNY 0 . (DE), GOMBE J., "Hole benefits, reservoir types key to
profit", OGJ, Apr. 11, 1988, pp. 50-56.
[39] PERIUNE R.L., Analysis of pressure build-up curves, Drilling and Prod. Prac.
M I , Dallas, 1956, pp. 482-509.
[40] BOE A., SKJAEVELAND S.M., WHITSON C.H., "Two phase pressure test
analysis", SPE 10 224, San Antonio, 1981.
[41] AL-KHALIFAH A.J.A., AZIZ K., HORNE R.H., "A new approach to
multiphase well test analysis", SPE 16 743, Dallas, Sept. 1987.
[42] RAGHAVAN R., "Well test analysis for rnultiphase flow", SPEFE, Dec.
1989, pp. 585-594.
[43] VOGEL J.V., "Inflow performance relationships for solution-gas drive wells",
JPT, Jan. 1968, p. 83-92, Trans., AIME 243.
[44] STANDING M.B., "Concerning the calculation of inflow performance of
wells producing gas drive reservoirs", JPT, Sept. 1971, pp. 1141-1142.
[45] THEIS C.V., "The relationship between the lowering of pietzometric surface
and rate and duration of discharge of wells using ground-water storage", Trans.
AGU, 11, p. 519, 1935.
[46] ARDITTY P.C., "Response of a closed well-reservoir system to stress induced
by earth tides", SPE 7484, Houston, Oct. 1978.
[47] BOURDET D., GRINGARTEN A.C., "Determination of fissure volume and
block size in fractured reservoirs by type-curve analysis", SPE 9293, Dallas, Sept.
1980.
[48] DERUYCK B.G., BOURDET D.P., DAPRAT G., RAMEY H.J.,
"Interpretation of interference tests in reservoirs with double porosity behavior.
Theory and field examples", SPE 11 025, New Orleans, Sept. 1982.
[49] JARGON J.R., "Effect of wellbore storage and wellbore damage at the active
well on interference test analysis", SPE Reprint Series No. 14, pp. 131-138.
[50] OGBE D.O., BRIGHAM W.E., "A model for interference testing with
wellbore storage and skin effects at both wells", SPE 13 253, Houston, Sept. 1984.
[51] CHAPOTIN D., LOMER J.F., PUT2 A., "The Chateaurenard (France)
industrial microemulsion pilot design and performance", SPEDOE 14 955, Tulsa,
Apr. 1986.

[52] JOHNSON C.R., GREENKORN R.A., WOODS E.G., "Pulse-testing: a new

method for describing reservoir flow properties between wells", JPT, Dec. 1966, pp.
1599-1604, Trans., AIME 237.
[53] MILLER G.B., SEEDS R.W.S., SHlRA H.W., "A new surface recording,
downhole pressure gauge", SPE 4125, San Antonio, Oct. 1972.
[54] RAMEY H.J., "Interference analysis for anisotropic formations. A case
history", JPT, Oct. 1975, pp. 1290-1298, Trans., AIME 259.
[55] BRIGHAM W.E., Planning and analysis of pulse tests, JPT, May 1970, pp.
6 18-624, Trans., AIME 249.
[56] KAMAL, JEDHAT, BRIGHAM W.E., "Pulse testing response for unequal
pulse and shut-periods", SPEJ, Oct. 1975, pp. 399-410, Trans., AIME 259.
[57] CINCO H., MILLER F.G., RAMEY H.J., "Unsteady-state pressure
distribution created by a directionally drilled well.", JPT, Nov. 1975, pp. 1392-1400.
[58] BOURDET D., "Pressure behavior or layered reservoirs with crossflow", SPE
13 628, Bakersfield, March 1985.
[59] GAO CHENG-TAI, "Single-phase fluid flow in a stratified porous medium
with crossflow", SPEJ, Feb. 1984, pp. 97-106.
[60] EHLIG-ECONOMDES C.A., JOSEPH J.A., "A new test for determination of
individual layer properties in a multilayered reservoir", SPE 14 167, Las Vegas,
Sept. 1985.

Absolute flow potential test, jL YAK j L _ ?

Active well, J19 o
Acidized wells,

o~T

5,K +I

0 ~ 2 ,

Agarwal's equivalent time, J a L j L j

AOFP, jl,Uolr j L _ ?
Aquifer,

&\ ;U;

o+i

Average pressure,

L+,k

Back pressure test, ,LS

Bilinear flow,

;
;
;

&9 jL_?

Bottom hole flow rate,

Buildup, 39*

e
*

ol;z 4;'

JI;K

Capacity contrast, ,U Jfl

&? 22

c;L;

Coefficient of deviation from Darcy'slaw, 4 - b 4-1

Channel, J b K
Closed reservoir,

G+ j+

Compressibility, &&

&I

Compressibility j V & & k 4

1J

4
1J -+

Compressibilty factor,
Compressible capacity,fi.+ &I
Compressible,

d&

(d e)b

Communication between two wells,ok

b&,l

93

Constant pressure boundary,sl; , L 5 j p

Conventional methods,d,L &as9,
Cubic matrix blocs,&

&Gle-,
>L,o P.(&

D
~amage,-i
Damaged well, +a
Darcy's law ,&]Is

1-

o k

&+b

Deliverability straight line, 1-,

&-

Derivative,
Deviation from Darcy's law,&ja j+b jl 41+1
Diagnosis,

&-

Diet Dietz method, $9,

Diffusion equation, i+

J s L

Dimensionless equation, .+

dJaL
JL

Double porosity model, &V9a

6 1-,

Double-slope straight line,J,!

9s

Double-slope straight line, O&

+-e)L

Drainage area of the well, ,L5 &I

Drawdown, Drawdown test, ,L5 &I

l G

Eccentricity of the well,

S ) S - ~j l

o k

Effective angle of slant,

$ j ~
4291j

Effective radius, $y &A

Equation of state, ;JL4 l s L
Equivalent compressibility, J s L sA&,-Jl~
Equivalent one- phase fluid, &jlkX; JsL
J&
Equivalent radius, J s L
Equivalent spherical source, d92(J s L
Equivalent time, J s L j b j

6 Jb

Even - numbered pulse, 0;

0,L.d

Exchange term, b9L

Exponential integral, &-k;JI+l

Extrapolated pressure,

a L

&bg2

,!,&

F
Falloff, 1-(

&jV

db~k
3

9))L=3 i31

Fault, J-3
9L k>

Filtration rate,
Fissures,

jj3

Flow profile, b 4 &+A

~
Fractures, b 9 L
Fracture half- length, 41SL: Jdp
Fracture permeability,

LiLL;

dA+.i+

Fracture porosity, 4K.2

Fractured reservoirs, , 1 s 9 U jjL
G

Gas cap, & j V

Gas wells, & j V

&ok

Geological skin,

&3

Geometrical skin,

*j

@J;B

A L ~

6%

Global reservoir capacity, ,J+

J5
Gravel pack,

&

O+i

Gravitational forces, ,.+

J
i

,&+

H
Horizontal fractures, >!&Lm4K2~
Horizontal permeability anisotropy, >I

dr?+i+i 5 ~ $ b L

Horizontal wells, &I

Honer, 9 9
Hydraulic diffusivity & 9 4 ~

i+i

&J J

Hydraulic fracturing

I
Impermeable shoulder beds, &Li+
Inclined wells, &Lo
Index,

l s 4 ~

&Lz &by+

&ok

-+

Infinite homogeneous reservoir, 39-L

Initial pressure,

&-

gbjp

4 ; ~ 1 ~

Infinite small skin &$

Injection skin,

&+

4 9 1 ,L5

Infinite skin, J~.LSJUL

Injection radius,

a
J-

>-,;

s-,;

Injection wells, &;;

~~

L.I%

A L ~
&ek

Interferences, &I&
Intersecting linear boundaries,
Intersection point, $LC &
Isochronal test, JAY
+-bj'i

K
Karnal and Brigham charts,

Kamal and Brigham method,

L
Lee,
Linear boundary,
Linear flow,

jp

&-

Linear flow in the fracture, 9K.i ,a

& hL_-

Logarithmic approximation, *->KJ

+"

M
Match matrix blocs,
Match point, y&! 4&ii;
Material balance, p~

djly

Matrix-fracture exchange, AK.i-*-yL

JsL;

Matrix, &-JL
Matrix permeability9 &-JL 6r'_+i+

*"

Matrix porosity, &-Q;L

MBH method,
McKinley,
MDH method,
Method of images, fZgtLi;

s9)

Mobility, Jp"
Mobility ratio, J+ --;
Modified isochronall test, 0a2, eUsl

cl;

Multiphase flow, g j b +G L _ ~
Multirate testing, d
;
L
_
a+
e ;
;
Musket,
N
Naturally eruptive wells,

& 6j&1

No flow, &ip &-%

- --

Observation well, &LULL~ o

SIBO~

Odd - numbered pulse, a> & h J L & L JL_

Open-flow potential, ;L KaK
P
Partial penetration, &;iri+

Partial perforation, d;ir &,lr~C+

Partial perforation skin, &;irS J K u j l >Li
Perforations,

i+

Permeability anisotropy,

i+i 6 ~ $ b L

i+ >+L'

Permeability tensor,

s9,

Perrine method,
Plugging, &a$
Poettman,

Productivity index, d a a *

,
+
I
2

Pseudo pressure, &jk

$5 sJki
+2
Pseudo radial flow,

&L_?

&L;+2

Pseudo steady-state flow, ,S+b4-;

Pseudo steady- state model,
Pulse test,

(jL_?

,l+b+

&+ &-Lji

+
Pore volume, +
Pumping wells,

y~'9.'~

Pore volume drained ,

Pressure buildup, ,L.5

O&

+-

Je

Principal directions, &I

Q
Quadratic term, pgs +,a

&
L
a
w

R
Radial flow, &d&&*

Radial vertical flow, p-L

Radius of investigation,

&,*

+2

Jc~o

d;.)~

Recorded flow rates,

0.G

LS&j&3

23

Relative conductivity, & &-1;L,

Reservoir capacity,

&i&

j+

Semi- square root straight line, &,&

Semi-log straight line,

+1-,

+-,a +1-,

JG

Shape factor, 3k; -9

Skin,

L%.

Skin around the fracture , 9K.2 91&1LA%.

Skin of slant,

a2.

Slab matrix blocs &I&"

Slanted wells, ,I@

jb

&+-

&-Lo

&0k
$I,+-

Smoothing algorithm, cS

Standard conditions, s,l&LI &\+.I

Steady-state flow ,&L.
Stimulation

OG~

j&?

$ 1 ,+

4s; , o k d;+

Superposition function, & p 2 ,&

Superposition, & p*

T
Theis curve ,Theis &LaTides,

,+

Time lag, +L

jbj

Total compressibility, &&

4
1J

Transmissivity contrast, ~ 5 ~ b 3 ~ S
Transient flow, I,S jkir
Transient model,

1,sJp

Two-layer reservoirs, &b'

Type curves,

lm*

LA

93 b j k

Lj

Vertical flow, WE &?

Vertical fractures, WE 5 b 4 U
Vertical Permeability,

d2+igh;

Vogel's equation vogel A J J L

W
Warren and Root,
Water drive,
L3
1
, jl,i
I

Well bore storage, OL

&a3 $&I
Well bore storage effect,
Wellhead flow rate

+ 4jb3 $&I
&?

j l