Sir Isaac Newton

Mechanics of Solids
BHAIRAV THAKKAR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,
NAVRACHANA UNIVERSITY

If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants Sir Isaac Newton

Mechanics of Solids
Solid mechanics is the branch of continuum mechanics that studies the behavior of solid
materials, especially their motion and deformation under the action of forces, temperature
changes, phase changes, and other external or internal agents.*

Build Structures that do NOT fail under applied loads

* Wikipedia

Force and Moment

A force arises from the action (or reaction) of one body on another.
The SI unit of force is the Newton (N).
The moment of a force about a point is equal to the product of the
magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance from the
point to the line of action of the force.

Body Under System of Forces

Stress: Response of a
material to applied
forces on a given plane
in a given direction

Stress at a Point
sy
tyx
txy

sx
txy
3D State of Stress

tyx

sy

Transformation of Stress

Effect of Force
When a force is applied to an elastic body, the body deforms. The way in which the body
deforms depends upon the type of force applied to it.

Compression force makes the body shorter.

A tensile force makes the body longer

Bar Under Axial Force

The usual case Normal Stress or Direct Stress

Force F
Stress s

Area
A

Shear Stress
The stress that tends to CUT a member
Complimentary Stress

tXY

tXY

tXY

tXY
Applied Stress

tXY
tXY

Strain

Original length

Change in length

Shear Strain

Stress-Strain Relationship
Ultimate Stress Point

Stress

Upper Yield Point

Lower Yield Point
Elasticity Limit
Proportionality Limit

Strain

Rupture Point

Hookes Law
Ultimate Stress Point

Stress

Upper Yield Point

Lower Yield Point
Elasticity Limit
Proportionality Limit

ds
de
Strain

Rupture Point

Hookes Law - Relevance

Relates stress with strain

Load carrying capacity with deformation

ESteel = 2x105 Mpa

EAluminum = 70,000 MPa

Aluminum

Steel

If Areas are equal for Steel

and Aluminum, which
material will take more
load? Steel or Aluminum?

Hookes Law to Rescue

Since the top will move equally for both materials Deformations can be equated

Stress Components

Principal Planes and Principal Stresses

Planes on which shear stress component vanishes Principal Planes

Principal Stresses are the stresses on Principal Planes Principal Stresses

sy

tXY

tXY

sx

sx

tXY
tXY

sy

Hydrostatic (Mean) Stress

Mean of three Principal Stresses

Hydrostatic stress is simply the average of the three

normal stress components of any stress tensor*
Remaining stress is Deviatoric Stress
* Wikipedia

Failure Envelope

Example: Stress at crack tip

Examples: von Mises Stresses

Forces
Self Weight
Live Loads
Wind
Earthquakes
Etc

Idealization

1D Structures
Beams Members under bending
Columns Members under axial compression
Beam-Columns Members under bending and axial compression
Tie Members under axial tension

Equilibrium
Every action has an
equal and opposite
reaction
- Sir Isaac Newton

Conditions of Equilibrium (2D)

Sum of all the forces acting in x-direction MUST be zero, i.e. Fx = 0.
Sum of all the forces acting in y-direction MUST be zero, i.e. Fy = 0.
Sum of all the moments about any point must be zero, i.e. Mz = 0.

Beams
We determine reactions and internal actions using
conditions of static equilibrium

Euler-Bernoulli Theory of Bending

Plane section before bending remains plane after bending
Material is homogeneous and isotropic
Beam bends in an arc of circle
Radius of curvature is large compared to beam dimensions

Strain Deformations

Beam Under Bending

Torsion
Moment is applied about the longitudinal axis of a member Torsion

Deformation Twist
Extremely common in Civil Engineering structures
Usually considered as equivalent moment and shear acting additionally!!!

Effect of Torsion
The existence of the axial shear components is
demonstrated by considering a shaft made up
of axial slats.
The slats slide with respect to each other when
equal and opposite torques are applied to the
ends of the shaft.

Summary
We discussed the following
Basic effect of loads on bodies
Stresses and Strains
Hookes Law
Failure Theories

Euler-Bernoullis Theory of Pure bending of beams

Torsion

Thank You

Questions?