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Irregular verbs............................................................................................................................ 1
Question forms........................................................................................................................... 1
Verb phrases.............................................................................................................................. 2
Present tense............................................................................................................................. 3
Present Simple........................................................................................................................... 3
Present Continuous.................................................................................................................... 5
Present Perfect........................................................................................................................... 6
Past Tense.................................................................................................................................. 7
Past simple................................................................................................................................. 8
Past continuous........................................................................................................................ 10
Past perfect.............................................................................................................................. 11
Perfective aspect...................................................................................................................... 12
Continuous aspect.................................................................................................................... 13
Active and Passive voice.......................................................................................................... 14
To + infinitive........................................................................................................................... 15
-ing forms................................................................................................................................. 17
Talking about the present......................................................................................................... 19
Talking about the past.............................................................................................................. 20
Talking about the future........................................................................................................... 21
Verbs in time clauses and if clauses......................................................................................... 23
Wishes and hypotheses............................................................................................................ 25
The verb be.............................................................................................................................. 26
Link verbs................................................................................................................................. 27
Delexical verbs like have, take, make and give........................................................................28
Delexical verbs: have, take, make, give, go and do..............................................................28
have................................................................................................................................... 28
take.................................................................................................................................... 28
give.................................................................................................................................... 29
make.................................................................................................................................. 29
go and do.............................................................................................................................. 29
go....................................................................................................................................... 30
do....................................................................................................................................... 30
Modal verbs.............................................................................................................................. 30
certain, probable or possible.................................................................................................... 31
ability, permission, requests and advice.................................................................................. 32
modals + have......................................................................................................................... 34
can, could and could have........................................................................................................ 35
may, might, may have and might have.................................................................................... 36
can or could............................................................................................................................. 37
will or would............................................................................................................................. 39
will have or would have............................................................................................................ 41
double object verbs.................................................................................................................. 42
phrasal verbs............................................................................................................................ 43
reflexive and ergative verbs..................................................................................................... 44
verbs followed by to + infinitive............................................................................................... 47
verbs followed by -ing clauses................................................................................................. 49
verbs followed by that clause................................................................................................... 51
Irregular verbs
Most verbs have past tense and past participle in ed (worked, played, listened). But many of
the most frequent verbs are irregular:
Base form
be
begin
break
bring
buy
build
choose
come
cost
cut
do
draw
drive
eat
feel
find
get
give
go
have
hear
hold
keep
know
leave
lead
let
lie
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
put
run
say
see
sell
send
set
sit
speak
spend
stand
Past tense
was/were
began
broke
brought
bought
built
chose
came
cost
cut
did
drew
drove
ate
felt
found
got
gave
went
had
heard
held
kept
knew
left
led
let
lay
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
set
sat
spoke
spent
stood
took
Past participle
been
begun
broken
brought
bought
built
chosen
come
cost
cut
done
drawn
driven
eaten
felt
found
got
given
gone
had
heard
held
kept
known
left
led
let
lain
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
run
said
seen
sold
sent
set
sat
spoken
spent
stood
taken
1
take
teach
tell
think
understand
wear
win
write
taught
told
thought
understood
wore
won
wrote
taught
told
thought
understood
worn
won
written
Question forms
We make questions by:
1: moving an auxiliary to the front of the clause:
Everybody is watching
>> Is everybody watching?
They had worked hard
>> Had they worked hard?
He's finished work
>> Has he finished work?
Everybody had been working hard
>> Had everybody been working hard?
He has been singing
>> Has he been singing?
English is spoken all over the world
>> Is English spoken all over the world?
The windows have been cleaned
>> Have the windows been cleaned?
2: or by moving a modal to the front of the clause:
They will come
>
Will they come?
>
He might come
>
Might he come?
>
They will have arrived by now
>
Will they have arrived by now?
>
She would have been listening
>
Would she have been listening?
>
The work will be finished soon
>
Will the work be finished soon?
>
They might have been invited to the
>
Might they have been invited to the
party
>
party?
3: The present simple and the past simple have no auxiliary. We make questions by
adding the auxiliary do/does for the present simple or did for the past simple:
They live here
>>
Do they live here?
John lives here
>>
Does John live here?
Everybody laughed
>>
Did everybody laugh?
Verb phrases
The verb phrase in English has the following forms:
1) a main verb:
Verb
We
are
I
like
Everybody
saw.
We
laughed.
here.
it
the accident
The verb may be in the present tense (are, like) or the past tense (saw, laughed). A verb
phrase with only a main verb expresses simple aspect
2) an auxiliary verb ("be") and a main verb in ing form:
2
Auxiliary "be"
is
were
Everybody
We
Verb (-ing)
watching
laughing
themselves.
hard.
work.
A verb with "have" and the past participle expresses perfect aspect. A verb with have/has
expresses present perfect, and a verb with had expresses past perfect.
4) an auxiliary verb ("have" + "been") and a main verb in the ing form:
Auxiliary "have" + "been"
Verb (-ing)
Everybody
has been
working
hard
He
had been
singing
A verb with "have" and "been" and the present participle expresses perfect continuous
aspect. A verb with have/has expresses present perfect continuous, and a verb with had
expresses past perfect continuous.
5) a modal verb (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would) and a main verb:
Modal Verb
Main verb
They
will
come.
He
might
come.
6) We can use modal verbs with the auxiliaries "be", "have", and "have been":
Modal
Auxiliary
Verb
They
will
be
listening
He
might
have
arrived
She
must
have been
listening
Active and passive:
Transitive verbs have a passive form as well as an active form:
The hunter killed the lion. (active) <> The lion was killed by the hunter. (passive)
Someone has cleaned the windows <> The windows have been cleaned.
The passive forms are made up of the verb "be" with a past participle:
English
The windows
Lunch
The work
They
"be"
Past participle
is
have been
was being
will be
might have been
spoken
cleaned
served
finished
invited
Present tense
There are two tenses in English past and present.
The present tenses in English are used:
to talk about the past when we are telling a story in spoken English or when we are summarising a
book, film, play etc.
I work
I am working
I have worked
I have been working
Present Simple
The present tense is the base form of the verb: I work in London.
But the third person (she/he/it) adds an -s: She works in London.
Use
With the present tense, we use do and does to make questions. We use does for the
third person (she/he/it) and we use do for the others.
We use do and does with question words like where, what and why:
But look at these questions with who:
Who lives in London?
Who plays football at the weekend?
Who works at Liverpool City Hospital?
Look at these sentences:
I like tennis, but I dont like football. (dont = do not)
I dont live in London now.
I dont play the piano, but I play the guitar.
They dont work at the weekend.
John doesnt live in Manchester. (doesnt = does not)
Angela doesnt drive to work. She goes by bus.
With the present tense we use do and does to make negatives. We use does not
(doesnt) for the third person (she/he/it) and we use do not (dont) for the others.
Present Continuous
The present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb be and the present participle (-ing
form) of a verb:
Use
1. We use the present continuous tense to talk about the present:
These days most people are using email instead of writing letters.
What sort of clothes are teenagers wearing nowadays? What sort of music are they listening to?
When we are summarising the story from a book, film or play etc.:
Present Perfect
The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the past participle of a verb:
The present perfect continuous is formed with have/has been and the -ing form of the verb:
Use
for something that started in the past and continues in the present:
for something we have done several times in the past and continue to do:
Note: We often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up to the present:
My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.
Note: and we use never for the negative form:
Have you ever met George?
Yes, but Ive never met his wife.
for something that happened in the past but is important at the time of speaking:
We often use the present perfect with time adverbials which refer to the recent past:
just; only just; recently;
Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.
We have just got back from our holidays.
or adverbials which include the present:
ever (in questions); so far; until now; up to now; yet (in questions and negatives)
Have you ever seen a ghost?
Where have you been up to now?
Have you finished your homework yet?
No, so far Ive only done my history.
WARNING:
We do not use the present perfect with an adverbial which refers to past time which is finished:
I have seen that film yesterday.
We have just bought a new car last week.
When we were children we have been to California.
But we can use it to refer to a time which is not yet finished:
Have you seen Helen today?
We have bought a new car this week.
Past Tense
There are two tenses in English past and present.
The past tense in English is used:
to talk about hypotheses things that are imagined rather than true.
for politeness.
I worked
I was working
I had worked
I had been working
In conditions, hypotheses and wishes, if we want to talk about the past, we always use the past
perfect:
We can use the past forms to talk about the present in a few polite expressions:
Excuse me, I was wondering if this was the train for York.
I just hoped you would be able to help me.
Past simple
Forms
irregular past
was/were
began
broke
brought
bought
built
chose
came
cost
cut
did
drew
9
drive
eat
feel
find
get
give
go
have
hear
hold
keep
know
leave
lead
let
lie
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
put
run
say
sell
send
set
sit
speak
spend
stand
take
teach
tell
think
understand
wear
win
write
drove
ate
felt
found
got
gave
went
had
heard
held
kept
knew
left
led
let
lay
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
ran
said
sold
sent
set
sat
spoke
spent
stood
took
taught
told
thought
understood
wore
won
wrote
10
Use
Past continuous
The past continuous is formed from the past tense of be with the -ing form of the verb:
We use the past continuous to talk about the past:
Past perfect
We use the verb had and the past participle for the past perfect:
I had finished the work.
She had gone.
The past perfect continuous is formed with had been and the -ing form of the verb:
I had been finishing the work
She had been going.
The past perfect is used in the same way as the present perfect, but it refers to a time in the past, not the
present.
We use the past perfect tense:
for something that started in the past and continued up to a given time in the past:
When George died he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years.
She didnt want to move. She had lived in Liverpool all her life.
We normally use the past perfect continuous for this:
She didnt want to move. She had been living in Liverpool all her life.
Everything was wet. It had been raining for hours.
for something we had done several times up to a point in the past and continued to do after that
point:
He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager.
He had written three books and he was working on another one.
I had been watching the programme every week, but I missed the last episode.
We often use a clause with since to show when something started in the past:
They had been staying with us since the previous week.
I was sorry when the factory closed. I had worked there since I left school.
I had been watching that programme every week since it started, but I missed the last episode.
when we are reporting our experience and including up to the (then) present:
for something that happened in the past but is important at the time of reporting:
Perfective aspect
We use the present perfect to show that something has continued up to the present
or the past:
I wasnt feeling well. I must have eaten something bad.
I checked my cell phone. She could have left a message.
Continuous aspect
Both tenses have a continuous form. These continuous tenses are formed with the verb be and the ing form
of the verb:
We use continuous aspect:
Hes getting on the train. [before and after the moment of speaking]
It was quarter past ten. We were watching the news on television.
passive
>>
>>
The passive forms are made up of the verb be with a past participle:
be
English
The windows
Lunch
The work
They
past participle
spoken
cleaned
served
finished
invited
is
have been
was being
will be
might have been
active
I gave him a book for his birthday
Someone sent her a cheque for a thousand euros
>>
>>
passive
He was given a book for his birthday.
She was sent a cheque for a thousand euros.
active
They called off the meeting.
His grandmother looked after him.
They will send him away to school.
>>
>>
>>
passive
The meeting was called off.
He was looked after by his grandmother.
He will be sent away to school.
Some verbs very frequently used in the passive are followed by the to-infinitive:
be supposed to
be scheduled to
be expected to
be allowed to
be asked to
be told to
To + infinitive
We use the to-infinitive:
to express purpose (to answer "Why...?"):
He bought some flowers to give to his wife.
He locked the door to keep everyone out.
We sometimes say in order to or in order not to:
We set off early in order to avoid the traffic.
They spoke quietly in order not to wake the children
or we can say so as to or so as not to:
We set off early so as to avoid the traffic.
They spoke quietly so as not to wake the children.
after certain verbs (see verbs followed by infinitive), particularly verbs of thinking and feeling:
choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, learn, like,
love, mean, plan, prefer, remember, want, would like, would love
and verbs of saying:
agree, promise, refuse
They decided to start a business together.
Remember to turn the lights out.
Some verbs are followed by a direct object and the infinitive(see verbs followed by infinitive):
advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn,
expect, intend, would prefer, want, would like
She reminded me to turn the lights out.
He encouraged his friends to vote for him.
after certain adjectives.
Sometimes the to-infinitive gives a reason for the adjective:
disappointed
glad
sad
happy
anxious
pleased
surprised
proud
unhappy
able
unable
due
eager
keen
likely
unlikely
ready
prepared
unwilling
willing
difficult
easy
possible
impossible
hard
right
wrong
kind
nice
clever
silly
foolish
Its easy to play the piano, but its very difficult to play well.
He spoke so quickly it was impossible to understand him.
We use the preposition for to show who these adjectives refer to:
difficult
easy
possible
impossible
hard
ability
desire
need
wish
attempt
failure
opportunity
chance
intention
-ing forms
We can use the -ing form of the verb:
as a noun:
I love swimming.
Swimming is very good for your health.
You can get fit by swimming regularly.
-ing nouns are nearly always uncount nouns
as an adjective:
... an object:
... or an adverbial:
... or a clause:
admit
suggest
like
enjoy
hate
dislike
start
begin
avoid
finish
in front of a noun:
amusing
boring
tiring
interesting
surprising
annoying
worrying
exciting
shocking
terrifying
disappointing
frightening
after a noun:
and especially after verbs like see, watch, hear, smell etc.
for something happening regularly in the present before and after a given time:
when we are talking about an event that happened at a particular time in the past
when we are talking about something that continued for some time in the past
or used to
... or would
when we are talking about something which happened before and after a given time
in the past
when we are talking about something happening before and after another action in
the past:
When we are looking back from a point in the past to something earlier in the past we use the past
perfect:
Helen suddenly remembered she had left her keys in the car.
When we had done all our shopping we caught the bus home.
They wanted to buy a new computer, but they hadnt saved enough money.
They would have bought a new computer if they had saved enough money.
3 The past and the present:
when we are talking about the effects in the present of something that happened
in the past:
When we are talking about something that started in the past and still goes on:
When we talk about the future from a time in the past we use:
was/were going to
John was going to drive and Mary was going to follow on her bicycle.
It was Friday. We were going to set off the next day.
9. We can use the future continuous instead of the present continuous or going to for emphasis when we
are talking about plans, arrangements and intentions:
Theyll be coming to see us next week.
I will be driving to work tomorrow.
In clauses with time words like when, after, until we often use the present tense
forms to talk about the future:
in conditional clauses with if or unless we often use the present tense forms to talk
about the future:
Some clauses with if are like hypotheses so we use past tense forms to talk about the present and future.
We use the past tense forms to talk about the present in clauses with if :
We use the past tense forms to talk about the future in clauses with if:
If the main clause is about the past we use a modal with have:
If the main clause is about the present we use a present tense form or a modal without have:
We use past tense modals would and could to talk about wishes for the future:
We use past tense forms to talk about wishes for the present:
We use the past perfect to talk about wishes for the past:
We use present tense forms after phrases like what if, in case and suppose to talk
about the future if we think it is likely to happen:
We use a past tense form to talk about the future after suppose and what if to
suggest something is not likely to happen:
We use would in the main clause and the past in a subordinate clause to talk about
the imagined future:
We use modals with have to talk about something that did not happen in the past:
The verb be
The verb be has the following forms:
Present simple:
Affirmative
Question form:
Negative:
Past simple
I am
You are
He/She/It is
Am I?
Are you?
Is he/she it?
I am not/ Im not
You are not/ arent
He/She/It is not/ isnt
We are
You are
They are
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?
We are not/arent
You are not/arent
They are not/aren't
I was
You were
He/She/It was
been.
has/have been
had been
We were
You were
They were
Link verbs
Some verbs are followed by either a noun or an adjective:
=
=
=
=
N+V+N
N + V + Adj.
N+V+N
N + V + Adj.
These verbs are called link verbs. Common verbs like this are:
be
become
appear
feel
look
remain
seem
sound
get
go
grow
taste
smell
take
make
give
have
We use have with:
Food and drink: a meal, breakfast, lunch, dinner, a snack, a cup of tea
Talking: a chat, a conversation, a discussion, a talk
Washing: a bath, a shower, a wash, a scrub
Resting: a break, a holiday, a rest
Disagreeing: an argument, a dispute, a fight, a quarrel
I had a good breakfast before I left home.
We had a long talk about the problem.
The kids should have a bath before they go to bed.
She generally had a short holiday in July or August.
They had a serious quarrel about their fathers will.
We also use have with nouns formed from verbs:
I think you should have a look at this.
She had a bite of the cake.
Im thirsty. Im going to have a drink of water.
I had a listen to that new CD in the car.
They are going to have a swim.
take
We use take with:
Washing: a bath, a shower, a wash
Resting: a break, a holiday, a rest
a turn
trouble
a chance
a decision
care of
turns
the trouble
a risk
a photograph
go and do
We also use go and do as delexical verbs:
Shall we go swimming this afternoon? Or shall we go for a walk?
Its your turn to do the cooking.
Ill have to do my hair before the party.
go
We use go with ing verbs for common activities:
We usually go walking at the weekend.
He goes running every evening after supper.
Mums out. Shes gone shopping.
We use go for a with verbs to do with moving:
a jog
a ride
a swim
a run
a stroll
a walk
Modal verbs
The modal verbs are:
can
may
shall
will
could
might
should
would
We use modal verbs to show if we believe something is certain, probable or possible (or not). We also use
modals to do things like talking about ability, asking permission making requests and offers, and so on.
We use the modals could, might and may to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:
They might come later. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come later.)
They may come by car. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come by car.)
If we dont hurry we could be late. (= Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)
We use could have, might have and may have to show that something was possible now or at some time in
the past:
Its ten oclock. They might have arrived now.
They could have arrived hours ago.
We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible:
It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)
You can easily lose your way in the dark. (= People often lose their way in the dark)
We use the modal could as the past tense of can:
It could be very cold in winter. (= Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)
You could lose your way in the dark. (= People often lost their way in the dark)
Impossibility:
We use the modal must to show we are sure something to be true and we have reasons for our belief:
Its getting dark. It must be quite late.
You havent eaten all day. You must be hungry.
We use must have for the past:
They hadnt eaten all day. They must have been hungry.
You look happy. You must have heard the good news.
We use the modal should to suggest that something is true or will be true in the future, and to show you
have reasons for your suggestion:
Ask Miranda. She should know.
It's nearly six o'clock. They should arrive soon.
We use should have to talk about the past:
It's nearly eleven o'clock. They should have arrived by now.
We use could you and would you as polite ways of telling or asking someone to do something:
Could you take a message please?
Would you carry this for me please?
Could I have my bill please?
can and will are less polite:
Can you take a message please?
Will you carry this for me please?
Suggestions and advice:
modals + have
We use a modal verb with have and the past participle:
Subject
They
You
Jack and Jill
Modal
will
might
would
Have
have
have
have
Past Participle
arrived
seen
been
by now
the film
late
We wont eat until they arrive. They might not have had supper.
Our teacher could be very strict when we were at school. [= Some teachers were very strict.]
People could starve in those days. [= People sometimes starved.]
You couldnt use computers in the nineteenth century.
to show that something is possible now or was possible at some time in the past:
can or could
Possibility
We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible:
It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)
You can easily lose your way in the dark. (= People often lose their way in the dark)
We use could as the past tense of can:
It could be very cold in winter. (=Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)
You could lose your way in the dark. (=People often lost their way in the dark)
We use could to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:
If we dont hurry we could be late. (=Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)
We use could have to show that something is/was possible now or at some time in the past:
Its ten oclock. They could have arrived now.
They could have arrived hours ago.
Impossibility:
Permission:
We use could you and as a polite way of telling or asking someone to do something:
Could you take a message please?
Could I have my bill please?
can is less polite:
Can you take a message please?
Offers and invitations:
will or would
We use will:
would is the past tense form of will. Because it is a past tense it is used:
to talk about hypotheses things that are imagined rather than true.
for politeness.
Beliefs
We use will
We'll be late.
We will have to take the train.
We use would as the past tense of will:
We had a terrible night. The baby wouldnt go to sleep. He kept waking up and crying.
Dad wouldnt lend me the car, so we had to take the train.
to talk about something that we did often in the past because we wanted to do it:
When they were children they used to spend their holidays at their grandmothers at the seaside. They would
get up early every morning and theyd have a quick breakfast then they would run across the road to the
beach.
Conditionals
We use will in conditionals with if and unless to say what we think will happen in the future or present:
Ill give her a call if I can find her number.
You wont get in unless you have a ticket.
We use would to talk about hypotheses, about something which is possible but not real:
in conditionals with words like if and what if. In these sentences the main verb is
usually in the past tense:
would you like ...; would you like to ..., for offers and invitations:
I would like ; Id like (you)(to) ..., to say what we want or what we want to do:
I would think, I would imagine, I'd guess, to give an opinion when we are not sure
or when we want to be polite:
Verb
sent
brought
cooked
Indirect object
me
his mother
all his friends
Direct object
an email
some flowers
a delicious meal
Subject
My wife
He
He
Verb
sent
brought
cooked
Direct object
an email
some flowers
a delicious meal
Prepositional phrase
to me
for his mother
for all his friends.
These clauses have the structure: V + N (direct object) + Prepositional phrase (indirect object)
3. Common verbs with for and an indirect object are:
book
buy
get
cook
keep
bring
make
pour
save
find
give
lend
offer
pass
post
read
sell
send
show
promise
tell
phrasal verbs
Some verbs are two part verbs (see Clauses, Sentences and Phrases). They consist of a verb and a particle:
grow + up
>> The children are growing up.
take + after
>> She takes after her mother
= She looks like her mother, or She behaves like her mother.
count + on
>> I know I can count on you
= I know I can trust you, or I know I can believe you.
Some transitive two part verbs (see Clauses, Sentences and Phrases) have only one pattern:
N (subject) + V + p + N (object)
[Note: N = noun; V = verb; p = particle]
N (Subject)
She
I
My father
Verb
takes
can count
comes
Particle
after
on
from
N (Object)
her mother
you
Madrid
Some transitive two part verbs (see Clauses, Sentences and Phrases) are phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs have
two different patterns:
The usual pattern is: N + V + N + p
N (Subject)
She
He
We
Verb
gave
knocked
will be leaving
(N) Object
the money
the glass
our friends and neighbours
Particle
back
over
behind
N (Subject)
She
He
We
Verb
gave
knocked
will be leaving
Particle
back
over
behind
N (Object)
the money
the glass
our friends and neighbours
When the object is a personal pronoun,these verbs always have the pattern:
N + V +N + p:
He knocked over it
>> knocked it over
Phrasal verbs are nearly always made up of a transitive verb and a particle. Common verbs with their
most frequent particles are:
bring:
buy:
call:
carry:
cut:
give:
hand:
knock:
leave:
let:
pass:
point:
push:
put:
read:
set:
shut:
take:
think:
We use a reflexive pronoun after a transitive verb (see Clauses, Sentences and Phrases) when the direct
object is the same as the subject of the verb:
I am teaching myself to play the piano.
Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself.
These are the verbs most often found with reflexive pronouns:
cut
dry
enjoy
hurt
introduce
kill
prepare
teach
Some verbs change their meaning slightly when they have a reflexive pronoun as direct object:
amuse
apply
busy
content
behave
blame
distance
express
find
help
see
Transitive: N + V + N
Intransitive: N + V
Transitive: N + V + N
Intransitive: N + V
begin
break
change
close
drop
crack
dry
end
finish
grow
improve
increase
move
open
shake
start
stop
tear
turn
bake
boil
cook
defrost
freeze
melt
roast
back
crash
drive
fly
reverse
run
sail
start
stop
choose
decide
expect
forget
hate
hope
intend
learn
like
love
mean
plan
prefer
remember
would like
would love
Verbs of saying:
agree
promise
refuse
arrange
attempt
fail
help
manage
tend
try
want
advise
ask
encourage
invite
order
persuade
remind
tell
warn *
expect
intend
would
prefer
want
would like
allow
enable
force
get
teach
3. Passive infinitive
detest
dislike
enjoy
hate
fancy
like
love
admit
consider
deny
imagine
remember
suggest
avoid
begin
finish
keep
miss
practise
risk
start
stop
Many of these verbs are sometimes followed by the passive form of -ing: being + past participle
see
watch
hear
smell
listen to
etc.
catch
find
imagine
leave
prevent
stop
think
believe
expect
decide
hope
know
understand
suppose
guess
imagine
feel
remember
forget
say
admit
argue
reply
agree
claim
deny
mention
answer
complain
explain
promise
suggest
Note: tell and some other verbs of saying must always have a direct object (see clauses, sentences and
phrases):
tell
convince
persuade
inform
remind
We tried to tell them that they should stop what they were doing.
The police informed everybody that the danger was over.
as postmodifiers after nouns to do with thinking or saying:
advice
belief
claim
feeling
argument
hope
promise
report
guess
opinion
idea
fact
advantage
effect
possibility
chance
danger
evidence
problem
difficulty
She pointed out the danger that they might be left behind.
There was a chance that we would succeed
Note: We often use a that clause to define one of these nouns after the verb be :
danger
problem
chance
possibility
fact
pleased
sorry
happy
unhappy
sad
excited
glad
disappointed
afraid