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1. Wind
2. Falling liquid water
3. High pressure steam.
The fuels used to supply these forces are:
1. The sun
2. Wind
3. Oceans, rivers, and lakes
4. Coal
5. Oil, and natural gas
6. Nuclear power
7. An internal combustion engine.
Turbines
A turbine is a simple device with few parts that uses flowing fluids
(liquids or gases) to produce electrical energy. Fluid is forced across
blades mounted on a shaft, which causes the
shaft to turn. The energy produced from the
shaft rotation is collected by a generator
which converts the motion to electrical
energy using a magnetic field.
Most power plants use turbines to produce
energy by burning coal or natural gas.
The heat produced from combustion is used to heat water in boiler. The
liquid water is converted to steam upon heating and is exhausted
through a pipe which feeds the steam to the turbine. The pressurized
steam flow imparts energy on the blades and shaft of the turbine
causing it to rotate. The rotational mechanical energy is then
converted to electrical energy using a generator.
PELTON
A pelton wheel has one or more free jets discharging water into an
aerated space and impinging on the buckets of a runner. Draft tubes
are not required for impulse turbine since the runner must be located
above the maximum tailwater to permit operation at atmospheric
pressure.
A Turgo Wheel is a variation on the Pelton and is made exclusively by
Gilkes in England. The Turgo runner is a cast wheel whose shape
generally resembles a fan blade that is closed on the outer edges. The
water stream is applied on one side, goes across the blades and exits
on the other side.
CROSS-FLOW
PROPELLER
BULB TURBINE
The turbine and generator are a sealed unit placed directly in the water
stream.
O
STRAFLO
TUBE TURBINE
The penstock bends just before or after the runner, allowing a straight
line connection to the generator.
O
KAPLAN
FRANCIS
A Francis turbine has a runner with fixed buckets (vanes), usually nine
or more. Water is introduced just above the runner and all
around it and then falls through, causing it to spin. Besides
the runner, the other major components are the scroll case,
wicket gates, and draft tube.
KINETIC
Kinetic energy turbines, also called free-flow turbines, generate
electricity from the kinetic energy present in flowing water rather than
the potential energy from the head. The systems may operate in rivers,
man-made channels, tidal waters, or ocean currents. Kinetic systems
utilize the water stream's natural pathway. They do not require the
diversion of water through manmade channels, riverbeds, or pipes,
although they might have applications in such conduits. Kinetic systems
do not require large civil works; however, they can use existing
structures such as bridges, tailraces and channels.
HOW DO COAL-FIRED PLANTS WORK?
1. Heat is created
Before the coal is burned, it is pulverized
to the fineness of talcum powder. It is
then mixed with hot air and blown into
thefirebox of the boiler. Burning in
suspension, the coal/air mixture provides
the most complete combustion and
maximum heat possible.
WIND TURBINES
The terms wind energy or wind power describe the process by which
the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind
turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power.
This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding
grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical
power into electricity.
space within the generator. As the rotor, shaft, and armature rotate,
they move within the electric field created by the magnets.
The picture below shows the same generator from a different point of
view, as if you were looking lengthwise, down through the circular top
of the turbine cylinder. More easily seen from this view, the armature
rotates within the generator, with each end moving opposite the other.
As one end rotates upward through the magnetic field, the opposite
side will be rotating downward, and eventually in a complete circle that
is repeated many times.
Note: in this particular case, we get electric energy produced from two
different directions (as one coil is spinning up, the other is rotating
downward) so the electrical output comes as an alternating current.
In the figure below we see a graphical representation of an an
alternating current, where the electrical charge travels back and forth
repeatedly between and positive and negative charge: