The young

Generation Uphill
The millennials are the brainiest, best-educated generation ever. Yet their elders often stop
them from reaching their full potential, argues Robert Guest
SHEN XIANG LIVES in a shipping crate on a construction site in Shanghai which he shares with
at least seven other young workers. He sleeps in a bunk and uses a bucket to wash in. Its
uncomfortable, he says. Still, he pays no rent and the walk to work is only a few paces. Mr
Shen, who was born in 1989, hails from a village of mountains, rivers and trees. He is a
migrant worker and the son of two migrants, so he has always been a second-class citizen in
his own country.

In China, many public services in cities are reserved for those with a hukou (residence permit).
Despite recent reforms, it is still hard for a rural migrant to obtain a big-city hukou. Mr Shen
was shut out of government schools in Shanghai even though his parents worked there.
Instead he had to make do with a worse one back in his village.

Now he paints hotels. The pay is good300 yuan ($47) for an 11-hour dayand jobs are more
plentiful in Shanghai than back in the countryside. His ambition is to get married as fast as I
can. But he cannot afford to. There are more young men than young women in China
because so many girl babies were aborted in previous decades. So the women today can
afford to be picky. Mr Shen had a girlfriend once, but her family demanded that he buy her a
house. I didnt have enough money, so we broke up, he recalls. Mr Shen doubts that he will
ever be able to buy a flat in Shanghai. In any case, without the right hukou his children would
not get subsidised education or health care there. Its unfair, he says.

There are 1.8 billion young people in the world, roughly a quarter of the total population. (This
report defines young as between about 15 and 30.) All generalisations about such a vast
group should be taken with a bucket of salt. What is true of young Chinese may not apply to
young Americans or Burundians. But the young do have some things in common: they grew
up in the age of smartphones and in the shadow of a global financial disaster. They fret that it
is hard to get a good education, a steady job, a home andeventuallya mate with whom to
start a family.

Companies are obsessed with understanding how millennials think, the better to recruit
them or sell them stuff. Consultants churn out endless reports explaining that they like to
share, require constant praise and so forth. Pundits fret that millennials in rich countries never
seem to grow out of adolescence, with their constant posting of selfies on social media and
their desire for safe spaces at university, shielded from discomforting ideas.

This report takes a global view, since 85% of young people live in developing countries, and
focuses on practical matters, such as education and jobs. And it will argue that the young are
an oppressed minority, held back by their elders. They are unlike other oppressed minorities,

of course. Their oppressors do not set out to harm them. On the contrary, they often love
and nurture them. Many would gladly swap places with them, too.

In some respects the young have never had it so good. They are richer and likely to live longer
than any previous generation. On their smartphones they can find all the information in the
world. If they are female or gay, in most countries they enjoy freedoms that their
predecessors could barely have imagined. They are also brainier than any previous
generation. Average scores on intelligence tests have been rising for decades in many
countries, thanks to better nutrition and mass education.

Yet much of their talent is being squandered. In most regions they are at least twice as likely
as their elders to be unemployed. Over 25% of youngsters in middle-income nations and 15%
in rich ones are NEETs: not in education, employment or training. The job market they are
entering is more competitive than ever, and in many countries the rules are rigged to favour
those who already have a job.

Education has become so expensive that many students rack up heavy debts. Housing has
grown costlier, too, especially in the globally connected megacities where the best jobs are.
Young people yearn to move to such cities: beside higher pay, they offer excitement and a
wide selection of other young people to date or marry. Yet constraints on the supply of housing
make that hard.

For both sexes the path to adulthoodfrom school to work, marriage and childrenhas
become longer and more complicated. Mostly, this is a good thing. Many young people now
study until their mid-20s and put off having children until their late 30s. They form families
later partly because they want to and partly because it is taking them longer to become
established in their careers and feel financially secure. Alas, despite improvements in fertility
treatment the biological clock has not been reset to accommodate modern working lives.

Throughout human history, the old have subsidised the young. In rich countries, however, that
flow has recently started to reverse. Ronald Lee of the University of California, Berkeley, and
Andrew Mason at the University of Hawaii measured how much people earn at different ages
in 23 countries, and how much they consume. Within families, intergenerational transfers still
flow almost entirely from older to younger. However, in rich countries public spending favours
pensions and health care for the old over education for the young. Much of this is paid for by
borrowing, and the bill will one day land on the young. In five of 23 countries in Messrs Lee
and Masons sample (Germany, Austria, Japan, Slovenia and Hungary), the net flow of
resources (public plus private) is now heading from young to old, who tend to be richer. As
societies age, many more will join them.

Politicians in democracies listen to the people who votewhich young people seldom do. Only
23% of Americans aged 18-34 cast a ballot in the 2014 mid-term elections, compared with
59% of the over-65s. In Britains 2015 general election only 43% of the 18-24s but 78% of the
over-65s voted. In both countries the party favoured by older voters won a thumping victory.

My generation has a huge interest in political causes but a lack of faith in political parties,
says Aditi Shorewal, the editor of a student paper at Kings College, London. In autocracies the
young are even more disillusioned. In one survey, only 10% of Chinese respondents thought
that young peoples career prospects depended more on hard work or ability than on family
connections.

All countries need to work harder to give the young a fair shot. If they do not, a whole
generations talents could be wasted. That would not only be immoral; it would also be
dangerous. Angry young people sometimes start revolutions, as the despots overthrown in the
Arab Spring can attest.