Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Yves THUREL
CERN
Y. Thurel
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Y. Thurel
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Y. Thurel
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4Q. Conventions
1 Quadrant mode
I [A]
V [V]
20
40
60
80
2 Quadrant mode
+
-
100
I [A]
V [V]
0
20
40
60
80
100
V
4
4 Quadrant mode
+
-
I [A]
V [V]
0
20
40
Y. Thurel
60
80
100
II
No theoretical operation
limitation.
4 / xx
VCIRCUIT=R.I+L.dI/dt
dI/dtLOW
800
[A]
CIRCUIT
LCIRCUIT
(CABLE)
LCIRCUIT
(MAGNET)
I [A]
600
400
200
dI/dt MAX
0
-200
200
400
600
800
[t]1000
L
= 1H
R
= 7mOhms
dI/dtMAX= 5A.s-1
IMAX = 600A
-400
-600
-800
10
8
4QAREA
PRECEP-PEAK
[V]
V [V]
L.dI/dt
4
2
0
-2 0
200
400
600
800
[t] 1000
KEY FEATURES
L.dI/dt = 5V
R.IMAX = 4.2V
VMAX = 9.2V
-4
-6
-8
-10
CAS2004 / Warrington / 12-18 May 2004
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[V]
[A]
Cycle Period
High Power
to be absorbed / Often
High Energy
Power to be
absorbed / sometimes
Low Energy
CAS2004 / Warrington / 12-18 May 2004
Y. Thurel
[V]
[A]
Operation close
to 0V / 0A
6 / xx
L = 1H
LHC Machine
dI/dt = 10A.s-1
LHC Machine
I = [-600A;+600A]
LHC Machine
LHC Tunnel
Ldi/dt = 10V
10mOhms <
Rcable
< 21mOhms
6V
< RcableIMAX < 12V
20 mOhms
10 mOhms
30
30
13.2 kW
[V]
22 VMAX
20
[V]
9.6 kW
20
16 VMAX
10
10
I[A]
I[A]
0
0
-800
-600
-400
-200
200
400
600
800
-800
-600
-400
-200
-20
-1.25kW
200
V [V]
P [kW]
-30
-20
600
800
-2.5kW
V [V]
P [kW]
-30
PMAX
13.2kW
100%
PMAX
9.6kW
73%
PABSORBED
1.25kW
100%
PABSORBED
2.5kW
200%
100%
50%
400
-10
-10
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Price
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4Q. Conventions
No Resistance
[V]
[A]
I [A]
V [V]
600
Energy Receptor
Concepts
8
6
400
200
2
0
Solutions:
Ideal Magnet
800
-200
50
100
150
-2
-400
-4
-600
-6
-800
-8
I>0
V>0
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Bip. / Mos.
Transistor
LL RL
Switching Stage
Conventional H bridge (L-C Filter)
Power returned to capacitor or dissipated in
brake chopper.
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0A..100A
100A
12V
2V
10V
12V
LL RL
0A
12V
10V
2V
0..
100A
22V
100..0A
12V
LL RL
0A
Efficiency!!!
10V
100A
12V
20V
-8V
100A
14V
0A
12V
LL RL
20V
12V
-8V
100A
..0A
0A
20Vx100A in Q1!!!
4V
0..
-100A
LL RL
12V
4V
0A..100A
100A
0A
0A
2V
GENERATOR
CAS2004 / Warrington / 12-18 May 2004
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-100A
-8V
-8V
RECEPTOR
GENERATOR
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100A
12V
2V
10V
12V
LL RL
0A
4V
2V
2V
0..
100A
22V
100..0A
4V
6V
0A
Efficiency better
10V
100A
0V
8V
-8V
100A
LL RL
0A
0V
LL RL
0A
8Vx100A in Q1
10V
14V
-8V
100A
..0A
-8V
0..
-100A
LL RL
10V
2V
0A..100A
100A
0A
0A
2V
GENERATOR
CAS2004 / Warrington / 12-18 May 2004
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-100A
-8V
-8V
RECEPTOR
GENERATOR
11 / xx
VE+
VE+
VL
LL RL
VL
VE
IL
LL RL
IL
Remark:
This solution is easier, from the inverter side,
but leads to polarity new transitions which can
be source of distortion, and finally lead to a
complex 4 quadrant stage
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Polarity Switches
Single output
inverter
12 / xx
VE
It is possible to work in
Buck Mode so that both
IL
T3
VL
Vs
- I is reduced
(HF output voltage ripple)
- Losses are reduced
T2
T4
T1=T4=T2=T3
T
VE
1-
Note:
transition between these 2
possible modes can be
source of distortions.
VMEAN
IMEAN
VMEAN=(2.-1).VE
-VE
CAS2004 / Warrington / 12-18 May 2004
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POWER
POWERRANGE,
RANGE,
DISSIPATIVE
DISSIPATIVEOR
ORNOT,
NOT,
EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY
AC
ACMAINS
MAINSPERT.
PERT.REJ.,
REJ.,
EMC,
BF
&
HF
RIPPLE
EMC, BF & HF RIPPLE
DISTORTION
DISTORTION
BANDWIDTH
BANDWIDTH
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Rectifier
bridge
4Q. AC-DC
Converter
Filter
Filter
DC-AC
Converter
4Q. DC-AC
Converter
LF Transfo.
(Volt. Adapt.)
HF Transfo.
(Volt. Adapt.)
4Q. Thyristor
bridge
Rectifier
bridge
Filter
Filter
4Q. Linear
Stage
Storage Energy
or B. Chopper
4Q. AC-DC
Converter
4Q. DC-DC
H Bridge
Filter
Filter
Load
CAS2004 / Warrington / 12-18 May 2004
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I
I
LF
Thyristor
bridge
Thyristor
bridge
ILOAD
VLOAD
50 Hz transfo.
Optimal voltage
output
(Galvanic Isolation)
LF
LF
LF
Low freq.
Output Filter
CAS2004 / Warrington / 12-18 May 2004
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7.5m
B6C
7.5m
2.16m
Rmag
.
540u
4.7
alpha-refcircu
7.5m
2.16m
540u
Lmag
4.7
7.5m
B6C
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Drawbacks
Low Bandwidth (addition of active filter can help a bit in small signal)
Poor AC mains perturbation rejection (speed loop limited by L-C filter)
Distortion (crossing axes, and point [0,0]) requires some additional circuit
for high precision converter: Circulating current
Size, weight of transformer and filtering elements
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DC Fixed
LF
LF
ILOAD
VLOAD
LF
L
I
N
E
A
R
DC Fixed
LF
50 Hz transfo.
Optimal voltage
output
(Galvanic Isolation)
LF
Rectifier +
Double Output
High Freq.
Filter
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Linear Stage
(Dissipate Magnet
Energy)
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LF
50 Hz transfo.
Optimal voltage
output
(Galvanic Isolation)
LF
Diode
bridge
C
H
A
.
LF
Low freq.
Output Filter
L
I
N
E
A
R
ILOAD
VLOAD
DC
Fixed
P
O
L
.
H Bridge
Linear Stage
(Polarity Changer
/
Dissipate Magnet
Energy)
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Drawbacks
Dissipative
Efficiency very low in generator mode
Size, weight of transformer and filtering elements
Often realized with several transistors in // (MTBF and avalanche failure)
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ILOAD
LF
LF
Diode
50 Hz transfo.
Optimal voltage bridge
output
(Galvanic Isolation)
VLOAD
DC
Fixed
LF
HF
Add.
Low freq.
PWM
Brake Chopper
Output Filter
Converter
(Optional)
(Magnet Energy
Hard
1/2.C.V) (Dissipate Magnet Commutation
HF
High freq.
Output Filter
Energy)
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50Hz Transfo + L
C Filter
Commercial part
possible
Brake chopper:
absorb magnet
energy if Vcap.
too high
CAS2004 / Warrington / 12-18 May 2004
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High Frequency
LC Filter (2 cells)
24 / xx
150A
200V
Advantages
Huge power possible
Part of magnet energy re-used
Very well known topology possible to use commercial
standard elements
High bandwidth (10 kHz)
Good AC mains perturbation rejection
No distortion of the signal (if H bridge not changing mode)
Drawbacks
H bridge hard commutation @ high current
50Hz LC-Filter can be un-damped by H bridge negative equivalent resistor
Size, weight of transformer and filtering elements
Hard commutation EMC to cope with
Low voltage high current not ideal (loss of the switching H bridge, fswitching limited)
HF filtering Ripple difficult (if buck mode not used), at only fswitching
CAS2004 / Warrington / 12-18 May 2004
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LF
3Ph
Diode
Bridge
LF
Low
freq.
Output
Filter
HF
HF
High Freq.
Soft
Commutation
Inverter
HF
HF
HF
HF
High
Freq.
Transfo.
Rectifier +
Double Output
High Freq.
Filter
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ILOAD
VLOAD
HF
L
I
N
E
A
R
Linear Stage
26 / xx
LF
LF
3Ph
Diode
Bridge
Low
freq.
Output
Filter
HF
HF
High Freq.
Soft
Commutation
Inverter
HF
High
Freq.
Transfo.
HF
HF
Rectifier +
Single Output
High Freq.
Filter
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ILOAD
VLOAD
P
O L
L I
. N
E
C A
H R
A
.
H Bridge
Linear Stage
(Polarity Changer)
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Rectifer + Filter
4 Quadrant
Linear Stage
VOUT
EMI
FILTER
HF Transfo.
300Hz L C Filter
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4Q Linear Stage
HF Filter
+ Rectifier
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Drawbacks
Dealing with Inverter Loop & Circulation current Loop can lead to some complexity
Double output voltage requires additional power components (L-C Filtering +
Rectifiers)
Dissipative (No energy back to anywhere, except Output transistors!!!)
CAS2004 / Warrington / 12-18 May 2004
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VLOAD
ILOAD
LF
LF
HF
50 Hz transformer
Optimal voltage output
Galvanic isolation
HF
Diode
bridge
HF
HF
Low freq.
Output Filter
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HF
HF
HF
PWM Converter
Add.
Crowbar Hard Commutation
30 / xx
Drawbacks
Secondary H bridge hard commutation @ high current (Losses EMC to cope with )
Low voltage high current not ideal (loss of the switching H bridge, fswitching limited)
2 HF filtering levels
Complexity (2 inverters, Gate drives) & Cost
Efficiency low
HF filtering Ripple difficult (if buck mode not used), at only fswitching
CAS2004 / Warrington / 12-18 May 2004
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LF
LF
LF
VLOAD
ILOAD
LF
LF
HF
HF
High Freq.
Soft
Commutation
Inverter
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HF
HF
HF
HF
4Q Converter
High
Freq. Soft Commutation
Transfo.
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Vdc +
TH1
on
Vin
TD1
TD3
off
off
TD2
TD4
off
off
Vdc -
IL
See Paper from
CERN & LEEI for
detailed
explanation.
TH3
Iout
LOAD
on
TH3
on
TH4
on
TH2
TH1
.
Out -
TH2
TH4
Out +
THbis3
Iout1
iout2
THbis1
THbis2
THbis4
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Drawbacks
600A
12V
Complex control
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Electrical Characteristics
Mechanical Characteristics
Electrical Environment
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LHC
Power Converters
Family
LHC 600A 40V
Transtechnik
Germany
400V ac
Iref
Vref
+-
Vout
RST
B
LHC Electronic : (control + DCCTS)
Power converter
Iout
Circuit
Power converter
& High Precision Current Controller
CAS2004 / Warrington / 12-18 May 2004
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EMC
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Rectifer + Filter
4 Quadrant
Linear Stage
VOUT
EMI
FILTER
BREAKER &
ISOLATION &
CONTACTOR
SOFT-START
50kHz..100kHz
RECTIFIER + FILTER
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4Q.L.S.
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Rectifier + DC Filter
HF Ripple at 2x inverter Fswitching
Schottky rectifiers.
Double LC cell at 5..10 kHz.
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4 Quadrant
Linear Stage
VOUT
41 / xx
VE
VGS HIGH
VOUT
IOUT
LL
RL
VE
VGS LOW
ILOW
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IHIGH
VE
VGS HIGH
VDS HIGH
VOUT
IOUT
LL
RL
VE
VDS LOW
VGS LOW
ILOW
1
VREF + -
VGS HIGH
PID
VOUT
-1
VGS LOW
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IHIGH
VGS HIGH
VE
VDS HIGH
VOUT
IOUT
LL
RL
VE
VDS LOW
VGS LOW
PID
+
+1
VREF + -
+
VGS HIGH
PID
VOUT
+
VGS LOW
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Q1
Q1 & Q2
Q2
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ICC REF
VGS Q2
[t]
45 / xx
VBIAS
VBIAS
|VREF| +
VMIN
+
+
VMIN
PID
INVERTER
VE
IHIGH
IREF
PID
+
+1
VREF
PID
VOUT
+
VGS HIGH
-1
+
+
VGS LOW
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VOUT
5A
11 V
-120 A
RDSON variations
11 V
limited by circulating
current.
10 V
1 V, 5 W
200 m
11 V
21 V, 2.6 kW
168 m
11 V
125 A
120 A
10 V
125 A
1 V, 125 W
8.00 m
21 V, 105 W
4.20
5A
5A
1V
0A
21V x 120A in
recovering MOSFET
instead of
10V x 120A required
by the load.
Only valid if not
often the case.
1V
-120 A
11 V
-10 V
125 A
21 V, 105W
4.20
11 V
1 V, 125W
8.00 m
11 V
125 A
IOUT
1 V, 5 W
200 m
5A
5A
11 V
0V
1 V, 5 W
200 m
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120 A
-10 V
21 V, 2.6 kW
168 m
1 V, 5 W
200 m
5A
47 / xx
Settings like:
- Circulating current value
- Difference voltage issued
from the inverter output
voltage
- Number of MOSFET in //
are the key to maintain a
stable efficient analog
loop.
Rdson at VDS= 5 V
9.0
Rdson [Ohms]
MOSFET is difficult to
control directly from the
main loop to the gate.
Indeed
gain
is
from
virtually 0 if saturated to
thousands when almost
OFF.
Rdson at VDS= 2 V
8.0
Rdson at VDS= 1 V
7.0
6.0
Rdson at VDS= 10 V
Rdson at VDS= 20 V
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
VGS [V]
0.0
3.7
3.9
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4.1
4.3
4.5
4.7
4.9
48 / xx
CONTROL:
Bandwidth in generator & receptor quadrant
Crossing 0A is OK, being unchanged.
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LHC 60A 8V
800 Converters
Orbit Correctors
Below Dipoles, in a radiation zone
CERN Internal Design
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AND?END.
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IHIGH
VE
VGS HIGH
VDS HIGH
VOUT
IOUT
LL
RL
VE
VDS LOW
VGS LOW
ILOW
CAS2004 / Warrington / 12-18 May 2004
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LF
LF
LF
LF
LF
LF
LF
VLOAD
ILOAD
HF
P
O
L
.
C
H
A
.
HF
L
I
N
E
A
R
HF
HF
HF
HF
HF
HF
L
I
N
E
A
R
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